1,721,030 research outputs found
Study of Optical Recording Bits by Scanning Probe Microscopy
No full text在本論文中，首先使用化學侵蝕的技術處理商用相變化光碟CD-RW、DVD±RW上多餘的膜層結構，使其記錄層裸露於表面。接著使用靜電力顯微術(Electrostatic Force Microscopy)、表面電位顯微術(Scanning Surface Potential Microscopy) 與摩擦力顯微術(Frictional Force Microscopy)分別去研究記錄點(Recording Mark)的Crosstalk現象、相變化光碟記錄區域與非記錄區域的表面電位差異的對比與記錄點的大小規格。.接著應用這樣的技術於氧化鋅超解析近場碟片，200nm的記錄點,分析與商用碟片記錄點的差異We study the writing and erasing results on phase change optical recording layer using scanning probe microscopy. The dielectric protection layer on the phase change recording layer was removed before the scanning of surface potential microscopy and frictional force microscopy, respectively. The shape and size of the recording marks , the crosstalk effect, and the potential difference between the recorded and non-recorded area are studied. The results on commercial disk are used as the difference for the study of recording marks on the super-resolution near-field optical disk目錄
中文摘要 I
英文摘要 II
致謝 III
目錄 IV
圖目錄 VI
表目錄 XIV
第 一 章 光儲存系統的發展…………………………….…..1
1-1前言…………………………………………………………………1
1-2從CD DVD 到藍光儲存………………………………………….4
1-3磁光儲存…………………………………………………………...9
1-4 三維光儲存………………………………………………………11
第 二 章 相變化光碟……………………………………… 16
第 三 章 近場光學儲存…………………………………….20
第 四 章 掃描探針顯微技術……………………………….26
4-1 原子力顯微術……………………………………………………28
4-2 摩擦力顯微術……………………………………………………33
4-3 靜電力顯微術……………………………………………………35
4-4掃描表面電位顯微術…………………………………………….38
第 五 章 實驗製備,處理與實驗結果分析…………………40
5-1 商用光碟片表面處理……………………………………………40
5-2 實驗結果分析……………………………………………………42
5-2-1 摩擦力顯微術研究商用光碟片………………..………….42
5-2-2 掃描表面電位顯微術研究商用光碟片…………………...48
5-2-3靜電力顯微術研究商用光碟片…………………………….67
5-2-4 掃描探針顯微術研究光碟測試機寫入350nm記錄點於商用DVD+RW碟片……………..…………………………..72
5-2-5掃描探針顯微術研究超解析近場碟片………………...80
第 六 章 結論……………………………………………….90
Reference……………...…………………………………….9
Forecasting Crude Oil Price: A Forecast Combination Approach
No full text本文試以多種組合預測方法，評估多個文獻中曾提及的預測變數對原油月均價、月底價的預測效果，使用資料期間為1986:M2至2015:M10。根據Working (1960)闡述月均價格變動的前後期將會有相關性，本研究導入一個新變數用於預測原油月均價，其結果顯著優於no-change預測，使MSPE降低幅度達39%。此外，以過去文獻提及的預測變數來預測原油月底價時，預測效果集中於特定期間，無法於整體評估期間保持預測能力。同時，文獻上計算MSPE時有兩種算法，在預測效果於期間內並非均勻分布的情況下，將可能使兩種算法所得的MSPE Ratio有所差異，且此MSPE Ratio差異的大小亦與評估期間的選取有關。This article uses monthly data from 1986:M2 to 2016:M10 to examine the predictive power for both monthly-averaged oil prices and end-of-month oil prices by multiple forecast combination methods. According to Working (1960) , our work derive a new predictor of monthly-averaged oil prices which can significantly reduce the MSPE by 39% compare with no-change forecast. When forecasting the end-of-month oil prices, the predictive power only exists in a certain period, can''t hold the power for the whole evaluation period. Our work explain the relationship between MSPE calculated with two different ways. Because the predictive power only exists in a certain period, there would be some different between MSPE Ratio of two kinds of MSPE calculation ways.This difference would be correlated with the choice of evaluation period
Development of Micro/Nano-Structures on Optical Glass by Roller Hot Embossing
No full text具表面微結構玻璃應用日廣，玻璃表面因具有微結構增加其功能例如疏水、抗反射等，目前於玻璃表面製作微結構之技術，如雷射雕刻、表面蝕刻等製程皆屬耗時、複雜且成本昂貴。複製成型可快速製造表面微結構，其中以微熱壓成型最常用，但長時間於加熱與冷卻，以及批量製程，仍無法達到快速量產。本研究提出以滾輪壓印製程複製微結構於玻璃表面，藉由滾輪壓印製程中，加熱與冷卻分開的製程特色，以及可連續熱滾壓達到連續複製的製程特色。
本研究首先組裝滾輪壓印機台，結合高週波與紅外線快速升溫設備，快速滾壓微米與奈米結構於玻璃表面。本研究並提出滾壓玻璃製程中提升微結構轉寫率之方法，並量測微結構之轉寫率印證。奈米結構複製使用自製之陽極氧化鋁(AAO)模板，複製奈米柱狀陣列結構於Soda-lime玻璃表面，並量測抗反射效果，其反射率在光波長300~800 nm下由8~25%下降為0.8~2.5%，證實表面具奈米柱狀結構之玻璃具有抗反射效果。最後並以雙重滾輪熱壓，同時奈米柱狀結構與弧形微米結構壓印於Soda-lime玻璃表面上，成功製作出微奈米複合結構，表面具微奈米複合結構之疏水接觸角量測為114°，相較於原始平面玻璃之接觸角僅有20°，成功製造微奈米複合結構之表面疏水性玻璃。Glass substrate with micro/nano structures on the surface have many applications and become popular recently. There are many properties such as hydrophobicity and anti-reflection associated with glasses with micro/nano structures on the surface. Traditional fabrication method such as laser machining, wet/dry etching are time consuming and expensive. Replica molding methods can fabricate surface micro/nano stuctures with fast speed. Among them, micro hot embossing is the most commonly used method. However, the long heating/cooling cycle and the batch-mode production prevent it from being used in mass production. In this research, a novel roller imprinting method is proposed to fabricate micro/nano structures on the surface of glass substrates. During the roller imprinting process, heating and cooling were preformed separately and the fabrication of micro/nano structures were carried out continuously.
In this research, a roller imprinting facility, with induction and infrared heaters, is designed and implemented to fabricate micro/nano structures on the surface of glass substrates. Methods to increase transcription rate was investigated in this research. Nano pillars are fabricated on the surface of soda-lime glass substrate with the mold of anodic aluminum oxide. The optical performance of anti-reflection are measured. Reflection rate was reduced from 8~25% to 0.8~2.5% in the range of wavelength between 300~800 nm. It proved that glass substrate with nano pillars on the surface have anti-reflective effect. Finally, by intergrated procedure; both micro and nano structures were fabricated on the surface of soda-lime glass and hybrid micro/nano structures were fabricated successfully. The contact angle of the surface with micro/nano structures was 114°, much higher than 20° in bare glass. This study demonstrated the potential of fabricating micro/nano structures using roller hot embossing
Crack detection on beams by Hilbert-Huang transform of transient flexural waves
No full text結構的損傷預測一直是工業界的重要課題，要達到這個目的，必需有適當的訊號處理方法，近年來迅速發展的希爾伯特黃轉換(Hilbert-Huang Transform, HHT)可能提供了一個有效的訊號分析方法。本文討論一維細長方樑上之彎曲波振動訊號，以HHT進行分析，判斷結構是否損壞，並推估其位置。首先，介紹HHT的基本理論，其使用經驗模態分解法，以訊號本身隨時間變化的時間尺度來提出基底，能夠用於非線性與非穩態之訊號分析。接著探討彎曲波之Bernoulli-Euler theory和Timoshenko theory的差異，並計算波速得知彎曲波為頻散波。在實驗部份，選用鋁合金、黃銅以及不鏽鋼作為實驗材料，樑經敲擊產生彎曲波，量測得到加速度訊號，再由 HHT得到時頻圖，從圖上能辨識出邊界反射波和缺陷反射波之峰值，並分別探討波速之計算和缺陷發生位置，而實驗結果得到之誤差(Absolute relative error)平均值皆不超過2.5％。此外，若缺陷深度較深，在時頻圖上之反射波振幅也會較大，可以作為破壞程度之參考依據。In the industry, the damage detection of structures is an important research subject. To this end, a proper method for the vibration signal processing is indispensable. The Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT), which has been successfully applied to many different fields in the last ten years, may provide a promising method for this purpose. The purpose of this research is to detect the crack on beams by HHT of transient flexural waves. First of all, the basic method named “Empirical Mode Decomposition” of HHT was introduced. Its basis of expansion is adaptive, so that it can produce physically meaningful representations of data from nonlinear and non-stationary processes. And then the difference of Bernoulli-Euler theory and Timoshenko theory associated with flexural waves were then discussed. It will be found that the flexural waves are dispersive by considering the wave velocity. Besides, the beams of Aluminum, Brass and Stainless Steel were considered in the experiments. The flexural waves were made by the impact force on beams. Applying the HHT on the measured acceleration data, the Hilbert spectrum can be obtained. From the figure the ridges represented the reflected waves from the boundary and the crack. By estimating the wave arrival time, the wave velocity and the crack location can be determined. The mean values of absolute relative error are all less than 2.5%. In addition, the characteristics on Hilbert spectrum of the damage size were also studied. This study may contribute to the damage size estimation in the near future
An Integrated Numerical Model for Unsteady Flows in Pressurized and Open-Channel Circular Pipes
No full text圓管下水道系統流況之複雜，在於常發生明渠流與滿管流交替發生亦或同時存在之情形，而兩種流況在水理特性上的差異在於前者由重力引起，後者則靠壓力驅動，故在計算上無法以單一流況來進行，必須發展可以兼顧明渠管流及受壓管流之數值模式，方能滿足下水道水理分析之需要。
本文旨在於建立一套可同時處理下水道管線中之明渠流況與壓力流況之模式，主要以一維不恆定流方程式配合第二類多方式特徵法的數值模式；前人在滿管流況時常以普里斯曼細縫(Preissmann Slot)法處理，如此一來可避免渠頂寬度為零之困擾，持續以明渠流況處理之，而本研究以管壁材料之彈性討論滿管流時管壁受壓後面積之微小變化以取代細縫法，且對於滿管流況時之壓力波速，假設其等於常溫下之聲速，來模擬下水道管線可能發生的種種流況，如由明渠流轉變至壓力管流以及管線中發生局部滿管等情形。在網路水流系統方面，考慮匯、分流點之流量守恆及能量守恆原理，亦可有效處理網路水流管線中發生局部滿管之流況及管線逆向坡之問題。Analysis of flows in drainage or sewer system with circular pipes is complicated, due to open channel and pressurized flows often occur alternatively or exist simultaneously.
The difference between these two flow conditions is that open channel flow is drived by gravity force and pressurized flow is induced by pressure differences. It is impossible to analyse pipe system based on only one individual flow condition. An integrated numerical model for simultaneous pressurized and open-channel flows is needed.
The objective of this thesis is to develop an integrated model to simultaneously deal with open-channel and pressurized flows. One dimensional unsteady flow equations and multimode method of characteristics of the second kind are employed. To overcome the difficulty of the zero width at the top of circular pipes, a novel approach based on material elastic area deformation under pressures is used to replace previously popular Preissmann slot. Assuming that pressure velocity in pressurized flows is equal to sound velocity in normal temperature in order to simulate all possible conditions in sewer system. An example of open-channel flow converts to fully or partial pressurized flows is given. For a pipe network system , validity of present model is assured by checking with conservation and energy conservation in junction problem. It is shown that present model can efficiently deal with integrated flow problems in network system with reversed pipe slopes
Research on Extracting Bridge Frequencies from Dynamic Responses of a Passing Vehicle
No full text橋梁振動頻率，不論是對於系統參數的識別或是橋樑安全檢測的工作都是非常基本而且重要的指標。傳統量測橋梁振動頻率的方法，往往需要將量測儀器裝置在待測的橋體上，不僅需要花費釵h人力，對於需要重複或長期監測的橋梁而言，固定安裝在橋梁主體的量測儀器更是一項成本上的負擔。本文提出以一移動的量測車輛通過橋梁，由車輛的振動反應中，萃取出橋梁振動頻率的內涵之方法，除了可以有效並正確量測除橋梁的頻率，所獲得的橋梁動力參數更可以提供工程師或橋梁管理單位做初步且快速的診斷工作。
本研究由車-橋互制系統方程式出發，針對兩個振動子系統分別以古典積分方法求出振動反應之解析解，由解析解中我們並觀察出主要控制參數，從而瞭解引起此一互制系統之共振條件與振動反應中之頻率內涵。對於橋梁的振動反應而言，其反應歷時主要由兩種振動頻率所組成，也就是外力作用頻率與橋梁振動頻率，針對外力作用頻率的特性，我們可以運用在作為識別之車輛通過速度之工具。另一方面，車輛通過橋梁之振動反應中，本研究發現，其頻率內涵包含三種頻率成分，也就是外力作用頻率、車輛自然振動頻率以及受頻率平移後之橋梁振動頻率；本研究中以解析的方式將車輛振動反應中橋梁振動頻率分量所顯現的都卜勒效應量化出其頻率平移的大小。
由基本理論的研究，我們可以明確地肯定，由通過橋梁之車輛振動反應中，可以萃取出橋梁的振動頻率，本研究亦針對一座新完工之橋梁，實際以商用貨車拖曳一符合單自由度振動系統模型之量測車輛，進行本研究提出方法之現地量測驗證工作，由實驗所得到之結果，可以清楚地歸結出本研究所建立之橋梁振動頻率量測方法，是一可行並具有效率之量測方式，未來將可成它a運用在目前大量橋梁振動頻率量測方面的需求上。The frequencies of vibration of bridges represent a kind of information that is most useful for many purposes. Traditional vibration tests aimed at measuring the bridge frequencies often require on-site installation of the measurement equipment. The idea of using a moving vehicle over a bridge as a message carrier of the bridge is explored theoretically in this study. Employing a simple model from scratch for simulating the vehicle-bridge interaction response, with which approximate, but reasonably accurate, solutions for both the bridge and the vehicle are presented in closed-forms. The key parameters dominating the vehicle-bridge response are identified. The dynamic responses of the bridge are governed at different extents by two frequency sets pertaining to the driving frequency resulting from the vehicle passing and natural frequencies of the bridge. On the other hand, the vehicle responses are governed by five distinct frequencies that appear as driving frequencies, vehicle frequency, and bridge frequencies with shift.
In this study, the frequencies of vibration of a bridge also have been measured from the dynamic response of a two-wheel cart hauled by a light truck moving over the bridge. The front truck can be regarded as the exciter to the bridge, and the towed cart serves as a receiver of the bridge vibrations. By fast Fourier transform to the measured vehicle dynamic responses, the frequencies of the bridge can then be extracted successfully. The feasibility of the present approach for indirectly measuring the bridge frequencies from the vehicle response was discussed theoretically and confirmed by the field tests. The methodology developed herein is simple and efficient, which can be readily applied to a wide range of practical problems.TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement (Chinese) i
Abstract (Chinese) iii
Abstract v
Table of Contents vii
List of Tables x
List of Figures xi
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Objectives 3
1.3 Arrangement of the Dissertation 5
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Vehicle-Bridge Interaction Problem 8
2.3 On-Site Bridge Experiments 13
2.4 Relationship between Bridge Damage and Natural Frequencies 18
2.5 Concluding Remarks 21
Chapter 3 Vehicle-Bridge Interaction System Formulation
3.1 Introduction 23
3.2 Mathematical Formulation for VBI Problem 24
3.3 Single-Mode Analytical Solution 25
3.4 Conditions of Resonance 29
3.5 Simulation by Finite Element Method 30
3.6 Verification of Accuracy of Analytical Solutions 34
3.7 Extraction of Fundamental Frequency of Bridge 35
3.7.1 Effect of moving speed of the vehicle 36
3.7.2 Condition of resonance 36
3.7.3 Effect of damping of the bridge 37
3.7.4 Effect of vehicle traveling over a stiffer bridge 38
3.8 Concluding Remarks 38
Chapter 4 Evaluation of Numerical Example Results
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Physical Modeling and Formulation 58
4.3 Dynamic Responses of the Bridge 63
4.3.1 Bridge response to a single moving vehicle 65
4.3.2 Bridge response to five moving vehicles 66
4.4 Dynamic Response of the Vehicle 67
4.5 Numerical Verification 70
4.6 Concluding Remarks 72
Chapter 5 Parametric Study
5.1 Introduction 87
5.2 Effect of Initial Vibrations on Test Vehicle 87
5.3 Effect of Initial Vibrations on Bridge 91
5.4 Effect of Different Patterns of Traffic Flow 92
5.5 Effect of Damping Properties of the System 93
5.5.1 Bridge Damping Effect 95
5.5.2 Vehicle Damping Effect 96
5.6 Three-Span Continuous Bridge 96
5.7 Effect of Signal Pollution 97
5.8 Effect of Road Surface Roughness 98
5.9 Effect of Vehicle to Bridge Frequency Ratio 100
5.10 Effect of Bridge Boundary Conditions 101
5.11 Concluding Remarks 102
Chapter 6 Experimental Validation and Results
6.1 Introduction 141
6.2 Objectives 141
6.3 Description of the Bridge 142
6.4 Description of Test Vehicles 142
6.5 Instrumentation 143
6.6 Plan of Testing 144
6.7 Eigenvalue Analysis Result 145
6.8 Experimental Results 145
6.8.1 Ambient vibration test 145
6.8.2 Vehicle characteristics test 146
6.8.3 Bridge response due to moving heavy truck 146
6.8.4 Stationary trailer on bridge excited by a moving heavy truck 147
6.8.5 A trailer hauled by a moving light truck 148
6.8.6 A trailer hauled by a light truck plus a moving heavy truck 149
6.9 Comparison of Measured Results with Numerical Results 150
6.10 Concluding Remarks 151
Chapter 7 Conclusions And Further Studies
7.1 Conclusions 183
7.2 Further Studies 185
References 187
Appendix 19
Making a Transnational Design History in East Asia: Yen Shuilong’s Craft-Design Movement
Full text linkYen Shuilong (1903-97) was born in Taiwan within the ‘Japanese Empire’ but his live is dominated by what we would now call transnational activities. During the fifteen years since his death, there have been a number of retrospective exhibitions on him, and these have served to anchor his status in Taiwanese history of art and design. From last year through to this year the Taipei Fine Arts Museum organised an exhibition ‘The Public Spirit, Beauty in the Making： Shui-Long Yen’. (Fig. 2) On the other hand in Japan, even though Yen was Japanese until 1945, he hasn’t been well recognized, and it appears as though he may have been intentionally forgotten with the history of Japanese colonization
The Effect of Hypoxia on Cell Proliferation and Steroidogenesis in Bovine Luteal Cell
No full text雌性哺乳動物卵巢內濾泡排卵後，濾泡細胞隨即轉型成為黃體細胞而進入黃體期，隨著黃體的發育，黃體期可概分為前期（第0-6天）、中期（第8-12天）與後期（第15-17天）；黃體是雌性哺乳動物調控動情周期與維持懷孕之重要組織，主要功能為分泌孕酮，孕酮之生成需要類固醇生成急性調控蛋白（steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, StAR）、細胞色素P450膽固醇側鏈截切酶（P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, P450scc）及3b-羥化類固醇去氫酶（3b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 3b-HSD）等一連串類固醇生成相關蛋白及酵素的參與。現今已知黃體發育與實質性腫瘤（solidtumor）生長類似，而近年的研究發現實質性腫瘤生長過程中伴隨著缺氧狀況的發生，且已知細胞在缺氧的環境下將啟動相關轉錄因子；缺氧誘導因子-1（hypoxia inducible factor-1, HIF-1）是由缺氧誘導因子-1a（HIF-1a）與缺氧誘導因子-1a（HIF-1a）兩個次單元所組成，藉由調控其下游基因如血管內皮生長因子（vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF）等，使細胞適應低氧環境。因此本試驗設計之目的在探討黃體發育過程中缺氧對黃體細胞生長與類固醇生成之影響。
本試驗利用取自屠宰場之牛黃體組織，應用免疫組織染色、西方墨染法及孕酮酵素免疫分析等技術，探討不同時期黃體之孕酮、類固醇生成相關蛋白及酵素、缺氧誘導因子、血管內皮生長因子及細胞核增生抗原蛋白（proliferating cell nuclear antigen, PCNA）等蛋白質表現變化。結果發現，HIF-1a、HIF-1b、VEGF與PCNA蛋白質表現量皆以前期較中期與後期高，顯示黃體發育初期細胞處於缺氧環境，且細胞增生快速，並促使血管新生成。同時，StAR與P450scc蛋白質表現於前期相對於中期低，顯示StAR與P450scc基因表現在缺氧條件下可能受到抑制，導致孕酮分泌量較低。
此外，以體外（in vitro）培養系統，將中期黃體細胞培養於正常氧（20 % 氧氣濃度）或缺氧（1 % 氧氣濃度）條件下，並添加PKA（protein kinase A）訊息傳遞路徑活化劑（oLH或8-bromo-cAMP）或孕酮生成前驅物（22R-羥化膽固醇或孕烯醇酮），測定其基礎與受激後孕酮分泌及類固醇生成相關蛋白及酵素之差異，結果顯示，黃體細胞於缺氧條件下StAR及3b-HSD蛋白質表現量較正常氧低，而P450scc蛋白質表現量雖無明顯變化，但其酵素活性卻受到抑制，致使黃體細胞孕酮分泌減少。除此之外，PCNA蛋白質於缺氧條件下表現量下降，顯示中期黃體細胞發育已臻成熟，缺氧將可能引導黃體走向解體的命運。
另一方面，由於中期黃體細胞發育已臻成熟，其細胞生理與黃體發育初期已然有所差異，因此本研究亦應用黃體化粒性細胞（luteinized granulosa cells）模擬發育初期之黃體細胞，並培養於正常氧（添加氯化鈷）或缺氧（未添加氯化鈷）條件下，添加PKA訊息傳遞路徑活化劑（oLH或8-bromo-cAMP）測定孕酮生成與相關蛋白質之表現差異。結果發現，黃體化粒性細胞於缺氧條件下其HIF-1a、HIF-1b與VEGF蛋白質表現量皆較正常氧高；同時，StAR及P450scc蛋白質表現量則降低，但3b-HSD不受缺氧影響；此外，藉由特異性抗體檢測PKA訊息傳遞路徑發現，PKA訊息傳遞路經於缺氧條件下磷酸化PKA（phospho-protein kinase A）蛋白質表現量下降，可能經此路徑的調控造成StAR及P450scc蛋白質表現量下降，導致黃體化粒性細胞孕酮分泌量減少。然而，意外地發現缺氧條件下黃體化粒性細胞之PCNA蛋白質表現量反而增加，此結果與中期黃體細胞之結果恰好相反，顯示此時之細胞分裂旺盛而快速增生，與黃體發育初期之細胞生理相似，且缺氧條件可能扮演著重要的調控角色。
本試驗初步發現缺氧條件下類固醇生成相關蛋白及酵素可能受到HIF-1直接或間接的影響，終使孕酮分泌量下降；而細胞增生指標的PCNA於不同時期黃體細胞對缺氧條件有截然不同的反應，是否亦受HIF-1所調控，尚待進一步實驗設計以證實之。Different from other mammal reproduction researches, mostly which focus on the relation between a development of corpus luteum and the secretion of progesterone, this study specifically investigates the development of corpus luteum under the influence of hypoxia, which has not been paid much attention to in the field of reproduction. Results showed that hypoxia actively affected corpus luteum, particularly the growth of luteal cell and the secretion of steroid hormones. Hopefully, the result of my research will serve as a pathway to further exploration, like how hypoxia functionally affects corpus luteum during the process of luteal phase when the formation of corpus luteum is unavoidably accompanied by inadequate amounts of available oxygen.
Corpus luteum is similar to solid tumorgenesis, which is a fast-growing tissue and its formation is always associated with hypoxic condition in which cells will automatically turn on the transcription factor -hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and leads to the enhancement of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression to adapt cells to hypoxic condition.
In this study, bovine corpus luteum was obtained in the slaughter house of Ya-Sheng frozen foods CO., LTD and immunohistochemistry, Western Blot and progesterone enzyme-linked immunoassay were used to exam the morphological and the functional changes of corpus luteum.
Experiment was divided into three stages sequentially in coordination with three different developments of luteal phase: early (0-6 days), middle (8-12 days) and late (15-17 days). As to the objects, not only progesterone but also steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), 3b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3b-HSD), HIF-1a, HIF-1b, VEGF and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were under investigation.
Briefly speaking, initial samples from abattoir were analyzed, comparing the difference in cell proliferation and progesterone between in early stage and in middle stage. Furthermore, luteal cells, in vitro, were put under investigation, proving how hypoxia literally affected the performance of luteal cell and the secretion of progesterone as a result.
There were more protein expression of HIF-1a, HIF-1b, VEGF and PCNA in early stage than in middle or late stage. Regardless of the condition of hypoxia, luteal cells instead performed a fast-growing proliferation in early stage and angiogenesis as a result. But less progestrone was secreted in early stage due to less expression of StAR and P450scc, both of which might be inhibited in the hypoxic condition.
Some middle-aged luteal cells were cultured, developed in vitro, in hypoxic condition (1 % oxygen) while others in normoxic condition (20 % oxygen). The purpose of adding protein kinase A (PKA) signal transduction pathway activator (oLH or 8-bromo-cAMP) and progesterone precursor (22R-OHC or pregnenolone) were to have a clear picture of the changing secretion of progesterone in response to the different performance of related protein. The results in this case was literally meaningful, that luteal cells secreted relatively less progesterone in hypoxia than in normoxia, with decreasing protein expression of StAR and 3b-HSD. To some extent, the phenomenon that P450scc enzyme activity was inhibited also said something about less progesterone secretion. Besides, it is speculated that luteolysis could be inspired under the condition of hypoxia due to the observed decrease in PCNA caused by hypoxia.
Likewise, there was a significant result in the case of investigating whether luteal cells in early stage was affected by hypoxia similarly to those in middle stage, given big difference in the development of cell physiology. In this experiment, luteinized granulosa cells were used to mimic the early stage luteal cells. And luteinized granulosa cells were also cultured under the normoxic conditon (without cobalt chloride) and the hypoxic condition (with cobalt chloride) individually. oLH or 8-bromo-cAMP were added to luteinized granulosa cells. Results indicated that, protein expression of HIF-1a, HIF-1b and VEGF had a better performance in hypoxia than in normoxic condition, but phospho-PKA, StAR and P450scc protein expression had weaker expression in the former condition than in the later one. As a result of decreasing secretion of progesterone the decreasing of phospho-PKA was suspected to have a role in the reduction of StAR and P450scc in the condition of hypoxia. Compared by middle-stage luteal cell, luteinized granulosa cells responded an increasion in PCNA even under hypoxic condition, which spoke for an important role of hypoxia in controlling the performance of cell proliferation. Similarity was proved between luteal cell and luteinized granulosa cells when it came to the performance of cell proliferation under a condition of hypoxia.
In summary, we found HIF-1 indeed affected steroidogenic protein and enzyme in a direct or indirect way, leading to the changes of progesterone secretion. However, it will need more and further study to providing enough evidence to prove PCNA is also affected by HIF-1 when it comes to cell proliferation in normoxic conditon or in hypoxic condition.目錄.....................................................I
圖次....................................................II
中文摘要................................................IV
壹、前言.................................................1
貳、文獻檢討
一、缺氧誘導因子(hypoxia inducible factor)...........3
二、非氣氣依賴性之缺氣誘導因子-la (HIF-la)調控.......7
三、缺氣誘導因子-1 (HIF-1)的功能.....................7
四、細胞核增生抗原蛋白(PCNA)的功能與細胞內調控機制..10
五、卯巢發育與細胞功能..............................11
六、黃體化過程細胞內分子機制的改變..................12
七、類固醇生成與分子調控機制........................15
八、調控卯巢細胞分化、增生等相關內泌素的分子作用機制.. 19
九、缺氣誘導因子-la (HIF-la)在卯巢發育所扮演的角色..22
參、材料與方法......................................24
肆、結果與討論......................................31
伍、結論............................................43
參考文獻............................................62
英文摘要............................................72
附錄................................................7
Band structure and conductivity mechanism of bio-molecules binding on silicon nanowire
No full text矽奈米線場效應電晶體作為生物感測器具有高靈敏度、即時偵測、高重現性、無標記檢測和運用現今發展成熟的微機電製程等優點，近年來越來越受到重視。如果能夠說明場效應電晶體的閘極效果，和矽奈米線鍵結分子的行為，將能夠讓我們更了解生物感測器背後的機制。
本研究使用密度泛函理論，以ATK這套軟體計算閘極的影響和鍵結分子的行為，使用三種模型：氫鈍化矽(100)奈米線、氫鈍化矽(100)奈米線施加閘極電壓和氫鈍化矽(100)奈米線鍵結分子，分別分析其傳送頻譜、態密度、傳送比例和特徵態等進行比較。
模擬結果發現氫鈍化矽(100)奈米線做為一完整結構，表現在傳送頻譜上是一階梯狀結構，代表在特定能量點提供的通道可以被電子完全佔滿，特徵態分析是一連續性結構；而氫鈍化矽(100)奈米線施加閘極電壓和氫鈍化矽(100)奈米線鍵結分子，兩者在傳送頻譜上皆表現出係數值的降低，特徵態分析看到中斷的等值面，呈現出閘極電壓和鍵結分子具有等效關係。Silicon nanowire ( SiNW ) field effect transistors ( FET ) are attracting much interest for their high sensitivity, real-time detection, reproducibility, label-free and using micro-electro-mechanical process. It is imperative for us to reveal the gate effect of FET and the behavior of SiNW binding molecules by simulation, which could help us realize the microscopic mechanisms.
The research bases on density functional theory packed in ATK software. Analyse three models: H-passivated Si(100) nanowire, Si(100) nanowire experienced gate voltage effect and Si(100) nanowire binding molecules by transmission spectrum, density of state, transmission percentages and eigenstates individually.
Simulation results show that H-passivated Si(100) nanowire as a perfect structure which can be observed by step-wise curve in transmission spectrum. It means that the channels at specific energy can be occupied 100% by electrons, and it is continuous in eigenstate structure; however, in H-passivated Si(100) nanowire with gate voltage effect and H-passivated Si(100) binding R-APTES molecules, both of them display reduction of coefficient in transmission spectrum and discontinuity in eigenstate which show that there exists equivalent relationship between gate voltage effect and binding molecules
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