2,635 research outputs found
The effectiveness of interventions to treat severe acute malnutrition in young children: a systematic review
No full textSevere acute malnutrition (SAM) arises as a consequence of a sudden period of food shortage and is associated with loss of a person’s body fat and wasting of their skeletal muscle. Many of those affected are already undernourished and are often susceptible to disease. Infants and young children are the most vulnerable as they require extra nutrition for growth and development, have comparatively limited energy reserves and depend on others. Undernutrition can have drastic and wide-ranging consequences for the child’s development and survival in the short and long term. Despite efforts made to treat SAM through different interventions and programmes, it continues to cause unacceptably high levels of mortality and morbidity. Uncertainty remains as to the most effective methods to treat severe acute malnutrition in young children.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to treat infants and children aged < 5 years who have SAM.Data sourcesEight databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, CAB Abstracts Ovid, Bioline, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, EconLit EBSCO and The Cochrane Library) were searched to 2010. Bibliographies of included articles and grey literature sources were also searched. The project expert advisory group was asked to identify additional published and unpublished references.Review methodsPrior to the systematic review, a Delphi process involving international experts prioritised the research questions. Searches were conducted and two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts for eligibility. Inclusion criteria were applied to the full texts of retrieved papers by one reviewer and checked independently by a second. Included studies were mapped to the research questions. Data extraction and quality assessment were undertaken by one reviewer and checked by a second reviewer. Differences in opinion were resolved through discussion at each stage. Studies were synthesised through a narrative review with tabulation of the results.ResultsA total of 8954 records were screened, 224 full-text articles were retrieved, and 74 articles (describing 68 studies) met the inclusion criteria and were mapped. No evidence focused on treatment of children with SAM who were human immunodeficiency virus sero-positive, and no good-quality or adequately reported studies assessed treatments for SAM among infants < 6 months old. One randomised controlled trial investigated fluid resuscitation solutions for shock, with none adequately treating shock. Children with acute diarrhoea benefited from the use of hypo-osmolar oral rehydration solution (H-ORS) compared with the standard World Health Organization-oral rehydration solution (WHO-ORS). WHO-ORS was not significantly different from rehydration solution for malnutrition (ReSoMal), but the safety of ReSoMal was uncertain. A rice-based ORS was more beneficial than glucose-based ORSs, and provision of zinc plus a WHO-ORS had a favourable impact on diarrhoea and need for ORS. Comparisons of different diets in children with persistent diarrhoea produced conflicting findings. For treating infection, comparison of amoxicillin with ceftriaxone during inpatient therapy, and routine provision of antibiotics for 7 days versus no antibiotics during outpatient therapy of uncomplicated SAM, found that neither had a significant effect on recovery at the end of follow-up. No evidence mapped to the next three questions on factors that affect sustainability of programmes, long-term survival and readmission rates, the clinical effectiveness of management strategies for treating children with comorbidities such as tuberculosis and Helicobacter pylori infection and the factors that limit the full implementation of treatment programmes. Comparison of treatment for SAM in different settings showed that children receiving inpatient care appear to do as well as those in ambulatory or home settings on anthropometric measures and response time to treatment. Longer-term follow-up showed limited differences between the different settings. The majority of evidence on methods for correcting micronutrient deficiencies considered zinc supplements; however, trials were heterogeneous and a firm conclusion about zinc was not reached. There was limited evidence on either supplementary potassium or nicotinic acid (each produced some benefits), and nucleotides (not associated with benefits). Evidence was identified for four of the five remaining questions, but not assessed because of resource limitation.LimitationsThe systematic review focused on key questions prioritised through a Delphi study and, as a consequence, did not encompass all elements in the management of SAM. In focusing on evidence from controlled studies with the most rigorous designs that were published in the English language, the systematic review may have excluded other forms of evidence. The systematic review identified several limitations in the evidence base for assessing the effectiveness of interventions for treating young children with severe acute malnutrition, including a lack of studies assessing the different interventions; limited details of study methods used; short follow-up post intervention or discharge; and heterogeneity in participants, interventions, settings, and outcome measures affecting generalisability.ConclusionsFor many of the most highly ranked questions evidence was lacking or inconclusive. More research is needed on a range of topic areas concerning the treatment of infants and children with SAM. Further research is required on most aspects of the management of SAM in children < 5 years, including intravenous resuscitation regimens for shock, management of subgroups (e.g. infants < 6 months old, infants and children with SAM who are human immunodeficiency virus sero-positive) and on the use of antibiotics.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Technology Assessment programme.<br/
Electrochemical Detection of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Based on Biomimic Design of Electroactive Nanoassembly Multilayers
No full textIn this study, the gold electrode was modified with a ferrocene-terminated alkanethiol and phospholipid complex layer, which is designed and fabricated to serve as a C-reactive protein sensor using electrochemical determination. The scope of this research is to know whether a ferrocene-terminated self-assembled monolayer and hydrogenated phosphocholine hybrid bilayer could be used to perform C-reactive protein detection or not. After a series of experiments, the result shows that mixed electroactive SAM can facilitate electrons transferring from the solution to the electrode. And after coating phospholipids, this phenomenon seems to be hindered from the electrode. But this provoked small electrical signal of the recognition layer still allows for further usage. According to the result, it can be used to measure C-reactive protein and its electrochemical property and the changes of the electrode's electron transfer ability are characterized by cyclic voltammetry. This study demonstrates self-assembled ferrocene-terminated alkanethiol and phospholipid complex structure has potential as a C-reactive protein sensor and is stable to detect in the aqueous phase.補正完
Structural evaluation of 6-(10-mercaptodecoxyl) quinoline self-assembled monolayer on gold by reflectance absorption infrared spectroscopy
No full textSelf-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 6-(10-mercaptodecaoxyl)quinoline (MDQ) on gold was characterized by reflectance absorption infrared spectroscopy (RA-IR). The molecular orientation of MDQ in the SAM was totally evaluated by comparing the RA-IR spectrum of the SAM with a transmission spectrum of a KBr pellet. It was found that the alkyl chain exhibit a tilting angle of 24 +/- 5 degrees and a twisting angle of 50 +/- 5 degrees. The results suggested that the quinoline moieties in the SAM form an order layer upon the hydrocarbon chain and do not disturb the packing of the alkyl chains obviously. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.Materials Science, MultidisciplinarySCI(E)2ARTICLE,SI187-1908-
Sam fox trot
No full textGift of Dr. Mary Jane Esplen.Piano [instrumentation]C major [key]Ragtime piano solo [form/genre]Fox [illustration]Dedicated to Irving C. Perkins [dedication]W [engraver]Publisher's advertisement on back cover [note
SAMSVM: A tool for misalignment filtration of SAM-format sequences with support vector machine
No full textSequence alignment/map (SAM) formatted sequences [Li H, Handsaker B, Wysoker A et al., Bioinformatics 25(16):2078-2079, 2009.] have taken on a main role in bioinformatics since the development of massive parallel sequencing. However, because misalignment of sequences poses a significant problem in analysis of sequencing data that could lead to false positives in variant calling, the exclusion of misaligned reads is a necessity in analysis. In this regard, the multiple features of SAM-formatted sequences can be treated as vectors in a multi-dimension space to allow the application of a support vector machine (SVM). Applying the LIBSVM tools developed by Chang and Lin [Chang C-C, Lin C-J, ACM Trans Intell Syst Technol 2:1-27, 2011.] as a simple interface for support vector classification, the SAMSVM package has been developed in this study to enable misalignment filtration of SAM-formatted sequences. Cross-validation between two simulated datasets processed with SAMSVM yielded accuracies that ranged from 0.89 to 0.97 with F-scores ranging from 0.77 to 0.94 in 14 groups characterized by different mutation rates from 0.001 to 0.1, indicating that the model built using SAMSVM was accurate in misalignment detection. Application of SAMSVM to actual sequencing data resulted in filtration of misaligned reads and correction of variant calling.</p
books piece profiling Portland author Alexander C. Irvine, and his debut scien
No full textbooks piece profiling Portland author Alexander C. Irvine, and his debut science fiction novel, A Scattering of Jades, published by Tor in 2002. Irvine has signed a deal with Del Ray to publish his next two books, and has been hired to write the next robot book for iBooks, who own the rights to extend Isaac Asimov\u27s legacy of robot future-history
Characterization of Au-NP/SAM modified electrodes.
No full text<p>(A) CV curves of 10 µM dopamine recorded by native (-Δ-) and Au-NP/SAM (-•-) platinum microelectrodes at a scan rate of 10 V s<sup>−1</sup>. The inserted picture represents the CV curve after background subtraction. SEM images showing the surface morphologies of (B) native and (C) Au-NP/SAM platinum electrodes. (D) Amperometric <i>i-t</i> curves of Au-NP/SAM microelectrodes recorded in PBS for dopamine calibration at a scan potential of 0.25 V (<i>vs.</i> Ag/AgCl).</p
Disarmament in the context of the international economic order
No full textThis paper focuses on an economic aspect of the disarmament question: the international market of armaments. I shall explore the thesis that arms trade is an increasingly important factor in North-South economic relations, that it affects not only international trade patterns, but also through trade, domestic patterns of economic development. Research assistance for this work was provided by Michael de Mello at Columbia University. In addition to the statistical sources in the references I shall be drawing as well on the results of a UNITAR study on technology, domestic distribution and North-South relations. (1)disarmament; armament; international market; international disarmament; arms trade; arms market; north; south; North-South; international trade; international trade patterns; domestic patterns of economic development; development; domestic economy; economic development; UNITAR; domestic distribution; technology; economic order; international economic order; export; import; commodity trade; trade patterns;
c-Fos whole-brain image stacks
No full textDownsampled image stacks of c-Fos-stained whole-brains for mice used for ClearMap analyses (Figure 2). Counts tables and statistical outputs for all regions analyzed in Figures 2-4 are provided as supplementary datasets. Raw image scans are available from the corresponding author (Sam A. Golden [email protected]) on reasonable request. </p
An Investigation on Performance of Significance Analysis of Microarray (SAM) for the Comparisons of Several Treatments with one Control in the Presence of Small-variance Genes
No full textOne of multiple testing problems in drug finding experiments is the comparison of several treatments with one control. In this paper we discuss a particular situation of such an experiment, i.e., a microarray setting, where the many-to-one comparisons need to be addressed for thousands of genes simultaneously. For a gene-specific analysis, Dunnett's single step procedure is considered within gene tests, while the FDR controlling procedures such as Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) and Benjamini and Hochberg (BH) False Discovery Rate (FDR) adjustment are applied to control the error rate across genes. The method is applied to a microarray experiment with four treatment groups (three microarrays in each group) and 16,998 genes. Simulation studies are conducted to investigate the performance of the SAM method and the BH-FDR procedure with regard to controlling the FDR, and to investigate the effect of small-variance genes on the FDR in the SAM procedure
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