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    Singaporemma wulongensis Lin & Li 2014

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    Singaporemma wulongensis Lin & Li, 2014 Figures 6E–e, 7F Singaporemma wulongensis Lin & Li, 2014: 46, figs 7–9, 17, 20B Examined material. Holotype ♂, paratypes 8♂ and 20♀ (NHMSU), CHINA: Chongqing, Wulong, Tudi Town, Tiansheng Village, Xiaodong Cave, 29°31.853'N, 107°50.817'E, altitude 1050 m, 17 October 2010, L. Dou and Y. Lin leg. Diagnosis. Male of S. wulongensis differs from males of all other congeners with the exception of S. bifurcata by the furcate embolus (Fig. 6E–e vs. Fig. 6A–D, 6a–d, 6G–H, 6g –h); it differs from male of S. bifurcata by the narrower, longer oval bulb, the embolus with two equilong tip branches, and the embolus starts from the submesialback surface of bulb, but the embolus of S. bifurcata with asymmetric branches that origins from prolateral surface of bulb (Fig. 6E–e vs. Fig. 6F–f). Female of S. wulongensis seems also close to S. bifurcata having a similar vulval structure, but it can be distinguished by the lager “ω”-shaped inner vulval plate, and the longer, weakly sclerotized central process (Fig. 7F vs. Fig. 7D). Description. See Lin & Li, 2014: 46. Distribution. China (Chongqing) (Fig. 10).Published as part of Yan, Fanhu & Lin, Yucheng, 2018, A review of the spider genus Singaporemma (Araneae: Tetrablemmidae), with the description of a new species, pp. 329-346 in Zootaxa 4392 (2) on pages 344-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/119544

    Singaporemma bifurcata Lin & Li 2010

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    Singaporemma bifurcata Lin & Li, 2010 Figures 1A–H, 2A–E, 6F–f, 8A Singaporemma bifurcata Lin & Li, 2010: 26, figs 29–37 Examined material. Topotypes 11♂ 25♀ (NHMSU), CHINA: Guizhou, Suiyang, Wenquan Town, Guihua Village, Hejiao Cave, 28°15´N, 107°17´E, altitude 695 m, 17 April 2015, Y. Lin and H. Yang leg. Diagnosis. With the exception of S. wulongensis, male of S. bifurcata can be distinguished from all other congeners by the embolus with an asymmetrically furcate end (Fig. 6f vs. Fig. 6a–d, 6g –h), and female of S. bifurcata differs by the stubby, sclerotized central process (Fig. 8A vs. Figs. 5C–D, 7A–C, 9A–B). S. bifurcata similar to S. wulongensis in the shape of palpal bulb and the configuration of vulva, but male of S. bifurcata can be distinguished from that of S. wulongensis by the starting position of embolus (Fig. 6F vs. Fig. 6E, the position indicated by the blue arrow) and the unequal length of branches of embolic tip (Fig. 6f vs. Fig. 6e); female of S. bifurcata separated by the smaller, “Ω”-shaped inner vulval plate, and the shorter central process (Fig. 8A vs. Fig. 8B). Description. See Figs 1A–H, 2A–E, 6F–f, 8A and Lin & Li, 2010: 26. Distribution. China (Guizhou) (Fig. 10).Published as part of Yan, Fanhu & Lin, Yucheng, 2018, A review of the spider genus Singaporemma (Araneae: Tetrablemmidae), with the description of a new species, pp. 329-346 in Zootaxa 4392 (2) on page 334, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/119544

    Vascular endothelial growth factor restores delayed tumor progression in tumors depleted of macrophages

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    Genetic depletion of macrophages in Polyoma Middle T oncoprotein (PyMT)-induced mammary tumors in mice delayed the angiogenic switch and the progression to malignancy. To determine whether vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) produced by tumor-associated macrophages regulated the onset of the angiogenic switch, a genetic approach was used to restore expression of VEGF-A into tumors at the benign stages. This stimulated formation of a high-density vessel network and in macrophage-depleted mice, was followed by accelerated tumor progression. The expression of VEGF-A led to a massive infiltration into the tumor of leukocytes that were mostly macrophages. This study suggests that macrophage-produced VEGF regulates malignant progression through stimulating tumor angiogenesis, leukocytic infiltration and tumor cell invasion
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