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[[alternative]]The Analysis of Master's Theses in Sport Management in Taiwan
No full text[[abstract]]The Analysis of Master’s Theses in Sport Management in Taiwan
Lin, Wen-Cheng
Advisor：Philip Cheng, Shao-Tung, Ph.D.
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to understand and analyze the contents and the status of the development of 398 master’s theses and their 26803 references in sport management during 1993-2003 in Taiwan. The Content Analysis was used as the study’s main research method, with the assistance of the Citation Analysis. The instrument “content analysis checklist of master’s theses in sport management in Taiwan” was used to collect data. The data was statistically analyzed in terms of Frequency Distribution and Percentage, Chi-square. The results showed as the followings：
1.The total number of master’s theses in sport management has been growing significantly since 1998. The total number of master’s theses in sport management in different areas has been in unbalanced distribution. There were six major universities playing the key roles in terms of sport management research.
2.The main three research topics of the master’s theses were Sport Marketing Management（Sponsorship included）, Sport Management, Organization and Leadership, Sport Leisure Management.
3.There was no significant correlation found among master’s theses in different years and research topics. The significant correlations were found between these master’s theses were correlations among research purposes, research areas, research instruments, and computerize statistical software.
4.There was no significant correlation found among master’s theses in different areas, research purposes, research areas, research instruments, and computerize statistical software. The significant correlations were found between these master’s theses and their respective research topics, and research instruments.
5.The quantity of references has been increasing. The languages of the references were mainly Chinese and English. Most of the references were published between the year of 1991 and 2003. The main types of the references were books and journals. The most cited English author was Chelladurai, P., and the Chinese counterpart was Ministry of Education（Taiwan）.
This study provides the research information and analysis of Master’s Theses in Sport Management in Taiwan during recent 10 years, and expects the increasing application of qualitative research method in sport management. It would be combined together between Sport Marketing Management and Sport Leisure Management to create benefit for organization, and it would be a future trend.
Key words：Content Analysis, sport management.
Resolving Translation Ambiguity and Target Polysemy in Cross-Language Information Retrieval
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Integrating textual and visual information for cross-language image retrieval: A trans-media dictionary approach
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A Study on Cross-Language Text and Image Retrieval
No full text在數位化的時代，各種類型的數位資料正不斷的快速增加中。如何在大量的資料中快速且正確地找到我們所需要的資訊是非常重要的課題。本篇論文將探討跨語言跨媒體資訊檢索，並著重在文字和圖片這二種媒體。在進行跨語言跨媒體檢索時，必須要做語言翻譯及媒體轉換，使得查詢和文件有一樣的表示方式，進而進行檢索。
首先研究跨語言資訊檢索，查詢翻譯是研究的重點。我們探討翻譯歧異性、目標多義性及未知詞處理等問題。在中英文跨語檢索的研究中，我們利用一部機器自動建立的中英文雙語詞網及中英文雙語詞典來做查詢翻譯。最好的結果達到0.1010的平均精確度，是英文單語檢索效能的69.23%。另外我們使用相似度為本的反向音譯技術來翻譯具名實體，並且設計了一個檢索系統為本的候選詞篩選器來加快反向音譯系統的速度。
接著再研究多語言檢索中的結果彙整機制。我們探討多語言檢索中的二種架構：集中式及分散式架構，並提出了多個結果彙整的方法。我們利用前k篇文章的分數來做正規化，另外也試著預測個別語言的檢索效能，以調整各語言檢索結果的權重。實驗結果顯示我們的方法可以適用於單一或多種檢索系統的分散式架構。使用前k篇文章做正規化可以避免只用第一篇文章作正規化所產生的問題。加入翻譯損害後，可以避免最後彙整後的檢索效能被一個效能很差的檢索結果拉低。
最後把媒體由文字擴展到圖片，做跨語言圖片檢索之研究。我們研究如何整合文字和影像的資訊來提高圖片檢索的效能。我們提出了一個架構能自動將一個文字的查詢轉換成影像的查詢，並使用文字查詢及自動產生的影像查詢做圖片檢索。在所提的架構中，一個重要的問題是要用哪些查詢詞來產生影像查詢。實驗結果顯示整合文字和影像的資訊可以提高圖片檢索的效能。在查詢轉換時，名詞是適合用來產生影像查詢，而使用具名實體或是動詞則是沒有幫助的。Various types of digital data have an explosive growth nowadays. Retrieving the information we need effectively from so large amount of data is indispensable. In this dissertation, we investigate cross-language cross-media information retrieval, and consider two types of media, i.e. text and image. In cross-language cross-media information retrieval, language translation and media transformation are necessary to unify the representations of queries and documents.
First, we investigate cross-language information retrieval. Query translation is the main issue. Translation ambiguity, target polysemy and unknown words handling are dealt with. We use different linguistic resources to translate query. A Chinese-English WordNet and bilingual dictionary are used to deal with Chinese-English information retrieval. The best model achieves 0.1010 average precision, 69.23% of monolingual information retrieval. For named entity translation, a similarity-based backward transliteration framework is adopted. We propose an IR-based candidate filter to enhance the efficiency of the similarity-based backward transliteration.
We then investigate merging mechanisms in multilingual information retrieval. We consider two different MLIR architectures: centralized and distributed architectures. Several merging strategies are proposed. Normalized-by-top-k merging is proposed to normalize similarity scores. We also consider the retrieval effectiveness of each individual run in merging stage. Experimental results show that the proposed approaches are feasible in single and multiple IR system architectures. Normalized-by-top-k merging overcomes the drawback of normalized-score merging. Normalized-by-top-k merging with translation penalty could avoid performance drop down caused by a poor intermediate run.
We further extend the media to image and investigate cross-language image retrieval. We explore the integration of textual and visual information in image retrieval and propose a scheme to deal with cross-language image retrieval. An approach that automatically transforms textual queries into visual representations is proposed. Which query terms should be adopted to generate a visual query is investigated. Experimental results show that integrating textual and visual information improves retrieval performance. Nouns are appropriate to generate visual queries, while using named entities and verbs is helpless.摘要 i
誌謝 iii
Abstract iv
Table of Contents vi
Illustrations ix
Tables xi
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1 Cross-Language Cross-Media Information Retrieval 1
1.2 Multilingual Information Retrieval 3
1.3 Cross-Language Image Retrieval 7
1.4 The Goal of the Dissertation 8
Chapter 2. Query Translation 10
2.1 Translation Ambiguity and Target Polysemy 10
2.2 Using Chinese-English WordNet 14
2.2.1 Query Construction Based on Chinese-English WordNet 14
2.2.2 Chinese-English Information Retrieval Experiment 23
2.3 Named Entity Translation/Transliteration 27
2.3.1 Similarity-Based Backward Transliteration 27
2.3.2 IR-Based Candidate Filter 32
2.3.3 The Efficiency of IR-Based Candidate Filter 34
Chapter 3. Merging Mechanisms in Multilingual Information Retrieval 36
3.1 Architectures of Multilingual Information Retrieval 36
3.2 Merging Strategies 40
3.2.1 Normalized by Top K 42
3.2.2 Translation Penalty 43
3.2.3 Collection Weight 45
3.3 Experiments 46
3.3.1 Test Data 46
3.3.2 Query Translation 47
3.3.3 Merging Based on Single IR System 49
3.3.4 Merging Across Different IR Systems 55
3.3.5 Discussion 56
Chapter 4. Cross-Language Image Retrieval 58
4.1 Introduction 58
4.2 Integrating Textual and Visual Information 61
4.3 Visual Representation of Text 63
4.4 Experiments 65
4.4.1 ImageCLEF 2004 Test Set 65
4.4.2 Text-Based Image Retrieval Experiments 66
4.4.3 Integrating Textual and Visual Information Experiments 70
4.4.4 Discussion 76
Chapter 5. Conclusion and Future Work 78
5.1 Achievements 78
5.2 Future Works 80
References 82
Appendix 93
A. Test Set of CLEF 2002 Multilingual Information Retrieval Task 93
B. Test Set of NTCIR-3 Multilingual Information Retrieval Task 101
C. Test Set of ImageCLEF 2004 Ad Hoc Task 10
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