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Environmental and Climatic Changes in Ilan Plain over the Recent 4200 Years as Revealed by Pollen Data and their Relationship to Prehistory colonization
No full text宜蘭平原由於地理位置與地形之故，深受季風環流的影響，而其快速沉降的大地構造背景，提供了解析晚全新世古氣候與古環境資料的契機。
根據孢粉分析的結果，宜蘭地區在距今4000~3500年前左右曾經發生一次短暫的海侵事件，並在武淵、龍德一帶的地層中留下大量屬於紅樹林植物的紅茄苳屬（Bruguiera）花粉及鹵蕨屬（Acrostichum）孢子，之後隨著海水的退去，平原區上也紛紛進行著由海變陸，類似由今日的海岸地帶向內陸逐步遞移的環境變化，然而由於地理位置的差異，平原上各地的古環境演育在時程上出現先後之別，武淵一帶在距今3100~1400年前期間是一沼澤濕地的環境，在大約1400前左右轉變為陸地的堆積環境；龍德地區則是在2200(?)~1050年前之間是沼澤濕地的環境，而在大約850年前之後環境雖已變乾，但可能仍是長著草類的草生地環境；淇武蘭地區則是在2150~1950年前是沼澤濕地的環境，之後逐漸變乾，而在距今1350年前之後已是平地河岸的環境。
雖然最近幾千年內的古氣候波動已十分微弱，在宜蘭平原的地下孢粉紀錄中仍留下足以辨識的氣候訊息。根據本研究的分析結果，最近4200年來宜蘭地區的氣候條件在2300年前左右開始出現較為明顯的變化，由蕨類孢子的繁茂指示著2300~1950年前期間是一段相對較為潮濕的時期，宜蘭地區的降雨量增加，根據與七彩湖紀錄的對比，推論此時夏季季風可能增強；而由赤楊屬（Alnus）花粉的興衰變化，顯示自大約1950年前開始，氣候有轉涼的趨勢，在1550~1350年前期間是一段較為冷涼的時期，冬季季風在此時可能較為強盛；不過自1350年前開始，孢粉紀錄中喜暖的九芎屬（Lagerstroemia）、茜草樹屬（Randia）、溲流屬（Deutzia）等樹種花粉出現繁茂，指示著宜蘭地區的氣候型態已較之前溫暖，蕨類孢子的紀錄亦顯示1400~1100年前是一段相對較為濕潤的時期，意味著夏季季風可能再度增強；1100~900年前則是一段夏季季風與冬季季風可能相對退縮的時期，宜蘭地區呈現出風調雨順的氣候型態，此時期可能可與「中世紀暖期」相對應；而自900年前開始，冬季季風似乎再次增強，在地下地層中留下相對濕潤的孢粉紀錄；而自700年前開始的相對潮濕時期，則可能反映出「小冰期」的氣候變化。
自然環境變化對史前人群生存空間的壓縮與影響是不容忽視的問題。宜蘭地區發生在4000~3500年前的海侵事件可能是迫使原本居住在平原區的人們向高處遷移的原因，而此地在距今2400年前開始、長達千年以上的史前文化間斷則可能與季風增強、造成古人的生活條件惡化有關。古氣候的資料也顯示季風強度在大約1300年前左右已逐漸衰弱，相應於「中世紀暖期」的適宜氣候與環境則吸引了另一群人進入宜蘭地區居住。本研究結合考古學和古氣候研究的資料，顯示此地史前族群的遷移與當時的環境、氣候變化有密切的相關性。To detail fluctuations in climatic conditions during the late Holocene is one of the more challenging aspects of palynological study compared with conspicuous Pleistocene glacial interglacial changes. Here, pollen studies in a site of rapid sedimentation ought be useful in interpreting the climatic history of the last several millennia. The Ilan Plain, facing the Pacific in northeastern Taiwan with an area of ca. 330 km square is geologically situated near the west end of the offshore Okinawa Trough. This Plain is presently undergoing a serious subsidence and has an extremely high sedimentation rate due to the southwestward extension of the Okinawa Trough (Suppe 1984; Letouzey and Kimura 1986; Yeh et al. 1989; Liu 1995; Lai and Hsieh 2003). Twenty-meter thick sediments are found within the last 3000 years and the Holocene sediments reach 120 meters-thick based on drilling cores (Chen W. S. 2000; Central Geological Survey 2001). The existence of scattered wetlands and swamps in this deltaic plain provide good sites for studying climatic and environmental changes owing to the abundance of organic matter. In this paper, we present radiocarbon-dated pollen stratigraphy from a drilling core collected from Wuyuan, a former wetland marsh and mutually an archaeological site in Ilan Plain. The data has been interpreted in the context of climatic and environmental changes, and furthermore, we also discuss human impact, when it occurred, over the past 4200 years.目 錄
摘要 ---------------------------------------------------- I
目錄 --------------------------------------------------- III
圖目錄 ------------------------------------------------- VII
表目錄 -------------------------------------------------- IX
第一章 緒論
第一節 前言 --------------------------------------------- 1
第二節 研究動機與目的 ----------------------------------- 2
第三節 宜蘭的自然與人文概況 ----------------------------- 4
第四節 前人研究 --------------------------------------- 16
第二章 研究方法與材料
第一節 研究方法 ---------------------------------------- 20
第二節 分析材料 ---------------------------------------- 22
第三章 武淵井
第一節 前言 -------------------------------------------- 26
第二節 分析材料與方法 ---------------------------------- 28
第三節 分析結果----------------------------------------- 31
第四節 討論 -------------------------------------------- 40
第四章 龍德井
第一節 前言 -------------------------------------------- 47
第二節 分析材料與方法 ---------------------------------- 49
第三節 分析結果----------------------------------------- 51
第四節 討論 -------------------------------------------- 58
第五章 淇武蘭遺址
第一節 前言 -------------------------------------------- 60
第二節 分析材料與方法 ---------------------------------- 62
第三節 分析結果 ---------------------------------------- 63
第四節 討論 -------------------------------------------- 71
第六章 宜蘭平原晚全新世的自然環境演變
第一節 由孢粉紀錄看宜蘭平原的古環境演育 ---------------- 76
第二節 古氣候的變化與季風的興衰 ------------------------ 78
第三節 紅樹林植物孢粉的意義 --------------------------- 87
第七章 自然環境對史前文化發展的影響
第一節 前言 -------------------------------------------- 93
第二節 考古學文化上的問題 ------------------------------ 94
第三節 自然環境對史前文化發展的影響 ------------------- 99
第四節 結語 ------------------------------------------ 100
第八章 結論 ------------------------------------------- 102
誌謝 --------------------------------------------------- 105
參考文獻 ----------------------------------------------- 10
Multilevel Unbalanced Graph Partitioning with Applications to Graph Drawing
No full text在資訊科學研究中，圖形切割問題廣泛出現在多種領域內，其中也包括圖形繪製。在圖形繪製中，一個好的呈現在於是否將各節點間的相互關係表現出來。而區分的方式便是利用圖形切割演算法。
在本篇論文中，我們提出一個與過去不同的切割方法，先在樹上做切割，再對應到圖形上，藉以區分不同群集，進行一連串調整的動作找出最佳解，而最後利用force-directed placement的方法將圖形繪製出來。
過去在找尋k-partition的方法，最典型的是將原圖切割成兩份，再將其中一份切成兩份，以此類推，最後再稍作調整，而在本篇論文中，我們亦提出了一個方法，直接將原圖切成k份，但仍保留過去的方法以提供選擇。我們也分析何時採用何種方法較好，利用test graph 來測試兩者間的差異。
此篇論文最主要的貢獻在於：第一、提出與過去不同的方式來解決圖形切割的問題，第二、可利用此演算法來找出大概的群集數，第三、利用force-directed placement繪製圖形時，若將原圖分群可加速圖形達到穩定狀態。The graph partitioning problem arises in many areas of computer science, including the application to graph drawing. In graph drawing, a good layout explicitly shows the relationship between all nodes. We present a graph partitioning algorithm based on tree partitioning to clearly separate one cluster from another, make some adjustments on clusters and find the best partition. Finally, we use force-directed placement algorithm to demonstrate the result in a visual form. The traditional solution to k-way partition is to find bisection recursively and generalize it into k partitions. We demonstrate another algorithm to divide the graph into k parts directly with some adjustments. These two ways for the k-way partition problems are compared empirically later.
Our contributions lie in providing a graph partitioning algorithm from different perspectives with lower complexity than before. In addition, we can find the number of clusters approximately using the algorithm presented in this thesis. While applied in graph drawing, this algorithm could reduce the number of steps in a force-directed placement algorithm.Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………… i
Abstract (Chinese) …………………………………………………………….. ……ii
Abstract (English) ……………………………………………………………... ……iii
Contents……………………………………………………………………………… iv
List of Figures………………………………………………………………….. ……vi
List of Tables………………………………………………………………………… viii
Chapter 1 Introduction …………………………………………………………1
Chapter 2 Preliminaries …………………………………………………………5
2.1 Tree Partition with Shifting Techniques ………………………………5
2.2 Famous Approaches for Graph Partitioning …………………………8
2.2.1 Kernighan-Lin Graph Bisection Algorithm ……………………… 8
2.2.2 Simulated Annealing ………………………………………………10
2.2.3 Genetic Algorithm ………………………………………………10
Chapter 3 Algorithms for Most Uniform Tree Partitioning Problem …………11
3.1 Exhaustive Procedure ……………………………………………………12
3.2 UTP_R ……………………………………………………………………13
3.3 UTP_H ……………………………………………………………………15
Chapter 4 Unbalanced Graph Partitioning ……………………………………19
4.1 Initial Graph Partitioning ………………………………………………19
4.2 Local Improvement ……………………………………………………21
4.2.1 An Example …………………………………………………………22
4.2.2 Algorithm of Adjustments …………………………………………26
4.2.3 Algorithm of Graph Partitioning ………………………………32
Chapter 5 Application in Graph Drawing ……………………………………36
Chapter 6 Conclusions and Future Works ……………………………………46
References …………………………………………………………………………4
A palynological study of environmental changes and their implication for prehistoric settlement in the Ilan Plain, northeastern Taiwan
No full textSupplementary__Figure_7 – Supplemental material for Meta-analysis: Effectiveness of Comprehensive Geriatric Care for Elderly Following Hip Fracture Surgery
No full textSupplemental material, Supplementary__Figure_7 for Meta-analysis: Effectiveness of Comprehensive Geriatric Care for Elderly Following Hip Fracture Surgery by Shu-Ni Lin, Shu-Fen Su and Wen-Ting Yeh in Western Journal of Nursing Research</p
Supplementary__Figure_6 – Supplemental material for Meta-analysis: Effectiveness of Comprehensive Geriatric Care for Elderly Following Hip Fracture Surgery
No full textSupplemental material, Supplementary__Figure_6 for Meta-analysis: Effectiveness of Comprehensive Geriatric Care for Elderly Following Hip Fracture Surgery by Shu-Ni Lin, Shu-Fen Su and Wen-Ting Yeh in Western Journal of Nursing Research</p
Supplementary_Figure_4 – Supplemental material for Meta-analysis: Effectiveness of Comprehensive Geriatric Care for Elderly Following Hip Fracture Surgery
No full textSupplemental material, Supplementary_Figure_4 for Meta-analysis: Effectiveness of Comprehensive Geriatric Care for Elderly Following Hip Fracture Surgery by Shu-Ni Lin, Shu-Fen Su and Wen-Ting Yeh in Western Journal of Nursing Research</p
Supplementary__Figure_3 – Supplemental material for Meta-analysis: Effectiveness of Comprehensive Geriatric Care for Elderly Following Hip Fracture Surgery
No full textSupplemental material, Supplementary__Figure_3 for Meta-analysis: Effectiveness of Comprehensive Geriatric Care for Elderly Following Hip Fracture Surgery by Shu-Ni Lin, Shu-Fen Su and Wen-Ting Yeh in Western Journal of Nursing Research</p
Supplementary__Figure_5 – Supplemental material for Meta-analysis: Effectiveness of Comprehensive Geriatric Care for Elderly Following Hip Fracture Surgery
No full textSupplemental material, Supplementary__Figure_5 for Meta-analysis: Effectiveness of Comprehensive Geriatric Care for Elderly Following Hip Fracture Surgery by Shu-Ni Lin, Shu-Fen Su and Wen-Ting Yeh in Western Journal of Nursing Research</p
Supplementary_Figure_2 – Supplemental material for Meta-analysis: Effectiveness of Comprehensive Geriatric Care for Elderly Following Hip Fracture Surgery
No full textSupplemental material, Supplementary_Figure_2 for Meta-analysis: Effectiveness of Comprehensive Geriatric Care for Elderly Following Hip Fracture Surgery by Shu-Ni Lin, Shu-Fen Su and Wen-Ting Yeh in Western Journal of Nursing Research</p
Supplementary_Figure_1 – Supplemental material for Meta-analysis: Effectiveness of Comprehensive Geriatric Care for Elderly Following Hip Fracture Surgery
No full textSupplemental material, Supplementary_Figure_1 for Meta-analysis: Effectiveness of Comprehensive Geriatric Care for Elderly Following Hip Fracture Surgery by Shu-Ni Lin, Shu-Fen Su and Wen-Ting Yeh in Western Journal of Nursing Research</p
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