1,721,127 research outputs found
The transformation of Taiwan into a structural competition-state facing China’s integration into the global community
No full textDuring the Cold War, developments in the international system as well as new directions in the policies of the great powers generated the most important impetus for change in Taiwan, resulting in the evolution and transformation of the government of the Republic of China and initiating the process of democratization. However, after the 1990s, the unintended consequences of a period of accelerated globalization exerted a profound impact on the development of Taiwan’s modern state building, which included transformation in the concept of sovereignty within the state apparatus in Taiwan. Because it cannot be categorized as a national welfare state on the basis of economic nationalism or as a competition-state typical of neoliberalism, Taiwan, instead, has been driven by hybrid forms of globalization to adopt a strategy of conflating nationalism and liberalism for its survival in a period of globalization, in which China has accelerated its integration process into the global community since the late-1970s. This transforming process of Taiwan can be described as a structural competition-state, in which, like other countries, the pursuit of enhancement of national competitiveness by liberalistic open polices becomes the main priority of the state machine. However, it is different from other countries in that the success of its accommodation to globalization conditions depends heavily on international power structures that, in turn, influence the current developments of Taiwanese nationalism. Although most scholars attribute the launch of Taiwan’s transformation to the process of internal democratization, they ignore the external dynamics of globalization that have stimulated the transforming sovereignty concept in Taiwan. Therefore, this dissertation will take into account the state’s transformation as a result of globalization in order to re-evaluate the construct of Taiwan as a structural competition-state. This analysis will, first, offer another dimension to understanding Taiwan’s transformation actuated by the globalization that simultaneously enabled and permitted China’s integration into the global community. Second, by helping form a clearer picture of states’ responses to the transforming global system, the notion of a structural competition-state will enrich the study of globalization. Finally, this dissertation will aid in forecasting practical scenarios related to Taiwan in the globalization era.Ph. D.Includes bibliographical referencesIncludes vitaby Yi-Chun Li
An Application of Particle Image Velocimetry/Thermometry (PIV/T) in Baroclinic Vortex Measurement
No full text本文以水工實驗模擬渦漩具背景渦度且存在溫度效應影響下的行為表現，利用旋轉水槽底部架設具有溫度效應區的斜板模擬緯度效應及溫度來源，使渦漩通過此區域，分別以染料施放法定性觀察其路徑，以雷射水平切頁顯影法定量觀察其速度場，及液晶顯像技術(PIV/T)量測其垂直方向的速度及溫度場。
歸納自實驗結果，溫度效應對於渦漩路徑影響為冷渦漩較常溫渦漩偏北，而熱渦漩較常溫渦漩偏南。
另外，本實驗使用可隨溫度變化改變其反射波長的液晶感溫粒子(Thermochromic liquid crystal)為追蹤粒子，以水為工作流體，利用液晶顯像技術以全域且非侵入式的方式量測渦漩進入溫度效應區前、中、後三區域的速度溫度場，以觀察分析溫度效應對於渦漩垂直方向流場的影響。The objective of this paper is to investigate the phenomenon of vortex under thermal effect and background vorticity, especially the path and intensity of vortex passing through hot/cold zone. The generations of vortices at relative locations or latitudes are carefully conducted by sinking methods. The vortex is moved from deep water to shallow water because of the inclined bottom plate with hot/cold zone. The vortex path is observed by dye-induced method qualitatively. Moreover, the velocity, vorticity, and temperature of the fluid field are obtained by Particle Tracking velocimtry (PTV) and Particle Image Velocimetry/ Thermometry (PIV/T) quantitatively.
By conclusion of series of experiments, the path of the cold vortex which passes through cold zone is northerner than that through ambient-temperature zone. Moreover, the path of the vortex passing through ambient-temperature zone is northerner than that through warm zone.口試委員會審定書...................................... i
誌謝.................................................. ii
中文摘要.............................................. iii
英文摘要.............................................. iv
目錄.................................................. v
圖表目錄.............................................. vii
符號表................................................ x
第一章 緒論......................................... 1
1.1 全文概述....................................... 1
1.2 研究動機與目的................................. 2
1.3 文獻回顧....................................... 3
第二章 理論分析與實驗規劃........................... 6
2.1 理論分析....................................... 6
2.2 液晶顯像測溫技術概述........................... 9
2.3 粒子影像追跡法................................. 15
2.4 實驗規劃....................................... 16
第三章 實驗設備及實驗方法........................... 17
3.1 實驗設備........................................ 17
3.1.1 非慣性運動系統實驗設備...................... 17
3.1.1.1 旋轉平台............................... 17
3.1.1.2 旋轉水槽............................... 17
3.1.1.3 斜板................................... 18
3.1.1.4 渦漩產生機構........................... 18
3.1.2 溫度控制及感測裝置.......................... 19
3.1.2.1 溫度效應產生及溫度控制設備.............. 19
3.1.2.2 溫度感測器.............................. 19
3.1.3 流場顯影及影像擷取裝置...................... 20
3.1.3.1 光源.................................... 20
3.1.3.2 染料施放裝置............................ 20
3.1.3.3 流場顯影粒子............................ 20
3.1.3.4 影像擷取裝置............................ 21
3.1.3.5 工作平台................................ 21
3.2 實驗方法........................................ 22
3.2.1 染料施放法.................................. 22
3.2.2 液晶顯像技術................................ 22
3.2.3 雷射切頁顯影法.............................. 24
第四章 結果與討論................................... 25
4.1 渦漩行進路徑.................................... 25
4.2 水平速度場...................................... 27
4.3 液晶感溫粒子校正................................ 29
4.4 垂直速度及溫度場................................ 30
第五章 結論與未來展望............................... 32
5.1 結論............................................ 32
5.2 未來展望........................................ 32
參考文獻.............................................. 33
圖表.................................................. 3
Research on Legal Accountability for Fraudulent Practices by a Public Company
No full text我國多家上市櫃公司相繼爆發企業財務危機之市場失序現象，如博達、訊碟等，嗣後更發生力霸與嘉食化負責人掏空公司資產之重大舞弊案件，其中舞弊情節多涉及集團內部虛偽循環交易、刻意假造財務報表數字製作不實財務資訊、挪用公司資產、內線交易、負責人侵占公司資產等情事，將其本身所造成的虧損轉嫁予公司及投資人負擔，不僅終至面臨公司重整或破產之窘境，更使許多因誤信上市櫃舞弊公司所釋出之不實財務狀況的市場投資人血本無歸，重創投資人對國內投資環境的信心，嚴重衝擊國內股票市場。如何有效提升舞弊情節預警的準確性，並在維護市場自由及防制不肖企業進行舞弊之間取得平衡點，以達到預防及遏止上市櫃公司舞弊情節的再生，為本研究之核心問題。
本研究藉由國內外學者見解及相關論文進行分析與探討，歸納出上市櫃公司舞弊情節之預警，並以個案分析的研究方法探討上市櫃公司舞弊情節爆發後，公司內部董監事、經理人等相關涉案人所受之刑事責任追訴等事後監控。
本研究結果發現，上市櫃公司之舞弊手法雖一再推陳出新，態樣多變，但幾近仍可在舞弊案件爆發前，自公開資訊觀測站中所揭露之公司財務面及非財務面訊息觀察出端倪。上市櫃公司舞弊案件之事後制裁多以證券交易法之特別法規加以規範，藉由刑事責任的追訴嚇阻上市櫃公司之負責人、經理人等進行舞弊行為，維護整體證券市場的健全發展。為能達到預防及遏止上市櫃公司舞弊情節的再生，本研究建議行政機關應建立完整之舞弊情節預警資料庫，加強針對上市櫃公司揭露資訊正確性之行政監督，預警資料庫與法條條文內容應相互對照，使司法機關對於不確定法律概念之適用能夠更符合個案的狀況，並保持運用上之彈性，以免於適用上出現過度僵化或有掛一漏萬之憾。There have been quite a few incidents of financial crisis happening to public companies such as China Rebar CO., LTD, Chia Hsin Food and Synthetic Fiber Co.,Ltd., Procomp Informatics Ltd., Infodisc Technology Co.,Ltd causing chaos and instability to the stock market in Taiwan. The crisis is, in fact, originated from a series of malpractices including fraud in transaction cycle, fabricate of financial reports, insider trade of stock shares, and embezzlement of company assets and properties. Such a substantial financial loss will translate into company''s liability as well as individual investors'' loss. As a result, the company will face difficulty in restructure and bankruptcy, thus hurting people''s faith in domestic investing environment with an adverse impact on Taiwan Stock Exchange market. It is desirable to detect and prevent this kind of corporate issues from occurring. The objective of this thesis research is to develop an effective pre-fraud warning mechanism while maintaining a balance between the suppression of malpractices and free market trade.
This research will focus on the investigation and analysis of corporate malpractices and underlined stereotypes with support from relevant points of view and publications by domestic and international scholars. Through in-depth case by case study of the above-mentioned public companies, this research will develop a list of common symptoms against their disclosed information. A subsequent monitoring of the crime committed by those companies will be used as a check and balance. Finally, this research will accomplish with a presentation of pre-fraud warning mechanism.
The important findings from this research are summarized as follows. 1. Although there appear to be a variety of malpractices, one can trace the symptoms from their disclosed information (both financial and non-financial aspects) on the publicly issued website before the fraud becomes out of control. 2. The punishments of those company committed fraud are governed by the special laws within securities trade regulatory. The lawsuit will certainly deter the company management from commit to such a crime. 3. This research suggests that government shall establish a thorough database for pre-fraud warning, intensively monitor the accuracy of disclosed information by public companies, and develop a lookup table of pre-fraud warning criteria against regulatory laws. The purpose is to ensure the flexibility upon execution of the law and to prevent misjudgments from happening
Optimal Cut-off Point for Interval-scaled Biomarker with Consideration of Utility of Sensitivity and Specificity: An Illustration with HDL and Stroke
No full text前言
選擇一個適當的篩檢工具及篩檢標準，有助於早期偵測疾病的發生。目前，對於慢性疾病相關生物標記切點值的建立，多是建立在大樣本理論的架構下，對於個人主觀的選擇較少被討論。因此，本文主要利用一研究獲得錯誤分組之效用；接著建立臨床切點模式，與前述之效用結果結合，以印證在效用介入下切點值之改變並比較之。
材料及方法
本研究主要分成二部份，第一部份是利用標準博奕法及直接目測法測得比例尺度生物標記與預測腦中風發生之真陽性、真陰性、偽陽性、偽陰性四種情境之效用；第二部份是利用第一部份所得到四種情境之效用值配合貝氏最低成本決策法則及作業接受曲線方法，以總膽固醇及高密度膽固醇和腦中風發生為例，進行考慮個人喜好之效用下之切點值建立。
研究結果
在效用結果方面，69位受測者中，其中男性有30人，女性有39人，平均年齡為37.16±9.99歲。對於真陽性，真陰性，偽陽性和偽陰性的情境效用上，由高到低的排序為真陰性、偽陽性、真陽性、偽陰性。效用值在標準博奕法I為87.53, 81.17, 75.08, 63.06;標準博奕法II為 86.74, 83.64, 80.02, 64.68;在直接目測法為83.17, 74.32, 63.87, 44.16。男性，收入高者，也是有抽煙喝酒習慣者，是較為類似的一群。呈現出效用較高的結果。在效用矩陣R0/R1中，R0<R1，代表大家在希望確認自己是真正有病的效用是高於希望確認自己是真正沒病的效用。換句話說，大家比較在意他真正有病的狀態，至於沒病，是不是被誤判，在意的程度就比較低了。
以貝氏最低成本決策法則之切點決定結果，不做效用調整時，HDL最適切點為40.3mg/dL，膽固醇最適切點為252.4 mg/dL 以標準博奕法I所得之效用比調整，HDL最適切點為42.5 mg/dL，膽固醇最適切點為248.6 mg/dL 以標準博奕法II所得之效用比調整，HDL最適切點為46.0 mg/dL，膽固醇最適切點為242.8 mg/dL 以直接目視法所得之效用比調整，HDL最適切點為43.1 mg/dL，膽固醇最適切點為247.6 mg/dL 三個測量方法中，HDL皆較未調整效用比時為高，膽固醇皆較未調整效用比時為低。
結論
對於預測慢性疾病的生物標記切點值的建立，考量到偽陽性及偽陰性的效用值是有意義的。而貝氏最低成本效益法則可解決在效用值影響下的比例尺度生物標記對於預測慢性疾病發生的切點值之決定。Objectives
Population based screening for a chronic disease using an interval scale biomarker is often involved in selecting an optimal cutoff point. Selecting the optimal cut off point is faced with the misclassification between correct decision and alternative decision. The value of screening and selection of an optimal cutoff point depends on personal preference. High density lipoprotein (HDL) is one of protective factors for cerebral infarct. The cut off point of HDL related the outcome of cerebral infarct may vary from individual to individual. In this paper, we aimed to investigate the utility of misclassification by an illustration of the relationship of HDL to cerebral infarct. We also use the clinical model combined with above utility to prove the change of the cut off point of the interval scale biomarkers.
Methods
The study divided to two parts: the first part is that we obtain the utility scores of four scenarios of TP, TN, FP and FN with the relationship of HDL to cerebral infarct.by the standard gamble (SG) and visual analogue scale (VAS) approaches. The second part is that we use Bayes’ minimized cost decision rule and ROC curve method combined with utility scores of above four scenarios to determine the optimal cut-off point of HDL for cerebral infarct.
Results
Of the 69 people who completed the study, 30(43%) were men and 39(57%) were women, the mean age was 37.16±9.99 years old. The utility score of TN among four scenarios were ordered the highest followed by, FP, TP and FN. The utility scores in standard gamble I was 87.53, 81.17, 75.08, 63.06; in standard gamble II was 86.74, 83.64, 80.02, 64.68; in visual analogue scale was 83.17, 74.32, 63.87, 44.16. For personal characteristics, males who have higher income and have habits of smoking and drinking had higher utility of scenarios. The regret between TN and FP was smaller than that between TP and FN.
The results of cut-off value for HDL and Cholesterol performed by Baye’s minimum cost decision rule were that in general population, the cut-off value for HDL and Cholesterol was defined as 40.3 and 252.4 without utility adjustment. The cut-off value for HDL and Cholesterol was defined as 42.5 and 248.6, given utility adjustment from standard gamble I at slope of 31.3. The cut-off value for HDL and Cholesterol was defined as 46.0 and 242.8, given utility adjustment from standard gamble II at slope of 11.9.The cut-off value for HDL and Cholesterol was defined as 43.1 and 247.6, given utility adjustment from visual analogue scale at slope of 26.5. That means utility ratio increases with the level of HDL at decreasing rate and decreases with the level of Cholesterol at decreasing rate.
Conclusion
The utility of TP, TN, FP and FN involved in population-based screening has been measured by using an example of HDL related to cerebral infarct. The considering the utility of FP and FN is meaningful for the selection of a cut off point of a biomarker related to a disease outcome. Besides, Bayes’ minimum cost decision rule was proposed to solve the problem of selecting optimal cutoff point for chronic diseases with interval scale variable.第一章 前言 1
第二章 文獻探討 2
第一節 高密度膽固醇之高低與缺血性腦中風發生的關係 2
第二節 建立一與疾病預後相關之生物標記的適當切點值 17
第三節 效用測量 21
第三章 材料及方法 24
第一節 研究架構及流程 24
第二節 效用測量 26
第三節 實際資料之電腦模擬 32
第四節 最佳臨界切點模式的建立 36
第四章 研究結果 40
第一節 效用測量的結果分析 40
第二節 最佳臨界切點模式的結果分析 66
第三節 考量多變量因子最佳切點值之決定 75
第五章 討論 81
第一節 臨床意義 82
第二節 方法學之考量 83
第三節 研究限制 83
第六章 結論 85
參考文獻 86
附錄一 89
Manuscript: Utility Measurement of Misclassification of Screening for Chronic Disease: An Example of High-density Lipoprotein Level and Cerebral Infarct
附錄二 99
Manuscript: Determination of Optimal Cut-off Points for Interval-based Biomarkers with Bayesian Minimum Cost Decision Rule: An illustration with High-Density Lipoprotein for Screenin
Tetrahydrobiopterin測定方法之建立及其於發育遲緩兒童腦脊髓液含量探討
No full textTetrahydrobiopterin（BH4）屬人體之內生性物質，其重要生理功能之ㄧ係做為體內某些胺基酸代謝所需之輔酶，參與神經傳導物質dopamine與serotonin生合成之過程，缺乏時將會導致體內特定胺基酸與神經傳導物質dopamine、serotonin平衡失調，稱為tetrahydrobiopterin缺乏症（tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency，BH4 deficiency）。Tetrahydrobiopterin缺乏症為國內衛生署公告罕見疾病之一，臨床上和幼童發育遲緩有密切之關係，早期的診斷與治療對病患有相當大的助益。目前國內臨床上尚無常規直接檢測腦脊髓液中pterins相關物質含量之措施，本研究擬以高效液相層析法及液相層析串聯質譜分析方法，期建立適當的分析條件，以應用於病患腦脊髓液檢體之檢測。
本研究探討不同緩衝溶液、pH 值及流速對高液相層析方法分離效果之影響；並將電化學提供電位由低至高尋找出最適宜偵測BH4之電位。液相層析串聯質譜方法則依據化合物之分子量，設定適當之參數測量。
本研究所建立分析pterins之方法可分為三個部份：
第一部份以高效液相層析法同時測定neopterin與biopterin：分析使用5 μm逆相碳18管柱（150 × 4.6 mm I.D.），移動相為5 mM檸檬酸緩衝溶液，pH調整為5.2，螢光偵測設定激發波長350 nm，放射波長448 nm，流速為0.5 mL/min。偵測極限可達200 pg（20 nM，5 ng/mL，40 μL）。
第二部分仍以高效液相層析法測定BH4：分析使用5 μm逆相碳18管柱（150 × 4.6 mm I.D.），移動相為10 mM磷酸緩衝溶液，pH調整為2.5，電化學偵測設定700 mV，流速0.4 mL/min。偵測極限可達80 pg（6.4 nM，2 ng/mL，40 μL）。
第三部份為以液相層析串聯質譜儀方法同時測定neopterin、biopterin、BH2與BH4：分析使用5 μm逆相碳18管柱（250 × 4.6 mm I.D.），移動相為5％甲醇，pH調整為2.5。偵測極限最低可達1 pg（0.4 nM，0.1 ng/mL，10 μL）。
本研究進一步以上述建立之方法應用於病患檢體檢測。在西元2004年11月10日至2005年12月31日期間，共納入台大醫院小兒科門診或住院病患中有發育遲緩現象病童54名，收集其腦脊髓液檢體保存以待測量。
病患檢體以高效液相層析串聯質譜分析，皆無可測得之neopterin、biopteirn、BH4或BH2波峰，或許是由於大部份國人腦脊髓液中這些pterins的含量較低，導致測不出pterins含量。因此未來宜進行人數更多、規模更大之檢測，以期建立國內小兒腦脊髓液中pterins相關物質之參考範圍及病患之致病範圍，藉以做為診斷BH4缺乏症之依據，並可進一步用於監測其治療控制之情形。Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an endogenous factor in human body, one of its important functions is to act as a coenzyme for certain amino acid hydroxylases. Tetrahydrobiopterin participates in the synthesis of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. Deficiency in BH4 will lead to the disturbance of homeostasis of certain amino acids in the body, especially dopamine and serotonin, and is called tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency (BH4 deficiency).
Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency is one of the Department of Health-declared rare diseases in Taiwan. Clinically, it correlates closely with developmental delays in children. Early diagnosis is beneficial for victims. Presently, there is no analytical method applied routinely to measure the amount of pterins in cerebrospinal fluids in Taiwan. The present study tried to employ and optimize applicable analytical conditions, including buffer systems, pH value, flow rate, and voltage (electrochemical detection), by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS). The application of suitable assay methods to the measurement of patients’ cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples was also attempted.
The established analytical conditions in the study are as follows:
The first was for the simultaneous detection of neopterin and biopterin by reversed-phase HPLC with fluororescence detector. Chromatographic conditions were as follows: column 150 x 4.6 mm packed with 5 μm C18, mobile phase 5 mM citric buffer, pH adjusted to 5.2, flow rate 0.5 mL/min, excitation wavelength 350 nm and emission wavelength 448 nm. The detection limit was 200 pg.
The second was for the determination of BH4 by using reversed-phase HPLC with electrochemical detector. Chromatographic conditions were as follows: column 150 x 4.6 mm packed with 5 μm C18, mobile phase 10 mM phosphoric buffer, pH adjusted to 2.5, flow rate 0.4 mL/min, applied voltage was 700 mV. The detection limit was 80 pg.
The third was for the simultaneously detection of neopterin, biopterin, BH4, and BH2 by utilizing LC/MS-MS, using reversed-phase 5 μm C18 column ( 250 x 4.6 mm, I.D.) for separation. The mobile phase consisted of 5% methanol in water (pH 2.5), with a flow-rate of 0.8 mL/min. The detection limit was 1 pg.
The analytical methods described above were applied to the assay of human CSF samples. During Nov. 10, 2004 to Dec. 31, 2005, fifty-four patients with developmental delays were recruited into the study from the outpatient and inpatient services of the NTUH Department of Pediatrics. CSF samples were collected for analysis.
Results showed that neopterin, biopterin, BH4, and BH2 were not detectable in all CSF samples by employing LC/MS-MS, even though our detection limit was comparable to previous Western reports. One possible explanation is that the CSF pterin levels of our population was significantly lower than the Caucasian population and, thus, the quantification was hampered by undesirable detection limit. For aiding in the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of BH4 deficiency and therapy, larger-scale trials with both healthy and diseased subjects are needed for setting up reference values for our population in the future.摘要…. I
Abstract .. IV
圖目錄 IX
表目錄 XI
縮寫及全稱對照表 XII
第一章 文獻探討 1
第一節 前言 1
第二節 Tetrahydrobiopterin之生理功能及作用 4
第三節 Tetrahydrobiopterin之生合成及轉換 6
第四節 Phenylketonuria 10
第五節 Tetrahydrobiopterin缺乏症 13
第六節 體液中Pterins含量與其他疾病相關性之研究 19
第七節 Tetrahydrobiopterin及相關化合物之物性及化性資料 21
第八節 Tetrahydrobiopterin之HPLC分析方法 24
第二章 動機與目的 32
第三章 實驗試劑與儀器 33
第一節 實驗藥品與試劑 33
第二節 實驗儀器 34
第四章 實驗方法 36
第一節 Tetrahydrobiopterin最適定量條件建立 36
第二節 Neopterin及Biopterin最適定量條件之建立 38
第三節 Neopterin、Biopterin與BH4之HPLC分析方法 40
第四節 HPLC分析方法之確效 41
第五節 運用LC/MS-MS方法定量Pterins 43
第六節 HPLC與LC/MS-MS分析方法應用於人類腦脊髓液檢體之上 45
第五章 結果 47
第一節 Tetrahydrobiopterin之HPLC測定結果 47
第二節 Neopterin與Biopterin之HPLC測定結果 53
第三節 HPLC分析條件之整理 58
第四節 HPLC測定Neopterin與Biopterin之確效 59
第五節 LC/MS-MS測定Pterins之結果 62
第六節 測定人類腦脊髓液內Pterins之結果 66
第六章 討論 70
第一節 HPLC分析方法之建立 70
第二節 分析方法之比較 72
第三節 偵測極限之探討 76
第四節 高效液相層析方法之研究限制 77
第七章 結論及未來方向 79
第八章 參考文獻 80
附錄 臨床試驗計畫申請通過文件 91
圖目錄
圖 1- 1BH4在特定胺基酸代謝所扮演的角色 4
圖 1-2 Pteridine、pterin與biopterin化學構造式 6
圖 1- 3、BH4的生合成步驟簡圖 7
圖 1- 4 BH4的生合成步驟詳圖 9
圖4-1 標準溶液之配製與前處理 44
圖4-2檢品前處理步驟與分析流程 46
圖 5-1高效液相層析圖，在電位700 mV，流速1 mL/min下於各類緩衝溶液系統中分析濃度50 ng/mL之BH4，b之分離效果最佳 48
圖 5-2測定電位與BH4層析峰下面積之關係，從100 mV測到900 mV，電位越大，層析峰下面積亦越大 49
圖 5-3 高效液相層析圖，電化學偵測器設定電位600∼900 mV測定濃度2.2 µg/mL 之BH4。電位越大，雜訊亦越大 49
圖 5- 4高效液相層析圖，不同流速下以電化學偵測器測定BH4，流速越慢分離效果越好，但層析鋒會擴散開來 51
圖 5-5高液相層析圖，以移動相做檢品自動注入系統之清洗液測定BH4，影響訊號消失了 52
圖 5-6 Neopterin與biopterin之紫外光吸收，紫外光波長由300 nm到500 nm，最大值在344 nm 53
圖 5-7 Neopterin與biopterin在激發波長344 nm放射波長370-520 nm之間所放射之螢光強度圖，最大在448 nm 54
圖 5-8 比較激發波長344 nm與350 nm之螢光放射強度 55
圖 5-9 高效液相層析圖，不同緩衝溶液中以螢光偵測器測定濃度各為50 ng/mL之neopterin與biopterin。緩衝溶液a分離效果最佳 56
圖 5-10高效液相層析圖，不同流速下以螢光偵測器測定濃度為50 ng/mL之neopterin與biopterin 流速越低，層析峰下面積越大，波峰越擴散 57
圖 5-11 高效液相層析圖，以螢光偵測器測定濃度5 ng/mL之neopterin與biopterin，為neopterin與biopterin之定量與偵測極限 61
圖 5-12 高效液相層析串聯質譜之層析圖，由上至下為濃度1 ng/mL之neopterin、BH4、biopterin與三者之總和 62
圖 5-13 高效液相層析串聯質譜之層析圖，由上至下為濃度0.5 ng/mL之neopterin、BH4、biopterin與三者之總和 63
圖 5-14 高效液相層析串聯質譜之層析圖，由上至下為濃度0.1 ng/mL之neopterin、BH4、biopterin與三者之總和 63
圖 5-15 高效液相層析串聯質譜之層析圖。（BH2濃度為1 ng/mL） 64
圖 5-16 高效液相層析串聯質譜之層析圖。（BH2濃度為0.5 ng/mL） 64
圖 5-17 高效液相層析串聯質譜之層析圖。（BH2濃度為0.1 ng/mL） 65
圖 5- 18 Folic acid 67
圖 5- 19 Folinic acid 67
圖 5- 20 Methotrexate 67
圖 5- 21 Trimethoprim 68
圖 5-22 高效液相層析串聯質譜之層析圖，腦脊髓液檢體來自發育遲緩之13歲男孩 69
圖 5-23 高效液相層析串聯質譜之層析圖，腦脊髓液檢體來自發育遲緩並有癲癇症之9個月大女嬰 69
表目錄
表1- 1衛生署公告之十八類罕見疾病 1
表1- 2特定內生性胺類缺乏的相關症狀 13
表1- 3 不同型式BH4缺乏症尿液中pterins類氧化產物之含量 15
表1-4體液中pterins濃度參考範圍 17
表1- 5 修改自BIODEF資料庫各型式BH4缺乏症與PKU之生化數值 18
表1- 6 Neopterin、biopterin、BH4與BH2之化學特性 21
表1- 7 國內核可之tetrahydrobiopterin藥品劑型與含量 23
表1- 8不同研究中抗氧化之方式 24
表1- 9保存方式對BH4標準溶液及CSF中BH4濃度之影響 25
表1- 10各研究螢光偵測條件設定之比較 29
表4-1本研究用層析管柱特性 36
表4-2各緩衝溶液之條件比較 37
表4-3 各緩衝溶液系統之條件比較 39
表5-1不同分析流速下層析峰滯留時間 50
表5-2分析不同緩衝系統所使用之pH值與流速 56
表5- 3 HPLC分析條件設定值 58
表5-4 Neopterin同日內與異日間精確度與準確度試驗結果 59
表5-5 Biopterin同日內與異日間精確度與準確度試驗結果 60
表5-6 Neopterin、biopterin、BH4與BH2之偵測極限 65
表5-7 Neopterin、biopterin、BH4與BH2之滯留時間 6
liability insurance of privacy protection
No full text中文摘要
新個人資料保護法自2012年10月開始施行，由於擴大受規範之客體至所有非公務機關，擴大保護之客體及於所有的個人資料，減輕受害人對於非財產上損害金額之舉證責任，引入團體訴訟制度，並且提高機關（包括公務機關和非公務機關）所負擔的賠償責任上限至2億元，引起機關之高度恐慌。機關過去將個人資料當作一種財富或是便利，盡其所能的搜集並保管個人資料，新法施行後，由於機關無法輕易的將資料外洩的責任推諉給「駭客入侵」，因此引起機關的高度恐慌，資料保護之責任保險的需要應運而生。
由於個人資料保護法並非全新的法律，因此本文先就個人資料保護相關法律的沿革及新法做簡單的介紹，並分析為何新法施行後會增加機關之風險。此外，本文亦就責任保險的特性為簡單的介紹，並分析其條款應該具有如何之特性。因 為，資料外洩所導致之損害（以下簡稱資安事件），對於企業來說並不容易發現，且即便為同一批個人資料外洩，亦未必所有個人資料之所有者皆同時受有損害，其保險事故與一般的汽車第三人意外責任險所承保的保險事故有顯著的不同。因此，本文先就此特性提出問題，並於後續章節回答問題。
首先，此為一責任保險，而其所承保之保險事故具有反覆性、持續性和潛在性，對保險人而言，此類保險事故容易有長尾責任的問題。針對此一問題，應由承保範圍的設計方式著手？因此本文於第一章中就美國和德國的責任保險承保範圍之學說做簡單的介紹，並且介紹我國法上目前的責任保險承保範圍之實務。此外，由於我國保險法第65條第3款之規定對於損害賠償額須經法院認定的責任保險人不利，特別在資料保護之責任保險，由於被保險人最容易遭索賠者為須經法院認定之非財產上損害，故等到損害賠償額確定時，很可能早已超過消滅時效，本文稱為責任保險之消滅時效困境，本文再章節內提出可能的解決方式和修法之倡議。
再者，資料保護之責任保險應填補被保險人哪些損害？本文將之區分為填補損失性賠償金額和其他相關法律費用兩大部份。前者，由個人資料保護法之特性，推測出主要填補之損害應為因隱私權和個人資料自主權受損所導致的非財產上損害，由於非財產上損害較難推估，故應有限額條款之設計。後者，則主要包含抗辯費用及其他必要費用。
第四章則主要在處理被保險人內部管理階層、僱員和委外廠商因為故意或疏失行為所導致的資料外洩事件，保險人是否需要給付保險金之問題，即給付保險金後，得否行使代位權之問題。第五章則著重在處理資料保護保險可能和其他保險發生保險競合的問題，以及應該如何處理。
希望藉由這樣的一篇論文能給予公務機關或私人企業在承保資料保護之責任保險時，一些思考的方向。更進一步，希望成為本土保險公司在設計本土保單時的參考資料之一。Abstract
Since the enactment of the Personal information Protection Act, enterprises have been facing potential risks of civil claims for damages. In addition to the authentication approach to examine conformity to the requirements by the Act, enterprises are also taking insurance measures to transfer the risks. As a result, demands on liability insurance of privacy protection come into being. This paper attempts to analyze the issues brought about by this new type of insurance, and tries to use the substantive law, procedural law, and pro forma contract approach to find solutions and build proposals.
Firstly, this is a liability insurance, and therefore its insurance coverage is with the nature of recurrence, continuity, and potentiality. To insurer, this type of insurance incidences is prone to long-tail responsibilities. This problem should be handled with the insurance coverage design. Furthermore, the indemnification liability needs to go through litigation proceedings for verdict, and due to the domestic Insurance Law, Article 65, Item 3,this requirement can easily get the insured trapped in the statute of time limitations. Therefore, this problem needs to be solved by way of the procedural law and contract approach as well as law amendment.
Secondly, what damages should be covered by the liability insurance of privacy protection responsibility? This paper divides the coverage into two parts: indemnification coverage amount and other relevant legal fees. Chapter 4 deals with the insured’s internal management staff, employees, and outsource contractors for their deliberate or negligent behaviors that cause data leakage incidences, and discusses whether these affiliates need to pay for the insurance and whether they are entitled for subrogation. Chapter 5 discusses the Double Insurance between the coexistent liability insurance of privacy protection and other insurances, and how they should be handled.
Hopefully, the discourse presented in this paper can offer the public institutions and private enterprises some references in underwriting or insuring the liability insurance of privacy protection. Moreover, the author hopes that this paper can be a useful reference for the domestic insurance companies in their insurance design.論資料保護之責任保險
目錄
第一章 個人資料保護法之沿革及問題之提出..........................1
第一節 研究動機.............................................................................................................1
第二節 個人資料保護法之沿革及風險分析..............................................2
第三節 個人資料保護法與其他相關資料保護法律之異同...............11
第四節 責任保險之概述...................................................................................14
第五節 問題的提出............................................................................................18
第二章 資料保護責任保險之保險事故及責任發生之通知義務........23
第一節 資料保護責任保險之事故及其特性............................................23
第二節 責任保險承保範圍之類型...............................................................25
第三節 索賠基礎制保單被保險人之通知義務.......................................36
第四節 責任保險之消滅時效困境及解決.................................................43
第五節 資料保護責任保險承保範圍之類型及通知義務....................50
第三章 資料保護責任保險之損失填補範圍...............................................54
第一節 資料保護責任保險之填補損失性賠償金範圍.........................54
第二節 資料保護責任保險之相關法律費用範圍..................................65
第三節 代結論：現行資料保護責任保險保單條款.............................70
第四章 資料保護責任保險之被保險人代理人、受僱人及委外廠商之故意過失...................................................................................................74
第一節 資料保護責任保險之被保險人代理人、管理人或監督人及受僱人故意過失..................................................................................74
第二節 資料保護責任保險被保險人委外廠商之故意過失...............88
第三節 資料保護責任保險之保險條款.....................................................93
第五章 資料保護責任保險之保險競合........................................................96
第一節 保險競合之概念..................................................................................96
第二節 責任保險之保險競合......................................................................105
第三節 保險競合於我國「住宅火災及地震基本保險條款」適用實例............................................................................................................109
第四節 資料保護責任保險與其他責任保險之競合...........................112
第五節 小結........................................................................................................118
第六章 結論及分析.............................................................................................120
參考文獻……………………………………………………………………………………12
An Analysis of Decision Making Behavior of Farmers’Participation in the Afforestation Subsidy Program
No full text我國現行的平地景觀造林政策自2002年實施以來，截至2005年為止，農地地主參與造林面積僅佔整體造林面積之8.53%。由此顯示農地地主參與造林意願不高，將可能使造林政策無法有效達成預定目標。故本研究分析現階段平地造林政策執行與推動上所遭遇之問題，透過問卷調查與計量模型，分析我國現行造林獎勵政策推動上所面臨之問題以及影響農地地主參與意願之因素，並提出相關修正建議。 本研究透過Probit二元選擇模型分析影響雲林縣、台南縣之農地地主參與造林意願之因素。根據實證結果，政府若提高造林獎勵金額度，將可有效提升農地地主參與造林意願。如果將獎勵金額度提高到受訪者對獎勵金額度之認同度提高一個單位，參與造林之機率可提升16.32%；政府若放寬造林面積限制，或發放已成林獎勵金，亦可提升農地地主參與造林之意願，提升參與機率幅度分別為9.2%以及18.16%。此外，農地地主所擁有的農地坵塊面積愈大，其參與造林之意願愈高，農地坵塊面積每增加1公頃可提升55.19%的參與機率。 本研究進一步分析政府若推動彈性獎勵給付方案，農地地主選擇不同彈性方案之決策行為。依據Multinomial Logit 模型之實證結果顯示，若是農地地主認為參與短期彈性方案，會使得其農地機會成本增加之程度愈高，則農地地主會偏向於選擇中長期彈性方案。若是農地地主認為參與長期彈性方案，會使得其未來造林收益增加之程度愈高，農地地主會偏向於選擇中長期彈性方案。此外，農家之農地總面積，對於農地地主選擇中長期彈性方案有正向影響，而農地與其農地地主住家之距離，對於農地地主選擇中長期彈性方案有負面影響。 影響農地地主參與造林意願以及其選擇不同彈性方案之因素，主要為其農地之機會成本、未來造林之預期收入、以及農地面積等。政府若於未來擬定造林政策時，實施彈性獎勵給付方案、發放已成林獎勵金，以及放寬造林面積限制等調整措施，將能降低農地使用的機會成本，以及未來收益之不確定性，應可提升農地地主參與造林之意願。The policy of afforestation in the plain area was enacted by the Executive Yuan in January 1, 2002. Until 2005, the percentage of the private farmland among the total afforestation area was only 8.53%. Due to the low participation rate of farmer in the afforestation program, the objective of the afforestation policy might be jeopardized. The purpose of this study is to analyze the issues and problems which are related to the implementation of agricultural land afforestation policy in Taiwan. A survey and empirical analysis is conducted to analyze the problems of afforestation and also factors affecting the willingness of farmers participating in the afforestation policy. probit model is used to analyze the factors affecting farmer’s willingness to participate in the afforestation program. According to the empirical results, if the amount of subsidy is increased, the participation rate of the program will be increased. If the amount of subsidy could be raised to a level which increases the average supporting scale by one point, the probability of farmers’ participation could be increased by 16.32%. If the government reduces the minimum acreage requirement level to the extent that the average supporting scale of farmers increases by one point, the probability of farmers’ participation could be increased by 9.2%. Likewise, if the government offers the subsidy to the matured forest, the probability of farmers’ participation could be increased by 18.16%. The empirical result also shows that the size of the agricultural land plot has positive effect on the willingness of farmers’ participation. If the size of agricultural land plot increases by 1 hectare, the probability of farmers’ participation could be increased by 55.19%. his study analyzes the famers’ choice-making behavior of the flexible afforestation period and subsidy payment if the measure of the afforestation policy is implemented by the government in the future. According to the empirical results of Multinomial Logit model, if the opportunity cost of farmland in the short term program of the flexible subsidy payment is higher, farmers prefer to choose the middle-term or long term program of the flexible subsidy payment. Likewise, if the future revenue of afforestation in the long-term program of the flexible subsidy payment is higher, farmers prefer to choose the middle-term or long-term program of the flexible subsidy payment. In addition, the total area of farmers’ farmland will have a positive effect on farmers’ decision to choose long term program, while the distance between farmland and farmers’ residence will have a negative effect on farmers’ decision to choose the long term program.ccording to the empirical result, we could generalize several different factors which affect the willingness of farmers’ participation in the afforestation program and the choice of the program of flexible afforestation period and subsidy payment. These factors include the opportunity cost of farmland, the future revenue of afforestation and the area of farmland, etc. Based on these findings, if the government could proposes revised measures to decrease the opportunity cost of the use of farmland and the uncertainty of future revenue of afforestation, such as the flexible afforestation period and subsidy payment, the payment for the matured forest, and the reduction of the minimum acreage requirement for consolidated afforestation, etc., it might enhance the willingness of farmers’ participation in the afforestation program.口試委員會審定書 i謝 ii文摘要 iii文摘要 iv一章 緒論 1一節 研究背景與動機 1二節 研究目的 2三節 研究方法與步驟 2四節 研究架構 3二章 文獻回顧 5一節 私有地主參與造林政策意願研究之相關文獻 5二節 影響私有地主參與造林意願之因素分析 13三章 我國造林獎勵制度與執行問題之分析 19一節 我國森林資源及林業政策發展沿革 19二節 我國造林獎勵政策之發展沿革與內容 23三節 我國目前造林獎勵政策之執行成果 34四節 我國與歐盟造林補助制度之比較分析 37五節 我國現行造林獎勵政策之執行問題分析 48六節 專家學者建議未來調整方向之彙整分析 53四章 農地地主參與意願問卷調查與資料分析 61一節 問卷研究命題與設計 61二節 抽樣方法與抽樣對象之設定 64三節 樣本資料結構分析 69四節 農地地主問卷調查之敘述統計分析 71五章 農地地主參與造林政策意願之實證分析 93一節 農地地主參與造林政策意願之實證模型建立 93二節 參與意願實證模型變數之設定與定義 101三節 農地地主參與意願之實證分析結果 109四節 農地地主參與彈性給付方案之實證理論模型建立 118五節 彈性給付方案實證模型變數之設定與定義 124六節 農地地主選擇彈性獎勵給付方案之實證分析結果 130六章 結論與建議 141考文獻 145 錄 14
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