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1.Inhibition Study of Territrem 4β-C hydroxylation and O-demethylation by Seven Human Cytochrome P450 3A4 substrates; 2.Application of the Relative Activity Factor to Approach the Role of Cytochrome P450 3A to the Metabolism of Territrems by Wistar Rats and Human Liver Microsomes
No full text一、七種人類細胞色素P450 3A4受質抑制土震素代謝反應之研究
土震素為黴菌Aspergillus terreus 23-1產生的震顫性毒素。過去研究顯示土震素A (TRA)可經4β-C hydroxylation產生MA1，TRB可進行4β-C hydroxylation生成MB2及O-demethylation生成MB4，以上反應在人體肝臟均主要由細胞色素P450 3A4催化。CYP3A4構造內具有相當大的催化活性區(active site)，可同時有兩種以上受質協同結合，且受質間存在交互作用，使CYP3A4對其受質之代謝動力學常為非典型(atypical)，另外，活性區內特定胺基酸對於受質之結合扮演相當重要的角色。
為了瞭解TRA、TRB代謝過程中在CYP3A4上結合位置的關係，本實驗使用可表現人類CYP3A4之V79MZh3A4細胞株，同時給予TRA及TRB進行代謝，以HPLC分析兩者代謝物產量，繪製雙倒數圖形以了解兩者間抑制作用的類型。結果顯示：TRA生成MA1及TRB生成MB2過程中，TRB和TRA互為混合型抑制作用；TRB生成MB4過程中，則和TRA具有未競爭型抑制作用。
為了進一步探求TRB在CYP3A4上結合的位置，選定七種和TRB進行類似代謝反應之CYP3A4受質，分別和TRB同時進行代謝，以抑制類型間接推測TRB在CYP3A4上結合的位置。結果顯示：在TRB代謝至MB2過程中，和testosterone具有競爭型抑制作用、和budesonide具有未競爭型抑制作用；而在TRB代謝至MB4過程中，和testosterone、etoposide具有未競爭型抑制作用；和phenacetin、erythromycin具有混合型抑制作用。
綜合以上結果推測：TRA和TRB在CYP3A4上的結合位置不同，但其中之ㄧ和CYP3A4結合後會改變另一結合位置的結構，使CYP 3A4對另一受質結合的親合力下降，另外，推測TRB和testosterone在CYP 3A4活性區中會競爭同一結合位置，即可與CYP 3A4活性區中serine-119形成氫鍵進行4β-C hydroxylation，但和上述其餘抑制劑均不在同一結合位置，僅會互相牽制，至於TRB和受質間交互作用的模式仍未知，另外，本實驗亦觀察到數種CYP3A4的非典型動力學的特性，證實了CYP3A4的龐雜性。
二、以RAF值探討細胞色素P450 3A於大鼠及人體肝臟微粒體中
土震素代謝的角色
細胞色素P450是人體內最重要之氧化酵素系統，負責代謝超過90%之內生性及外生性物質，因為其廣泛的受質特異性，易有受質間交互作用，且兩種或以上的CYP會同時催化同一受質進行代謝反應，因此研究各種CYP 在藥物代謝中貢獻的程度是相當重要的課題。RAF (relative activity factor，相關活性因素) 值是Crespi於1995年首度提出的概念，其可以整合來自以基因重組技術表現單一P450 (recombinant P450, rP450s)及人類肝臟微粒體 (human liver microsome, HLM)之代謝數據，並定量比較兩者之間的差異，另外，計算各種CYP之CLint (intrinsic clearance) 值，以了解各種CYP P450對於整體代謝之貢獻百分比。
本實驗室過去以人類肝臟微粒體及rP450s的研究指出：在土震素B (TRB)代謝至MB2過程中，以CYP3A4占97.1%為主要參與酵素；代謝至MB4過程中，以CYP3A5占64.3%為主要參與酵素。
為了更進一步釐清各種酵素在TRA及TRB代謝過程中的貢獻程度，我們使用基因重組之rP450s、兩週和八週大之雌、雄大鼠肝臟微粒體及八份HLM，以適量的濃度進行酵素動力學反應，求得反應Vmax 及Km値，並計算各酵素之RAF及CLint值。結果顯示：在大鼠及人體肝臟微粒體代謝TRA過程中，分別以CYP3A2占84.7%及CYP3A4占85.9%為主要參與酵素；在大鼠肝臟微粒體代謝TRB至MB2過程中，以CYP3A1占92%為主要參與酵素、代謝至MB4過程中，以CYP3A2占65.2%為主要參與酵素。另外，觀察到大鼠代謝過程具有年齡及性別差異性，普遍以八週大公鼠最好，而人體代謝過程中個體差異大，但和年齡及性別無明顯相關。許多因素可能導致以上代謝之差異性，包括TRA、TRB相異之化學結構、不同年齡及性別之大鼠肝臟中CYP3A1/2 mRNA及蛋白質表現量之差異、不同人體肝臟中CYP3A4/5表現量及活性亦會因許多因素而異、CYP3A1/2 及CYP3A4/5間胺基酸序列同質性及酵素結合位置的差異等，均是未來必須要進一步探討之課題。1. Inhibition Study of Territrem 4β-C hydroxylation and O-demethylation by Seven Human Cytochrome P450 3A4 substrates
Territrems are the structure related tremogenic mycotoxins, which are produced by Aspergillus terreus 23-1. Previous research indicated that MA1 can be produced from TRA hydroxylation, and TRB can produce MB2 and MB4 by 4β-C hydroxylation and O-demethylation. These reactions are mainly catalyzed by P450 3A4 in liver.
Structure of CYP3A4 contains great active site, and also capable of binding of more than two substrates. Interactions between substrates cause the kinetics of CYP3A4 become atypical. In addition, some amino acids in CYP3A4 active site plays an important role in substrate binding.
To understand the relations of the location of TRA and TRB metabolism, this experience uses cell line V79MZh3A4 which expressing human CYP3A4. We provide TRA and TRB in time to metabolize and analyze the metabolite by HPLC. Double reciprocal plot facilitates understanding of types of inhibition.
Results shows that in the process of TRA producing MA1 and TRB producing MB2, TRB and TRA are mutually mixed-type inhibition. In the process of TRB producing MB4, TRB and TRA are un-competitive inhibition.
To delve more into the combinational location of TRB on CYP3A4, select seven kinds of CYP3A4 substrates to metabolize with TRB at the same time, in order to indirectly infer the location of TRB on CYP3A4. The results presents that in the metabolizing process from TRB to MB2, inhibition occurs with testosterone and un-inhibition occurs with budesonide. Also, in the metabolizing process of TRB to MB4, un-competitive inhibition occurs with testosterone, etoposide and mixed-type inhibition occurs with budesonide.
Inferring from above, combination of TRA and TRB on CYP3A4 have different location, but one combination of another might change the structural location, causing declines affinity of CYP3A4.
Additionally, by predicting the competitive locations of TRB and testosterone, we suggest that TRB can form a hydrogen bond with serine-119 in CYP 3A4 active site. But above inhibitors locate differently, and they only interact with each other. About the modes of TRB and substrate, it still remains unknown. Moreover, our experiment observed many atypical characteristics of CYP3A4, proving the complexity of CYP3A4.
2.Application of the Relative Activity Factor to Approach the Role of Cytochrome P450 3A to the Metabolism of Territrems by Wistar Rats and Human Liver Microsomes
Cytochrome P450 is the most crucial oxidative enzyme system responsible for metabolizing over 90% endogenous and xenobiotics in human. Its prevalent characteristics of substrate specificity often result in interactions between substrates and, moreover, two or more CYP enzymes often contribute to the metabolism of a single drug. Due to above reasons, it’s important to determine the relative contribution of each CYP to net metabolism of the drug..
The concept of RAF (relative activity factor) was first proposed by Crespi at 1995. The RAF approach has been applied successfully to estimate CYP isoforms contribution to drug metabolism.
According to the previous research in our Laboratory, during metabolism of TRB to MB2, CYP3A4 was major involving enzyme, containing 97.1%: during metabolism of TRB to MB4, CYP3A4 was the major, containing 64.3%.
To clarify further the relative contributions of each CYP isoforms to the metabolism of TRA and TRB, we use rP450s and different ages and genders of human, and Wistar rats, and calculate the RAF.
Experiment results indicated that during metabolism of TRA to MA1 in rat and human liver microsomes, CYP3A2 (84.7%) and CYP3A4 (85.9%) are major involving enzyme. During metabolism of TRB to MB2 and MB4 in rat liver microsomes, CYP3A1 (92%) and CYP3A2 (65.2%) are major involving enzyme.
Furthermore, the results indicated that comparing the sex and age differences, 8-week-old male rats presented best results in the process of metabolism. But for human bodies, there is no obvious correlation between age and sex. Many factors might explain this, including the chemical structure of TRA and TRB, the mRNA and protein expression level of CYP3A1/2 in rats, the expression level and activity of CYP3A4/5 in different human bodies, amino acid sequence homology between CYP3A1/2 and CYP3A4/5, and the substrate binding sites in CYPs.一、七種人類細胞色素P450 3A4受質抑制土震素代謝反應之研究...1
中文摘要…………………………………………………………………2
英文摘要……………………………………………………………….3
第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………...4
第二章 實驗材料與方法……………………………………………...8
第三章 實驗結果………………………………………………………15
第四章 討論……………………………………………………………22
附圖………………………………………………………………………26
參考文獻…………………………………………………………………38
二、以RAF值探討細胞色素P450 3A於大鼠及人體肝臟微粒體中土震素代謝的角色……………………………………………………………43
中文摘要…………………………………………………………………44
英文摘要…………………………………………………………………45
第一章 緒論……………………………………………………………46
第二章 實驗材料與方法………………………………………………48
第三章 實驗結果………………………………………………………54
第四章 討論……………………………………………………………59
附表………………………………………………………………………65
附圖………………………………………………………………………75
參考文獻…………………………………………………………………8
The Five-Camp Army: The Study of Taiwanese Folk Religion
No full text本研究以雲林縣褒忠鄉馬鳴山鎮安宮的「五股」聚落為範圍，探討此地人們的宗教生活和人神關係。由「家」的層次、「聚落」的層次、「跨聚落」層次的宗教生活，可以發現結構上層層平行的神明防衛體系，使人們免於鬼邪的侵擾。而在這樣的一套體系中，「五營兵將」作為神明力量的來源，又具有獨特意義。本研究除了贊同Feuchtwang的說法，強調神明的武力統治和五營兵將的重要性，同時，也指出神明和信徒之間的相互關係。在這樣一套人、鬼、神、兵馬並存的宇宙觀當中，信徒需要神明的力量來為他們解決與鬼邪有關的問題，同時，神明也藉著為民眾解決這些問題來奠定自己的地位，獲得祭祀、建廟、香火、金紙。這些信徒的供奉，使他得以招納更多的部眾，也就是兵馬；有了越多可指揮調度的兵馬，他的力量越強大。由於「兵馬的多寡」常是當地人用來形容神明力量的標準，就某種程度上來說，神明的力量來自於信徒的崇拜供奉。因此，在這樣的一套漢人宇宙觀當中，神明和信徒呈現出巧妙的互惠關係，而神明的兵馬作為漢人宇宙觀的一部分，又在其中扮演重要的中介角色。第一章 導言 1
第一節 研究動機和目的 1
第二節 文獻回顧 2
第三節 田野地點 10
第二章 田野地點介紹 11
第一節 地理位置 11
第二節 歷史記載 12
第三節 生計方式 14
第四節 馬鳴山鎮安宮和五股聚落 16
第三章 五股聚落人們的宗教生活 32
第一節 神鬼世界-家的層次 32
第二節 神鬼世界-村落的層次 35
第三節 以五股聚落為範圍的跨聚落活動 54
第四章 神與人的關係 80
第一節 人、鬼、神、兵馬共存的宇宙觀 80
第二節 由家到村落到跨村落的神明防衛系統 83
第三節 神的力量：兵馬 84
第四節 神與人的關係：互惠 89
第五節 神的形象：有別於「官僚體系下的官員」 91
第五章 結論 94
參考書目 9
Characterization on co-delivery of Superoxide Dismutase and Glutathione Peroxidase by Using Nanoparticles
No full text中孔洞氧化矽奈米粒子由於具有高表面積、單一孔洞大小以及容易進行官能基修飾等特性，使其常作為多功能型的奈米材料。在生物應用方面，因為中孔洞氧化矽奈米粒子具有極好的生物相容性及可分解性，因此被廣泛地運用在奈米生醫方面的研究，例如控制藥物進行定點釋放、蛋白質及基因的載體、醫學造影以及生物偵測等。
活性氧化物質 (ROS) 在生物體內扮演重要的角色，除了抵禦外來有機體及幫助細胞間訊號傳遞外，過去也有許多研究顯示ROS和許多疾病 (癌症、高血壓、糖尿病等) 的形成習習相關。在人體內，有許多抗氧化物質能夠精準地控制ROS含量，其中，過氧化物歧化酶 (SOD) 以及谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶 (GPx) 是主要的兩種蛋白質。過氧化物歧化酶將超氧陰離子 (O2‧-) 還原成過氧化氫；谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶再將過氧化氫分解成水。
這篇論文中，我們設計出具有催化功能的中孔洞氧化矽奈米粒子，其可有效地減少ROS並進一步的降低細胞內的氧化壓力。此奈米粒子可分為三個部分，分別是中孔洞二氧化矽奈米粒子、連接鏈以及抗氧化蛋白。首先，先利用共縮合及後修飾的方式將螢光分子FITC和NTA-Ni 修飾在中孔洞氧二化矽奈米粒子上。接著，利用基因工程的方式使TAT分別和SOD及GPx形成融合蛋白 (fusion protein)。最後，利用鎳及His-tag所形成的配位共價鍵來連接奈米粒子及抗氧化蛋白。我們利用人類免疫缺陷病毒中的反活化轉錄因子蛋白 (TAT) 能高效率穿越細胞膜的特性，希望能將奈米粒子更有效的送進細胞內。
在這研究的最後，我們將兩種帶有不同蛋白的奈米粒子 (FMSN-TAT-SOD、FMSN-TAT-GPx) 共同送進細胞內，最後我們找到了降低細胞內ROS效率最好的蛋白比例。在這個比例之下，我們可以有效的提升受到氧化壓力刺激的細胞存活率。我們預期這結果能使中孔洞二氧化矽奈米粒子在蛋白質治療上有更進一步的運用。Mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) was used as a multifunctional material because of its characteristics, such as high surface area, uniform pore size and easy functionalization. Besides, MSN is very suitable for biological applications such as controlled drug release, cell labeling and enzyme delivery due to the properties of biocompatibility and degradability.
As well known, ROS played a crucial role in many diseases and was defensed by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) which are two major antioxidant enzymes in physiological condition. The SOD scavenges superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide and GPx can convert hydrogen peroxide into water. In this study, we designed a catalytic MSN as a nanoreactor for scavenging ROS to reduce oxidative damages. The nanoreactor consists of three parts; namely, MSN, tether and enzymes. MSN was first synthesized with FITC and then modified by conjugating silane tether (NTA-Ni) to form FMSN-NTA-Ni. The fusion proteins of His-tagged TAT-hSOD and His-tagged TAT-hGPx were constructed and expressed by using genetic engineering method. Finally, the two fusion proteins are conjugated on the MSN surface respectively through the nickel and His-tagged interaction to compose sequential ROS scavengers. HIV transactivator protein (TAT) containing MSN was considered as an effective method in order to increasing the transmembrane permeability of nanoparticles.
We finally demonstrated a two different functionalized-MSNs co-delivery into cells which can decline ROS efficiently. This study becomes a novel and promising tool for future therapeutic approach.口試委員會審定書 #
謝誌 i
中文摘要 iii
ABSTRACT iv
CONTENTS v
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES xii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Ordered Mesoporous Silica 1
1.2 Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles 3
1.2.1 Silica Sol-Gel Chemistry 3
1.2.2 Modified Stober Methods 5
1.2.3 Mechanism 7
1.2.4 Functionalization of MSNs 8
1.3 Biological Application of MSNs 11
1.3.1 MSNs-Based Drug Delivery 15
1.3.2 Protein Delivery 16
1.4 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Diseases 17
1.5 Motivation 20
Chapter 2 Materials and Methods 21
2.1 Synthesis of Fluorescent Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles 21
2.2 Synthetic Scheme for NTA-Silane Linker 21
2.3 Conjugation of NTA-silane and Ni (II) with FMSN 22
2.4 Immobilization of His-TAT-Protein with FMSN-NTA-Ni 22
2.5 Characterization 23
2.6 Cell Liens and Reagents 23
2.7 Plasmid Construction 24
2.7.1 Human Cu, Zn-SOD 24
2.7.2 Human glutathione peroxidase 1 Sec49C mutant 25
2.8 Expression and Purification of Recombinant Proteins 26
2.9 Cell Culture 26
2.10 Western Blotting Analysis 27
2.11 Determination of Superoxide Dismutase and Glutathione Peroxidase Activity 27
2.12 Cell Viability Assay 28
2.13 Flow Cytometry Analysis 29
2.14 Immunocytochemical Staining for Proteins Expression 29
Chapter 3 Results and Discussion 30
3.1 Characterization of Fluorescence Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles 31
3.2 Delivery of FMSN-TAT-Proteins into HeLa cell 35
3.2.1 Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticles 35
3.2.2 Delivery efficiency and distribution pattern of Nanoparticles 36
3.2.3 Refolded Enzymes Activity Assay 41
3.2.4 FMSN-TAT-Proteins Decrease Superoxide Anion Stress 44
3.2.5 Sequential Reactions in Co-delivery of FMSN-TAT-SOD and FMSN-TAT-GPx 46
Chapter 4 Conclusions 49
Chapter 5 References 5
The Study of Behavioral Intention for Illegal Bicycle Parking in Campus
No full text我國近年來持續建置自行車道並鼓勵民眾使用自行車，使得我國自行車使用率呈現持續地成長。再加上目前台北地區因捷運路網建構愈趨完整，可以發現使用自行車停車轉乘捷運之民眾人數亦是日趨成長，但也因為如此，捷運站周邊自行車違規停車問題也較明顯。此外，在鄰近學校之捷運站周邊違規停車問題更是明顯，其中如臺灣大學周邊以及臺灣大學校園內之自行車違規停車問題即甚為嚴重，造成周邊交通問題與行人之不便，校方除針對違規停車之自行車進行拖吊外，也持續進行勸導之措施。另外，臺北市政府交通局亦開始針對臺大周邊之自行車違規停車實行拖吊。
故本研究以計畫行為理論為基礎，並結合自行車停車設施供需與停車設施種類等與自行車特性相關之因子，以及違規停車罰則與巡邏執法頻率等外在環境之因素，再加上社會互動效應、道德規範、知覺風險與知覺利益等心理學與社會學相關之屬性，建立一結構方程模式，用以探討影響自行車違規停車行為意向之因素與其影響程度。
本研究之路徑分析結果顯示，社會互動效應對於知覺利益具有正面且顯著之影響；而對於知覺風險則具有負面顯著之影響。在知覺風險的部分，巡邏執法頻率對於知覺風險具有正面顯著之影響。在態度方面，停車設施種類對於態度具有正面顯著之影響；知覺利益對態度亦具有正面顯著之影響；至於道德規範則對於態度具有負面顯著之影響。在意向的部分，態度、知覺行為控制、知覺利益以及社會互動效應對於意向具有正面顯著之影響。In recent years, government continuously promoting the bicycle lane construction projects and encouraging people to use bicycle. Coupled with the MRT route networks have been constructed more and more complete and well, so we can find that the proportion of using bicycle as a feedering mode to the MRT also increasingly. Due to this, the problems of illegal bicycle parking nearby the MRT stations are more obviously than at other places. Besides that, it’s more seriously at those stations nearby the school such as in the National Taiwan University and its nearby areas. It causes the traffic problem and inconvenience to pedestrians. School not only towed for illegal parking bicycles and takes the measures of persuasion. In addition, the Taipei City Department of Transportation also started to tow for illegal bicycle parking that surrounding National Taiwan University.
Therefore, this study is based on the theory of planned behavior, combined with factors related to the bicycle parking facilities and bicycle characteristics, as well as illegal parking penalties and patrol enforcement frequency, and coupled with the social interaction effect, moral norms, perceived risk and perceived benefit to establish a structural equation model to analyze the factors that affect the intention of students illegal bicycle parking behavior and its effect.
The path analysis showed that the social interaction effect has a positive and significant effect on perceived benefits; and has a negative and significant effect on perceived risk. The patrol enforcement frequency has a positive and significant effect on perceived risk. The parking facilities types and perceived benefits are all having positive and significant effects on attitude, whereas moral norms have a negative and significant effect on attitude. Attitude, perceived behavior control, perceived benefits and social interaction effect have positive and significant effects on intention
Time-Weighted Collaborative Filtering Recommender System
No full textNowadays the amount of information in the world is increasing far more quickly than our ability to process them. How people can use their limited time to get interesting information has become an important issue in our daily life. Collabora-tive ‾ltering recommender system is one of the prevailing approaches that can help users to ‾lter unsuitable information. However, traditional collaborative ‾ltering recommender systems do not take the changing behavior of each user's interests into account. This research proposes a new time-weighted collaborative ‾ltering recommender system to capture each user's current interests precisely. The ex-perimental results show that the time-weighted collaborative ‾ltering recommender system outperforms the traditional collaborative ‾ltering recommender system with 11.2% in recommendation accuracy.Acknowledgments i
Abstract iii
List of Figures viii
List of Tables ix
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Problem De‾nition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Thesis Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Chapter 2 Literature Survey 7
2.1 Recommender System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Demographic Filtering Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 Content-Based Filtering Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3.1 Standard Keyword Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3.2 Cosine Similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3.3 Classi‾cation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4 Collaborative Filtering Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4.1 Nearest Neighbors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4.2 Item-Based Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4.3 Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.5 Hybrid Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Chapter 3 Time-Weighted Collaborative Filtering Recommender Sys-
tem 19
3.1 Recommendation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2 Correlation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.2.1 Traditional Correlation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.2.2 Time-Weighted Correlation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.3 Aggregation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Chapter 4 Experiments and Analysis 35
4.1 Experiment Data Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.2 Experiment Evaluation and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.2.1 Experiment Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.2.2 Sensitivity of Half-Life Scaling Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.2.3 Comparison with Traditional Collaborative Filtering Recom-
mender System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Chapter 5 Conclusion 41
5.1 Summary of Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.2 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Bibliography 4
Searching Quasars with Optimal Image Subtraction Method
No full text摘要 本文將介紹利用最佳化影像相減 (OIS) 法搜尋可能受到星系團的重 力透鏡作用的類星體。利用互動式數據語言 (IDL) 軟體編譯 OIS 運算 程式來找出同一望遠鏡、同一濾鏡、同一天空但不同觀測時間及條件 的兩張影像之間觀測條件的差異，並使其趨於一致。將兩張影像相減， 並檢查剩下的影像，可以此觀測星體的光度變化，進而篩選出具有亮 度變化的星體。即為可能的類星體。本文將觀測普朗克 (PLANCK) 太 空望遠鏡利用蘇尼亞耶夫 -澤爾多維奇效應 (SZeffect) 找出的星系團附 近的天空，並重複利用 OIS 運算法於泛星 (Pan-STARRS) 望遠鏡所觀 測的不同時間及觀測條件的影像，搜尋具有光度變化的類星體。Abstract In this thesis, we use the Optimal Image Subtraction (OIS) method to search for the candidates of quasi-stellar objects (quasars) lensed by galaxy clusters. We use the OIS algorithm in Interactive Data Language(IDL) code to figure out the optimal point spread functions between two images from the same telescope, same filter and same position but differ in time and the seeing conditions to make their seeing almost the same. By subtracting the two images and examining the residual images, we can identify objects vary in brightness or position. We select the objects nearby the PLANCK cluster candidates detected by the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect (SZ effect), and use theOISmethodontherepeatedlyobservedPan-STARRSimagestolookfor quasars vary in brightness. With the new OIS method, we also improve the OISmethodoriginallyadoptedbyPan-STARRScollaboration
A Comparison of the Tongue-backing Mandibular Advancement Device with Monoblock in Treating Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patient
No full text目的： 舌支撐下顎前突裝置（Tongue-backing Mandibular Advancement Device，簡稱t-MAD）做為台大醫院睡眠牙醫學門診的常規治療項目，已行之多年，本論文的研究目的，即是期望能在其它變因受控制之下，單獨比較具有客製化上腭覆蓋（Customized Palatal Coverage）的t-MAD和早先的口內裝置（下顎單體前突裝置Monoblock），兩者對於阻塞性睡眠呼吸中止症是否具有治療成效上的差異，以期做為臨床上口內裝置的設計參考，提升阻塞性睡眠呼吸中止症使用口內裝置治療的成效。 實驗材料與方法： 實驗對象選自西元2015年12月至2016年06月間，於台大醫院胸腔內科或耳鼻喉科就診，經臨床檢查及多項睡眠生理檢查（PSG）測定後，判定為輕度以上（呼吸中止指數Apnea-Hypopnea Index，AHI≧5/h）之阻塞性睡眠呼吸中止症，並轉介至牙科部睡眠牙醫學門診尋求口內裝置治療之患者，實驗對象共計15位。上述患者皆為其製作一副客製化的口內裝置（t-MAD），而後隨機分配該患者配戴兩種不同口內裝置（t-MAD及Monoblock）的先後順序，兩者的差別僅在於客製化上腭覆蓋的保留或切除，每位患者都須佩戴兩種裝置各進行一次PSG檢查。此外，治療前後均記錄其基礎生理指數，並請患者填寫自覺症狀評量問卷。治療成功率之分類，是以AHI進步百分比>50%為Responder，若<50%則為Non-responder。 實驗結果： 總共有15位受試者接受Monoblock及t-MAD之治療，治療後PSG顯示：無論是Monoblock或t-MAD，在以下參數的改善上，皆與基期（Baseline）數值達到統計上的顯著差異：呼吸中止指數（AHI）、阻塞性呼吸中止次數（OA）、非快速動眼期呼吸中止指數（AHI-NREM）、快速動眼期呼吸中止指數（AHI-REM）、血氧去飽和事件（ODE）、最低血氧飽和度（Lowest O2）、血氧飽和度小於90%時間比率（O2< 90%）。此外，Monoblock在通氣降低（Hypopnea）及睡眠警醒指數（Arousal Index）也有顯著降低。而比較Monoblock及t-MAD，僅睡眠警醒指數（Arousal Index）具統計上的顯著差異。 總結： 研究結果顯示Monoblock及t-MAD皆為有效治療阻塞性睡眠呼吸中止症（OSA）的口內裝置，然而此兩裝置之間並無顯著差異，意即：客製化上腭覆蓋可能未如預期發揮其支撐舌頭之效果，未來研究將納入更多樣本數，並找出可能影響舌頭支撐成效差異的預測因子，做為新式口內裝置設計上的參考。Objectives： The newly designed oral appliance, tongue-backing mandible advance device（t-MAD） which made with a customized palatal coverage has been used for years as a routine treatment for OSA patient in NTUH disordered sleep breathing dentistry clinic. The aim of this study is to compare the differences in the treatment outcomes between t-MAD and ther former, Monoblock, while other factors are under control. The results may give us some ideas to promote the effects of oral appliance in treating OSA paitents. Materials and Methods： Subjects recruided from patients whom referred from throatic medicine and ENT department in NTUH from December 2015 to June 2016. They were diagnosed as OSA by clinical symptoms and polysomnograpghy（Apnea Hypopnea Index, AHI≧5/h） and reffered to disorded breathing sleep dentistry clinic for oral appliance treatment. There were total 15 subjects included. The custom-made t-MAD was fabricated for each subject. The only difference between t-MAD and Monoblock is that keeping or removing the customized palatal coverage. Then a randomized-crossover clinical trail with these two oral appliances was conducted, followed by post-treatment PSG with each oral appliance. In the meanwhile, the basic physiologic data were recorded and the self-estimated questionnaires were filled before and after treatment. The subjects were divided into two groups on the basis of the degree of changes in AHI: responders（AHI reduction>50%） and non-responders（AHI reduction<50%）. Results： Total 15 subjects received Monoblock and t-MAD treatment, post-treatment PSG data show that no matter with Monoblock or t-MAD, there are statistically significant differences with baseline PSG in the following data：AHI, Obstructive Apnea, AHI-NREM, AHI-REM, Oxygen Desatuation Events, Lowest O2 Saturation, O2 Saturation<90%. Besides, Hypopnea and Arousal Index decrease in patients with Monoblock treatment. Compare PSG data between Monoblock and t-MAD, significant difference only exists in Arousal Index. Conclusion： The results show that Monoblock and t-MAD are both effective oral appliances in treating OSA patients; however, there are no significant differences between these two devices, means that the customized palatal coverage may not function to support the tongue as we expected. We should include more samples in the future study and find out the predictive factors that affect the tongue-backing, for further designs of oral appliance
Strain-differentiation of Citrus tatter leaf virus (CTLV) and development of a rapid method for CTLV detection
No full text柑桔破葉病毒（Citrus tatter leaf virus, CTLV），分類上隸屬於Capillovirus屬，基因體為(+)ssRNA，長650nm。CTLV主要引起柑桔破葉病(citrus tatter leaf )，病毒可經由嫁接及機械感染傳播，對多數之柑桔品種呈潛伏感染，通常無病徵；但當感染某些特殊柑桔品種如Kalpi lime （Citrus excelsa）或Rusk citrange (Poncirus trifoliata × C. sinensis )時，則會產生萎縮、畸形、斑紋及破裂的葉片，並也會在許多柑桔品種上造成砧木與接穗不親和的裂痕，不但影響植株發育且易受強風摧折。蘇等人曾利用指示植物（Rusk）做生物檢測進行台灣CTLV的罹病率調查，結果顯示樣本中約有70~80%的柑桔株帶有CTLV，分佈遍及全省。前年在嘉義農試分所柑桔原種保存園中，發現許多以枳殼或枳柚為砧木的植株呈現砧木與接穗不親和現象，以Rusk生物檢測法鑑定出是受到CTLV的感染。為了進一步了解此病毒，本論文即從生物性與分子性兩方面探討並鑑定不同的CTLV系統。生物性方面，由指示植物枳橙Rusk citrange上的病徵表現為最初鑑定依據，並且再經三代局部病斑分離接種於單斑寄主白藜(Chenopodium quinoa)葉片上，分置於高溫30℃及低溫22℃的溫室中觀察其病徵表現，結果可區分出台灣柳橙分離株（LCd-NA-1）、台灣金柑分離株（Kq-6-2-46）、浙江溫州柑分離株 (Sat-HY-2)與廣西四季桔分離株（Cal-KS-1）在生物性上的差異。為了解台灣CTLV系統之分子特性，將台灣柳橙及金柑分離株逕行基因體全長定序，並已登錄至GenBank。與國外已發表之Capillovirus屬病毒比對的結果發現，台灣兩代表性分離株之相似度達95%，與日本所發表的CTLV只有81%相似度，與其它幾個Capillovirus屬的病毒則約有80%的相似度。另外，因為CTLV過去一直沒有良好的檢測方法，所以利用RT-PCR技術建立一套標準靈敏度高的檢測方法。在多種RNA的萃取方法，得到四種可行良方，其中以TRIzol Reagent 法最符合經濟、靈敏及穩定度高等特點，故將之推薦為最佳CTLV-RNA之萃取法。另外以全長序列分析結果為基礎選出兩特異性引子對：CTLV 636，用於CLTV之普測；CTLV 527，專對CTLV台灣分離株的特異性偵測，再配合最佳條件化之one-step RT-PCR，建立RT-PCR快速偵測法。利用此研發之方法針對嘉義柑桔原種保存園進行檢測，發現甜橙類受害比例甚高，其餘品種受害也不少。由此保存園中收集到來自不同柑桔品種的CTLV分離株，再加上所收集到的國外分離株，以CTLV 636引子對進行RT-PCR增幅，並將這636 bp的增幅片段做定序，再予以序列比對，繪製出國內外所有不同CTLV系統之親源關係圖，由此樹狀圖獲知各分離株之分子歧異度受到地理位置的影響頗大。本論文以生物性及分子性的證據證實CTLV確實具有系統多樣性，此研究結果有助於柑桔破葉病發病生態之進一步瞭解；而論文中所建立的RT-PCR快速偵測法則可提供正確而敏感的CTLV檢疫技術，直接應用於我國柑桔健康種苗制度之建立上。Citrus tatter leaf disease is one of the important systemic diseases of citrus. It is caused by Citrus tatter leaf virus (CTLV), which is categorized into the genus Capillovirus consisting of a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome packaged in circa 650 nm flexuous particles. CTLV is transmitted by vegetative propagation and / or mechanical inoculation. The virus is usually latent in most commercialized citrus cultivars, but it induces dwarfing, distortion, mottling and “tatter leaf” in the infected leaves of susceptible citrus hosts such as Kalpi lime (Citrus excelsa) and Rusk citrange (Poncirus trifoliate × C.sinensis). It may also incite the “bud-scion crease” symptom, which retards citrus growth and sometimes causes breakage at the bud union when the strong wind blows. Su et al. investigated the infection rate for CTLV in citrus plants cultivated in Taiwan. They discovered that approximately 70%~80% of the collected samples were positive for CTLV in the bioassay with “Rusk” indicator plants and CTLV has distributed throughout Taiwan. Recently, the “bud-scion crease” symptom was found in several citrus cultivars with citrange or citrumelo rootstocks grown in the citrus nursery foundation of Chiayi Agricultural Experiment Station (CAES), Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute. The results of bioassays demonstrated that they had been infected by CTLV. This study is dedicated to categorize the different CTLV strains on the biological and molecular level for understanding of the pathological characters of CTLV. In the biologically experimental results, four distinct isolates including LCd-NA-1, Kq-6-2-46, Sat-HY-2 and Cal-KS-1 isolates can be differentiated based on their induced symptoms in the leaves of Rusk citrange. In addition, four CTLV isolates also caused different foliar symptoms in Chenopodium quinoa, the local lesion host grown in a greenhouse under temperature control at 30℃and 22℃. To study the molecular characteristics and genomic structures of two Taiwanese isolates, LCd-NA-1 (from Luchen sweet orange) and Kq-6-2-46 (from kumquat swingle), their full genomic sequences (totally 6496 bases) have been determined and posted in GenBank (accession number AY646511). Alignment of full nucleotide sequences among LCd-NA-1, Kq-6-2-46 and several relative Capilloviruses indicated that the sequence homology is 95% between LCd-NA-1 and Kq-6-2-46; it is about 81% between the Taiwanese CTLV and the Japanese CTLV；and it is about 80% between the Taiwanese CTLV and the other Capilloviruses. On the other hand, a reliable and rapid assay based on the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique was developed for CTLV detection. Four out of ten RNA extraction methods were selected for efficient RT-PCR assays, and the “TRIzol Reagent method” was proven to be the most economic, sensitive and reliable among four feasible methods. Two primer pairs, named CTLV 636 and CTLV 527, were selected to establish a rapid and accurate detecting technique for CTLV with optimized one-step RT-PCR assays. Primer pair CTLV 636, designed from the common region of CTLV coat protein gene, is suitable for the general CTLV RT-PCR detection; Primer pair CTLV 527, designed from the varible region of CTLV coat protein gene, is suitable for differentiating Taiwan CTLV strains from foreign strains. A 636-bp fragment could be amplified from the diseased samples above by RT-PCR with primer pair CTLV 636. Our RT-PCR assay was applied to detect CTLV in many citrus cultivars in the CAES foundation. CTLV was detected in Luchen sweet orange, Valencia sweet orange, Kumquat swingle, Murcott, Minneola tangelo and Ortanique tangor. These amplified fragments were further cloned and sequenced. A phylogenetic tree was obtained according to the alignment of 636 nucleotide sequences among several domestic and foreign CTLV isolates. The viruses in the same geographical regions have high degree of sequence identity. This study provides biological and molecular evidences to demonstrate that CTLV has diverse strains in nature, and is an important step toward understanding of citrus tatter leaf disease and the developed RT-PCR assay is absolutely helpful in the progress of pathogen-free nursery policy of citrus in Taiwan.中文摘要 …………………………………………………………………II
英文摘要 …………………………………………………………………III
目錄 …………………………………………………………………………V
壹、 前言 ……………………………………………………………………1
貳、 前人研究 ……………………………………………………………4
一、 CTLV之寄主範圍及病徵學…………………………………… 4
二、 柑桔破葉病病毒（CTLV）之電子顯微鏡觀察 …………………6
三、 CTLV的傳播途徑 ………………………………………………6
四、 台灣田間柑桔植株的帶毒率調查 ………………………………7
五、 CTLV的偵測 ……………………………………………………7
六、 CTLV 的分類地位與分子特性 …………………………………8
参、 材料方法………………………………………………………………9
一、 試驗植物之準備……………………………………………………9
二、 CTLV分離株收集…………………………………………………9
三、 生物性鑑別試驗……………………………………………………10
1. 以Rusk枳橙為指示植物之生物鑑別法（bioassay）…………10
2. 白藜（Chenopodium quinoa, local lesion host）的病毒接種
與單斑分離 …………………………………………………10
四、 CTLV之分子特性分析……………………………………………10
1. 台灣兩個不同的CTLV分離株之基因體全長定序策略………10
2. RT-PCR增幅……………………………………………………11
(1). One-step RT-PCR增幅…………………………………11
(2). Two-step RT-PCR增幅……………………………………11
3. PCR產物電泳膠體分析…………………………………………12
4. RT-PCR產物之選殖與定序……………………………………12
五、 RT-PCR快速偵測法之研發與最佳化……………………………13
1. 各種RNA萃取方法之偵測效果比較…………………………13
(1). 迷你管柱純化法…………………………………………13
(2). TENS鹽析法………………………………………………14
(3). Total RNA Reagent法………………………………………14
(4). TRIzol Reagent法…………………………………………15 (5). 總核酸（total nucleic acids）抽取法……………………………15
(6). Tris-Guanidine法…………………………………………16
(7). Guanidine法………………………………………………16
(8). LiCl法………………………………………………………16
(9). CTAB-PVP法………………………………………………17
(10). ASGV法……………………………………………………17
2. 引子對之設計……………………………………………………18
(1). Common CTLV RT-PCR引子對設計………………………18
(2). Taiwan-specific CTLV RT-PCR 引子對設計………………18
3. Two-step RT-PCR與One-step RT-PCR增幅反應之比較………18
4. RT-PCR增幅反應中不同黏合溫度之比較……………………19
5. 不同植株採樣部位之效果比較…………………………………19
6. RNase抑制劑使用與否之效果比較……………………………19
肆、 結果……………………………………………………………………20
一、 不同CTLV分離株之生物性鑑別…………………………………20
1. 以枳橙Rusk為指示植物之生物檢定……………………………20
2. 以白藜（Chenopodium quinoa）為指示植物之生物檢定………20
二、 台灣兩代表性系統病毒之基因體全長定序………………………22
三、 基因體序列分析……………………………………………………22
1. 與全世界已發表之Capillovirus 全長核酸序列進行比對………22
2. 與全世界已發表之Capillovirus部分胺基酸序列做比對………23
四、 RT-PCR快速偵測技術之研發與最佳化………………………24
1. 各種RNA萃取方法之偵測效果比較…………………………24
2. 引子對之設計………………………………………………….24
(1). Common CTLV RT-PCR引子對- CTLV 636……………………24
(2). Taiwan-specific CTLV RT-PCR 引子對- CTLV 527……………25
3. RT-PCR增幅反應………………………………………………25
(1). Two-step RT-PCR與one-step RT-PCR增幅反應之比較………25
(2). One-step RT-PCR 增幅反應中不同黏合溫度之比較…………26
4. 不同植株採樣部位之效果比較…………………………………26
5. RNase抑制劑使用與否之效果比較……………………………27
6. RT-PCR快速偵測技術標準化…………………………………27
五、台灣柑桔原種保存園之CTLV感染調查與品種感病性比較……27
1. CTLV感染調查…………………………………………………27
2. 砧木接穗之感病性比較……………………………………28
六、國內外不同病毒系統之部分核酸序列分析………………………28
伍、討論………………………………………………………………………30
陸、參考文獻…………………………………………………………………35
柒、圖表…………………………………………………………………4
On the Approaches to Triggering Serendipity in Recommender Systems and Their Impacts to User Satisfaction
No full text本研究主要針對兩種主要的推薦系統策略：協同過濾及內容導向，並在推薦過程中導入隨機性與降低準確性的方法，藉以觀察隨機性或準確性的降低對於刺激推薦商品中意外驚喜之發生，及對傳統用於評估推薦結果品質的各項指標如滿意度、購買意願等之影響。本研究採取實驗法以驗證假設，受測者隨機分配各特定專為實驗設計之推薦系統後，於一個虛擬電影租賃網站進行購買決策行為。待實驗結束，受測者以填寫問卷的方式回報其感興趣程度、滿意度與購買意願等指標。實驗結果證實意外驚喜的提升與其他各項指標間存在互換關係。除此之外，協同過濾型的推薦系統配合降低準確性的作法，是最適合刺激意外驚喜發生的推薦系統策略；這樣的組合能夠在不犧牲現有推薦品質的情況下提高意外驚喜出現的比例。最後，針對推薦的候選商品加上特定過濾條件如較高商品評價之門檻，將有助於減緩上述意外驚喜與其他衡量指標間之互換關係。本研究的結果對於推薦系統中意外驚喜的相關研究有重要意涵。This study focuses on two main recommender paradigms: collaborative-filtering and content-based, and introduces the “Role of chance” approach and the “Anomalies and exceptions” approach. The above two approaches are integrated in this study to form a theoretical model that examines their effects on triggering serendipity and the subsequent effects on several metrics such as user satisfaction and willingness to pay. An experiment was conducted to test the model. Participants were grouped by each recommender conditions and were asked to make a purchase at a simulated online retailer. After the experiment, participants were asked to complete a survey to report their interest, satisfactory and willingness to pay levels. Results indicate that there might be a trade-off relationship between serendipity and other metrics. In addition, collaborative-filtering recommenders which adopted the “Anomalies and exceptions” approach seem to be the most suitable combination to introduce serendipity. Finally, setting a threshold to filter products among recommendation candidates such as high rating would ease the trade-off. Our findings have major implications for the ongoing research on serendipity of recommendations
A Study of Micro Conical Cup Forming and Establishment of Stamping Technology Database
No full text國內關於傳統沖壓的資料相當豐富，但都過於散亂，缺乏整理歸納，且每本書所專精的部份其實不盡相同，因此在學習上較為困難，本研究將這些使用廣泛的傳統沖壓書籍整合成一個沖壓資料庫，同時建立一個方便的使用者介面。而精微沖壓成形是目前研發中的新科技，本研究是以傳統沖壓為基礎建構精微沖壓之架構，並以國外期刊為主要資料來源，以此作為研究精微沖壓成形之基礎。沖壓資料庫的儲存架構將以目前使用最廣泛的關聯式架構為主，並選用商用軟體Access、SQL sever、Visual Basic作為建構的工具，開發適用於一般公司的主從式系統架構。在本研究中，依功能屬性，主要將資料庫分為知識庫與製程專案兩大部份，知識庫其主要功用是讓使用者可以直接查詢與瀏覽關於沖壓模具的知識，而製程專案是搭配著知識庫來幫助使用者做設計模具與輸出儲存紀錄的工作。研究在資料整理與收集方面，目前已收集國內外相關的研究成果，並加以整理與歸納分析。同時針對無文獻可供參考的部份，如尺寸效應下材料成形機制與微摩潤機制，本研究開發出精微錐杯擠製技術，以探討精微材料的成形性與摩擦。探討尺寸效應下材料成形機制方面，本研究發現材料之成形性與晶粒大小及特徵尺寸的比例有關。在相同潤滑條件下，晶粒尺寸趨於錐杯杯部的兩倍壁厚時，薄壁已不易成形，而細晶粒則無此情況，表示結晶尺寸的大小會影響材料之流動，導致成形性之改變，此應是造成尺寸效應的主要機制之一。微摩潤機制之研究發現，當晶粒相對特徵尺寸較小時，液態潤滑摩擦因子會隨尺寸縮小而上升，固態潤滑影響雖然較小，但仍會些微提升，此說明在尺寸縮小的情況下，摩擦因子會逐步提升，使其難以掌握，但由結果仍可歸納出尺寸效應下之摩擦因子。本研究之成果，將來可作為後續精微成形製程研究之基礎。Though the documentation of the stamping technology has been widely published, the corresponding database is not well established yet. Therefore, the development of stamping technology is pretty much relied on the experienced engineers in a traditional stamping plant at present time. In the present study, the published stamping technology was thoroughly surveyed and categorized systematically. A computer database was then established for the traditional stamping technology. The database is on a client/server structure established using Access and Visual Basic. The database structure is multi-layered and has the functions of knowledge database search and stamping die design. A user friendly interface was built for either function. In the knowledge database search, the desired stamping technology can be retrieved conveniently in a short time. The die engineer can also sketch the stamping die plan including the process design and die design following the instructions given in the established database. The established database could be used as stamping die design handbook and the design tool as well. n addition to the conventional stamping technology, the latest technology of micro-forming was also collected in the present study. Since the technology of micro-forming is still under developing, the published technology is very limited. In order to study the size effect on the formability and tribology in micro-forming, a conical cup extrusion experiment was designed and conducted in the present study. The deformation mechanism that causes size effect was investigated by experiments. It is found that the formability of the material is affected by both the dimension of the specimen and the grain size. The formation of the side wall in the conical cup extrusion process becomes more difficult when the grain size reaches two times of the wall thickness. However, if the grain size is much refined, this effect is not so significant. It implies that the grain size is a major parameter in the micro-forming process. The experimental results also reveal that the value of friction factor (m) becomes larger as the grain size decreases for the liquid lubricant being used. However, the size effect on the tribology is not so significant if the solid lubricant is adopted.圖目錄 III目錄 VIII一章 緒論 1-1 研究背景 1-2 研究目的 2-3 研究方法 3-4 文獻回顧 4-4.1 資料庫系統 4-4.2 精微成形技術 7二章 沖壓資料收集整理 10-1 傳統沖壓資料收集 10-2 精微沖壓資料收集 11-2.1 精微尺寸效應與摩擦之資料收集整理 13-2.2 精微沖切加工資料收集整理 17-2.3 精微彎曲加工資料收集整理 19-2.4 精微引伸加工資料收集整理 22三章 精微錐杯成形 27-1 技術開發目的 27-2 實驗的設計 28-3 實驗方法與規範 30-4 錐杯的缺陷與改善方式 36-5尺寸效應對摩擦因子之探討 41-5.1 模擬曲線 41-5.2 摩擦因子的探討 44-6尺寸效應對成形性的影響 58四章 沖壓資料庫的建立方式 60-1 沖壓資料庫之建立程序 60-2 使用軟體功能介紹 61-3 資料儲存架構與各層參與者之關聯 64-4 沖壓資料庫系統架構 66-5 儲存資料之建立方式 69五章 沖壓資料庫之資料儲存關聯式架構 73-1 傳統沖切加工知識庫架構 73-2 傳統彎曲加工知識庫架構 76-3 傳統引伸模具知識庫架構 80-4 連續沖壓模具知識庫架構 82-5 模具元件知識庫架構 84-6 精微沖壓知識庫架構 88-7 製程專案架構 91六章 系統介面之介紹 93-1 知識庫的使用者介面 93-2 製程專案的使用者介面 97七章 結論 107考文獻 109錄A 113錄B 11
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