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Determinants and Effectiveness of Knowledge Sharing in CPA Firms: Individual and Firm Level Analysis
本論文主要目的在探究會計師事務所及審計人員知識分享的影響因素,以及會計師事務所的知識分享效果。經由會計師事務所的產業特徵著手,推導影響知識分享的因素,並以問卷調查法取得審計人員與會計師事務所有關知識分享各構面的資料,分別採階層線性模式、多元迴歸等方式實證檢視審計人員、會計師事務所知識分享的影響因素。究結果如下:.在審計人員知識分享方面,個體層次中,個人聲望、自我效能、經驗開放性、互惠、個人經驗對審計人員知識分享有正向影響,私欲則為負向影響;總體層次中,主管支持、組織網絡對審計人員知識分享有正向影響。.就管理階層審計人員而言,個人聲望、自我效能、私欲、互惠、主管支持、績效評估等有顯著影響,其中除私欲為負向影響外,其餘皆為正向;就非管理階層審計人員而言,個人聲望、自我效能、經驗開放性、互惠、個人經驗、組織網絡有正向影響,而私欲則為負向影響。.在會計師事務所知識分享方面,相關分析顯示集體效能、組織經驗開放性、信任、主管支持、績效評估對會計師事務所知識分享有正向影響,但多元迴歸及逐步迴歸後發現僅以信任、主管支持最具預測力;以相對重要性來說,經比較多元迴歸各自變項之標準化係數,以及考量變項間相關性後發現,信任對會計師事務所知識分享的影響力最大,其次則為主管支持。.就會計師事務所知識分享效果而言,實證發現會計師事務所知識分享程度愈高,則會計師事務所知識分享效果愈好,且以審計品質做為知識分享效果的替代變數,其結果並未改變;此外,檢視大型與中型會計師事務所在各個變項之平均值、變異係數差異,發現多數變項差異不大,表示本論文所衡量的知識分享各變項,並未有組別回答與所別回答不一致的情形;再者,以實證資料檢視,其結果並未改變。. 進一步探討會計師事務所知識分享效果影響因素及其相對重要性,以主管支持與離職率的預測力最高,其中主管支持有正向影響,而離職率則為負相關。至於相對重要性,最高者為主管支持,其次則為離職率,信任則因與主管支持相關性高,因此其淨作用並不顯著。論文的研究結論除補充關於會計師事務所知識分享文獻之不足外,並有助於會計師事務所經營管理之參考。The purpose of this dissertation is to explore the determinants and effectiveness of knowledge sharing in CPA firms. From the characteristics of CPA firms, this study investigates factors associating with knowledge sharing at the individual and firm level, respectively. At the individual level, two types of factors were examined: individual factors, and organizational factors. At the firm level, this study also examines the effectiveness of knowledge sharing. A survey method was used as the means of data collection. In addition, a hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) and regression analysis were used to examine these issues.esults are as follows:1) In the individual level analysis, individual factors such as reputation, self-efficacy, openness to experience, reciprocity, and experience are positively related to auditors’ knowledge sharing, while greed is negatively related. Organizational factors including management support and firm network have significant and positive effects on auditors’ knowledge sharing.2) Reputation, self-efficacy, greed, reciprocity, management support and performance evaluation have significant effects on knowledge sharing of auditors holding managerial positions. However, reputation, self-efficacy, openness to experience, reciprocity, experience and firm network are significant determinants for auditors without holding any managerial position.3) In the firm level analysis, it shows that collective efficacy, collective openness to experience, trust, management support and performance evaluation are positively related to knowledge sharing of CPA firms. However, multiple regression and stepwise regression show that trust and management support are significant determinants. After computing standardized regression coefficients and Pearson correlations, trust and management support are more important than others in affecting knowledge sharing.4) The degree of knowledge sharing is positively related to the effectiveness of knowledge sharing in CPA firms. Results are robust when audit quality is a proxy for effectiveness of knowledge sharing.5) Furthermore, this dissertation examines the relative importance of each determinant in affecting the effectiveness of knowledge sharing. Findings indicate that management support and turnover rate are the two most important factors; management support is positively and turnover rate is negatively related to effectiveness of knowledge sharing. he findings of this dissertation may contribute to the literature on knowledge sharing of CPA firms, and have implications for CPA firms in promoting knowledge sharing and its effectiveness.口試委員會審定書-------------------------------------------------------- i謝 --------------------------------------------------------------------- ii文摘要--------------------------------------------------------------------- iv文摘要--------------------------------------------------------------------- vi錄 --------------------------------------------------------------------- viii目錄 --------------------------------------------------------------------- x目錄 --------------------------------------------------------------------- xi一章 導論--------------------------------------------------------------- 1第一節 研究背景與動機----------------------------------- 1第二節 研究目的-------------------------------------------- 3第三節 論文結構-------------------------------------------- 4二章 文獻探討-------------------------------------------------------- 5 第一節 知識分享定義-------------------------------------- 5第二節 知識分享的影響因素研究---------------------- 9三章 背景與假說推導---------------------------------------------- 24第一節 會計師事務所產業特性與影響知識分享因素----------------------------------------------------24第二節 研究假說--------------------------------------------- 30四章 研究設計-------------------------------------------------------- 45第一節 樣本與資料蒐集方法---------------------------- 45第二節 研究工具--------------------------------------------- 46第三節 變項衡量--------------------------------------------- 47第四節 資料分析方法與工具---------------------------- 55五章 研究結果與分析---------------------------------------------- 57第一節 基本資料分析-------------------------------------- 58第二節 信、效度分析---------------------------------------- 63第三節 敘述統計與相關分析---------------------------- 75第四節 審計人員知識分享影響因素-階層線性模式分析------------------------------------------------79第五節 會計師事務所知識分享影響因素-迴歸分析-------------------------------------------------------96第六節 會計師事務所知識分享效果分析------------ 101第七節 進一步分析------------------------------------------ 102第八節 敏感性分析------------------------------------------ 109六章 結論與建議----------------------------------------------------- 118第一節 研究結論--------------------------------------------- 118第二節 管理意涵--------------------------------------------- 122第三節 研究貢獻--------------------------------------------- 126第四節 研究限制--------------------------------------------- 128第五節 未來研究建議-------------------------------------- 129考文獻---------------------------------------------------------------------- 131錄:問卷內容------------------------------------------------------------ 14
Arsenic accumulation by rice grown in soil treated with roxarsone
洛克沙砷(Roxarsone,3-nitro-4- hydroxyphenyl)是有機砷劑被廣泛添加於飼料中藉以控制家禽腸道內球蟲病及促進家禽生長,因此導致家禽糞普遍含砷,家禽糞肥通常施用於農田當作肥料使用,一般用於旱田居多,但是中國華南地區將家禽糞肥施用水稻田當作氮肥使用,目前也在推廣水稻田有機栽培,而家禽糞肥為有機肥料之一,家禽糞肥中含砷進入農田後能被作物吸收而導致農產品砷污染可能嚴重危害人體健康,本研究利用水稻(Oryza sativa L.)盆栽試驗於土壤中添加不同含量洛克沙砷(0,25,50,100,200mg/kg)及乾雞糞肥(4t/ha及8t/ha),以評估洛克沙砷對於水稻農藝參數影響(株高、分蘗數、產量及千粒重)、水稻植物體各部位(根、莖、葉、稻殼及稻米)中砷累積及砷物種含量,實驗結果顯示水稻株高、分蘗數、產量及千粒重隨土壤中洛克沙砷含量增加而明顯減少,土壤中含洛克沙砷200mg/kg導致水稻枯萎,根、莖、葉、稻殼及稻米(糙米)中砷含量隨土壤中洛克沙砷含量增加而顯著增加(P莖>葉>稻殼>稻米(糙米)。稻根及莖中含As(Ⅲ)(亞砷酸鹽)及As(V)(砷酸鹽)且以As(Ⅲ)為優勢物種,稻葉中含As(Ⅲ)及As(V)但是以As(V)為優勢物,稻殼僅偵測As(V)及稻米(糙米)僅偵測As(Ⅲ),雞糞肥施用量與稻根中As(Ⅲ)及As(V)無顯著相關。本研究結果顯示土壤中含洛克沙砷25mg/kg以上不僅毒害水稻且造成稻米中無機砷累積經由攝取稻米而提高人體砷暴露風險。Poultry litter is widely used as a fertilizer for lowland rice in Taiwan and China. However, the organic-arsenic compound roxarsone (additive of poultry feed) in poultry litter can be absorbed by the plants and the resulting arsenic (As) contamination may pose a serious threat to human health. This study used various amounts of poultry litter contaminated with roxarsone in pot experiments to evaluate the effect of roxarsone on rice agronomic parameters and the bioaccumulation of total and inorganic As in rice plant tissues. Rice grain yield decreased significantly with increasing As content of the soil, and the critical threshold that killed rice was 200 mg roxarsone kg-1 soil. The As concentrations in root, straw, leaf, husk, and grain increased with increasing soil As (P < 1%). At 100 mg roxarsone kg-1 of soil, the As concentration in the rice grain exceeded the statutory permissible limit of 1.0 mg As kg-1 dry weight and at 25 mg roxarsone kg-1 of soil, the inorganic As concentrations in grains exceeded the statutory limit of 0.15 mg of inorganic As kg-1 in China. For all treatments, the As concentrations in various plant tissues at maturity follow the order: root > stem > leaf > husk > grain. Arsenite was the predominant species in root, straw, and grain, while arsenate was the predominant species in leaf and husk. No significant difference existed between the amounts of arsenite and arsenate when various amounts of poultry litter were applied. This result illustrates that large amounts of added roxarsone are not only toxic to rice but also accumulate in grains in the inorganic As forms, potentially posing a threat to human health via the food chain.摘要 Ibstract II號說明 III目錄 Ⅶ目錄 Ⅸ一章 前 言 1.1 研究動機 3.2 研究目的 4.3 研究流程 4二章 文獻回顧 6.1洛克沙砷 6.1.1 洛克沙砷用途 6.1.2 洛克沙砷之物理及化學特性 6.1.3 洛克沙砷之毒性與代謝 7.1.4 雞糞中砷含量及砷物種 8.1.5 家禽糞肥含砷對於環境的影響 11.2 砷 13.2.1 環境中砷來源 13.2.2 土壤及水體中砷物種 14.2.3 土壤中砷含量 17.2.4 地下水中砷含量 18.2.5 砷影響地區污染農作物 23.2.6 砷的攝食安全標準 25.2.7 砷於人體之毒性與代謝 28.3 水稻與砷 30.3.1 水稻田砷來源 30.3.2 砷於農田之揮發損失 33.3.3 水稻吸收砷途徑 33.3.4 水稻砷毒害 37.3.5 砷於水稻植物體中累積 38.3.6 砷於植物體中遷移 44.3.7 砷於植物體中代謝 45三章 材料與方法 47.1 洛克沙砷在湛水土壤中砷物種組成試驗(孵育試驗) 47.2 水稻盆栽試驗 47.2.1 洛克沙砷及雞糞肥處理別 47.2.2 氮肥施用量 49.2.3 生育期間灌溉管理 50.3 樣本收集及前處理 50.3.1 水樣本收集及前處理 50.3.2 植物體及土壤樣本收集及前處理 50.4 總砷及物種砷分析 51.4.1 試劑 51.4.2 總砷分析 52.4.3 物種砷分析 53.5 統計分析 53四章 結 果 55.1 湛水土壤之Eh及pH 55.1.1 孵育試驗 55.1.2 水稻盆栽試驗 55.2 洛克沙砷進入淹水土壤之砷物種 56.2.1孵育試驗之土壤溶液中砷物種變化 56.2.2水稻盆栽試驗之土壤溶液中砷物種變化 57.3 洛克沙砷對水稻農藝參數影響 58.3-1 水稻株高 58.3-2 分蘗數 61.3-3 水稻地上物乾重(不含稻穗) 62.3-4 稻穀產量 63.3-5 稻穀千粒重 64-4 水稻植物體中總砷及砷物種含量 65.4.1 稻根中總砷及砷物種 65.4.2 稻桿中總砷及砷物種 68.4.3 稻葉中總砷及砷物種 71.4.4 稻殼中總砷及砷物種 74.4.5 稻米(糙米)中總紳及砷物種 77.5 水稻植物體中砷物種淬取率 80.6 土壤總砷含量影響農藝參數 81.7 植物體各部位無機砷含量之相關性 85.8 稻殼與稻米中砷含量之關係 88五章 討 論 90.1 洛克沙砷於土壤中砷物種轉化 90.2 砷毒害水稻 91.2.1 水稻致死量 91.2.2 砷抑制水稻生長及產量 92.3 砷於水稻植物體各部位累積及傳輸係數(Transfer Factor) 99.4水稻植物體各部位中砷物種 103.4.1 稻根中砷物種 103.4.2 稻桿中砷物種 105.4.3 稻葉中砷物種 106.4.4 稻殼中砷物種 107.4.5 糙米中砷物種 107.4.6 水稻植物體各部位無機砷含量及遷移 108.5 砷物種於植物體中遷移及變化 110.6 稻米普遍含砷 112.7 稻米中總砷與無機砷相關性 113.8 攝食砷污染稻米之潛在威脅 114.9 稻桿中砷含量對於牛及人體健康的危害 121六章 結論與建議 123.1 結 論 123.2 建 議 126考文獻 12
Seismic Performance of Re-Centering Brace
自復位斜撐包含(1)預力元件,並施予預拉力;(2)斜撐在受拉或受壓時,預力元件均保持受拉狀態;(3)斜撐有軸向變形時能啟動消能元件的功能。本研究利用玻璃纖維初始預力提供斜撐自行復位能力,而利用摩擦消能裝置提供消能機制,設計此種自復位斜撐使其在建築結構系統受震時可具有自行復位、殘餘變位小及遲滯消能能力。
本研究研發出兩種自復位斜撐並探討自復位斜撐的特性及其力學行為。另外利用含長條孔摩擦消能裝置進行拉伸試驗、玻璃纖維拉伸試驗、及兩組縮尺自復位斜撐試驗,探討相關試驗規劃、分析與試驗結果。
本研究之主要結論為:(1)含長條孔摩擦消能裝置拉伸試驗得知由銅(C2680)跟鋼所組成的摩擦介面有穩定之遲滯行為,試驗顯示摩擦係數約為0.32;(2)直徑12.7mm玻璃纖維利用特殊夾頭能使的拉力強度由30kN上升至70kN左右,有效的提高拉力強度;(3)自復位斜撐試驗結果顯示本研究研發之斜撐有極大的拉壓差,自復位行為不夠理想,此與玻璃纖維的非軸力破壞有關;(4)本研究所提之理論方法能夠準確預測自復位斜撐勁度;(5)非線性結構系統動態反應歷時分析結果顯示含自復位斜撐之構架系統能有效的控制系統受震時樓層側位移角以及受震後的殘餘變形。Re-centering brace (RCB) comprises of (1) the tensioning element and subjected to the post-tensioned force (PT), (2) a mechanism that assures the elongation of the tensioning elements under both compressive and tensile brace forces and (3) a energy dissipating mechanism. Re-centering braces could be made by combining the characteristics of the glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) and the friction devices (FDs). Thus, the post-tensioned system possesses re-centering capability from the pre-stressed GFRP while dissipating seismic energy in the friction devices.
This research proposes two types of re-centering braces. The force-deformation relationships of the re-centering braces are studied analytically first. Then the test results of the long slotted friction devices, GFRP tendons and two reduced scale re-centering braces are discussed in details.
Tests confirm that (1) hysteretic behavior of the long slotted friction devices is very stable. The friction coefficient between the steel plate and the brass (C2680) shim is about 0.32, (2) the special anchors attached to the 12.7mm diameter GFRP tendons imcrese the tendon tension strength from 30kN to 70kN, but the failure of the GFRP is still within the grip of the anchor, (3) the performance of the proposed RCBs is not satisfactory, and the RCBs failed at the GFRP anchor, (4) the stiffness of the RCBs can be accurately predicted, (5)Nonlinear time history analysis conducted on the moment resisting frame (MRF) and the re-centering braced frame (RCBF) confirmed that the RCBF (compared with MRF) can effectively reduce the inter-story drift and the residual deformation.誌謝 i
中文摘要 ii
英文摘要 iv
目錄 vi
表目錄 ix
圖目錄 x
照片目錄 xiii
第一章 介紹 1
1.1 前言 1
1.2 文獻回顧 2
1.3 研究動機 3
1.4 研究目的與內容 5
第二章 自復位斜撐基本特性和力學行為 7
2.1 細部名稱介紹 7
2.2 基本特性 8
2.3 力學行為 10
2.3.1 基本假設 10
2.3.2 預力對斜撐力量貢獻量 10
2.3.3 消能系統於對斜撐力量貢獻量 13
2.4 設計方法 13
2.4.1 RCB_IF簡介 13
2.4.2 RCB_IF設計方法 14
2.4.3 RCB_EF簡介 18
2.4.4 RCB_EF設計方法 18
2.5 勁度計算 19
2.6 自復位斜撐接合形式 21
第三章 摩擦消能裝置與玻璃纖維棒試驗 22
3.1 簡介 22
3.1.1 摩擦消能裝置簡介 22
3.1.2 玻璃纖維簡介 22
3.2 摩擦消能裝置試驗 25
3.2.1 新型摩擦消能裝置 25
3.2.2 螺栓預張力控制方式 26
3.2.3 試驗裝置 27
3.2.4 試驗結果與分析 28
3.3 玻璃纖維棒試驗 30
3.3.1 玻璃纖維棒性質 30
3.3.2 預力夾頭 31
3.3.3 玻璃纖維棒極限強度拉伸試驗 32
3.3.4 玻璃纖維棒反覆載重試驗裝置與量測系統 33
3.3.5 玻璃纖維棒反覆載重試驗結果與分析 34
第四章 自復位斜撐試驗 36
4.1 前言 36
4.2 試體組裝流程 36
4.2.1 RCB_EF組裝流程 36
4.2.2 RCB_IF組裝流程 37
4.3 試體安裝流程 38
4.4 試驗裝置與設備 39
4.4.1 加載歷時 39
4.4.2 量測儀器 39
4.4.3 試驗計劃 40
4.5 RCB_EF試驗結果討論與分析比較 40
4.5.1 RCB_EF試驗裝置 40
4.5.2 RCB_EF試驗結果 41
4.5.3 RCB_EF_ED試驗結果 42
4.5.4 RCB_EF_bare試驗結果 42
4.5.5 拉壓差可能的原因 42
4.5.6 玻璃纖維棒的應變 44
4.5.7 RCB_EF試驗分析比較 45
4.6 RCB_IF試驗結果討論與分析比較 46
4.6.1 RCB_IF試驗裝置 46
4.6.2 RCB_IF試驗結果 46
4.6.3 RCB_IF_ED試驗結果 46
4.6.4 RCB_IF_bare試驗結果 47
4.6.5 拉壓差可能的原因 47
4.6.6 玻璃纖維棒的應變 49
4.6.7 RCB_IF試驗分析討論 50
第五章 自復位斜撐構架系統耐震性能研究 51
5.1 前言 51
5.2 自復位斜撐模型 51
5.3 自復位斜撐構架模型 53
5.3.1 構架分析流程 53
5.3.2 構架基本資料 53
5.4 構架分析結果討論 56
第六章 結論與建議 57
6.1 結論 57
6.2 建議 58
參考文獻 15
Delimitation of arsenic-contaminated groundwater using risk-based indicator approaches around blackfoot disease hyperendemic areas of southern Taiwan
An Experimental Study on Non-Audit Service and Auditor Decisions: Pre- and Post-Procomp Scandal
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