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Bay of Bengal Onset – The beginning of the Asian Summer Monsoon
No full text摘 要
亞洲夏季季風最早的雨季出現於孟加拉灣,該區春末約五月初有突發性強降雨由赤道北傳,此為全年第一次季內震盪（Intra-Seasonal Oscillation,，簡寫ISO）北移,在動力上深具意義。經由此事件即孟灣肇始（Bay of Bengal Onset, BOB Onset）區分出春、夏季環流系統的重大特徵，並凸顯ISO是造成BOB Onset的重要因子。本文研究季內震盪尺度下BOB Onset前後變化，進而瞭解影響ISO北移的機制。
當三、四月日照北移，印度半島開始迅速增溫加上地形影響形成低層大氣的熱槽，進而使印度半島東、西側低層風場呈現相異的南風及北風。同時，熱帶印度洋上大氣低層水氣含量受制於SST東暖西涼影響而具有西部乾而東潮濕的情況。
結果顯示BOB Onset大致可分為三大階段：
（1）貯能階段(Charge Period)：此階段溼相位ISO沿赤道東行,造成沿線北印度洋向赤道對流輻合的底層風場，恰巧與印度熱槽前之孟灣風場抵消,同時對流層中上層的沉降氣流使短波輻射增加，因之孟灣潛熱通量減少，短波幅射通量增加，約有三週之久，其海溫（Surface Sea Temperature, SST）持續升高、底層水氣含量增加的現象都較阿拉伯海明顯。
（2）激發階段(Trigger Period)：熱帶印度洋水氣東西不對稱背景場造成濕ISO自西印度洋向東移動至東印度洋時對流加劇，經過印度半島南緣濕ISO成長到最強進而激發出對稱於赤道南北的(N=1)羅士培波，此時孟灣北部仍為沈降區因此更強化孟灣SST南涼北熱之梯度。
（3）釋能階段(Discharge Period)：東印度洋SST及水氣的南北梯度驅使北支的羅士培波往東北方移動。南支的羅士培波受東南印度洋強風速，海溫偏低等不利條件而迅速衰退，北支羅士培波北移後開始消耗孟灣SST並且北側的水汽通量也逐漸減少，隨後對流的維持轉為其所帶來的西南氣流提供底層水氣輻合。當赤道ISO東移底層濕輻合超前深對流的重大特徵在ISO北移時消失。亞洲夏季季風環流系統中的南亞高壓在此階段迅速增強並且沿著中南半島向西北移動，孟灣北部則形成印緬槽讓此階段後期對流滯留於孟灣東北部機制除了地形影響外，尚有槽前有利對流發展的條件。
此ISO的北移機制，包含季節變化及季內尺度的交互作用，不僅造成BOB Onset也有助後續亞洲夏季季風環流系統之形成與發展。ABSTRACT
The earliest onset of rainy season for the Asian summer monsoon takes place in the Bay of Bengal (BOB) in early May. The BOB onset results from a rapid northeastward propagation of convection from the equatorial Indian Ocean to the northeastern rim of the Bay of Bengal, which also marks the first northward movement of ISO in a calendar year. The BOB onset is the event to change circulations of spring and summer in a global scale.
The pre-condition of the BoB onset is set up as the following; in northern hemisphere sunlight increases rapidly after spring (March) equinox that warms the surface temperature of Indian peninsula in a fast pace due to the low albedo in peninsula, causing a hot peninsula effect. A hot trough near surface is formed, leading to meridional winds of opposite directions in the eastern Arabian Sea and western BOB.
A composed study shows the evolution of BOB onset can be classified into three stages: (1) Charge stage: The wet phase ISO in western Indian Ocean moving eastward along the equator, thus draws winds from subtropical area; that is, makes the north wind stronger in the Arabian Sea and the south wind weaker in the BOB, also, the tropical ISO causes subsidence over the BOB, the short wave flux near surface increases.. Thus both effects increase SST in the interior of the BOB lasting about 3 weeks, the maximum SST at 13N indicates a reverse north-south temperature gradient. (2) Trigger stage: When eastward wet phase ISO reaches Sumatra, the very abundant supply of moisture and potential instability triggers an explosion of convection that excites an n=1 Rossby wave. Only the north component thrives under the favorable basic state, which starts the BOB Onset. (3)Discharge stage: The Rossby wave moves north by consuming warm SST on its northern flank. Concurrently within the BoB a deep trough, generally referred as the India-Burma trough, has been formed. The trough supplies further warm and moist tropical air to sustain convection around 15N. At the same time the 200-hPa South Asian High develops at great speed that sets up summer monsoon circulation for the next three months. A string of events occur including the Indo-China Peninsula onset, South China Sea onset, the formation of pre-monsoon front in Taiwan and Okinawa on the east of the BoB, the shaping of Somalia jet, the invasion of convection in the Arabian Sea, that eventually culminates to the grand event of the Indian onset around 6th of June.目 錄
口試委員會審定書…………………………………………………i
誌謝…………………………………………………………………ii
中文摘要……………………………………………………………iii
英文摘要……………………………………………………………iii
第一章 前言…………………………………………………………1
第二章 資料、分析方法與定義……………………………………4
2.1 資料 ……………………………………………………………4
2.2 資料處理方式 …………………………………………………5
2.3 孟加拉灣肇始定義與合成方法 ………………………………6
第三章 春末印度洋地區的背景環境………………………………8
3.1 印度半島低層大氣的熱槽效應 ………………………………8
3.2 春季北印度洋海水增暖 ………………………………………8
第四章 孟加拉灣肇始之合成分析 ………………………………10
4.1 貯能階段(Charge Period) …………………………………10
4.2 激發階段(Trigger Period) ………………………………11
4.3 釋能階段(Discharge Period) ……………………………13
4.4 北移過程 ……………………………………………………15
第五章 總結 ………………………………………………………18
5.1 結論 …………………………………………………………18
5.2 討論 …………………………………………………………20
5.3 未來方向 ……………………………………………………21
參考文獻 ……………………………………………………………22
附錄 …………………………………………………………………2
Developing anti-tumor activity products from culturing Cordyceps militaris in Radix astragali
No full text黃耆是常見的中藥，具有促進淋巴細胞增生、免疫調節、抗癌活性和抗肝損傷等功能。本研究即利用黃耆當作培養基以蛹蟲草當作菌種進行發酵，期望得到具有抗癌活性之發酵產品。結果顯示相較於化學合成培養基，以黃耆當作培養基之發酵濾液擁有較高之抗癌活性，其抑制癌細胞生長能力（IC50）對人類胃癌細胞AGS、人類乳癌細胞MCF-7、人類肝癌細胞Hep G2和老鼠大腸癌細胞CT26分別為465、37、25 和20 μg/mL。進一步以CT26接種於BALB/c小鼠之動物模式來評估抗癌活性，實驗結果指出相較於控制組，當每天以管餵方式餵食100 mg/kg BW/day和200 mg/kg BW/day劑量時，可以有效抑制腫瘤的體積達43.81 %和48.89 %，而腫瘤重量的抑制率方面分別為31.21 %和39.48 %，皆能有效的抑制腫瘤生成。此外，發酵濾液在動物實驗過程中並無發現對於小鼠臟器有任何明顯的副作用。在成分分析方面，結果顯示，黃耆皂苷、黃耆異黃酮皆非主要抗癌活性來源，接著以HPLC進行分離純化後，發現波鋒2與蟲草素組合時具有最好的抗癌活性表現。Radix astragalus is widely used in China. Radix astragalus was demonstrated to have various bioactivities such as lymphocyte proliferation, immune-regulation, anti-tumor activity, and anti-liver injury. This study used Radix astragali (RA) as the medium for culturing Cordyceps militaris to investigate the anti-tumor activity of the fermentation broth. It was found that the product from culturing C. militaris in RA medium had a better anti-tumor activity than that culturing in synthetic medium. The fermentation broth inhibited the growth of four tumor cells including human gastric cancer AGS cells, human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep G2 cells and murine colorectal adenocarcinoma CT26 cells with IC50 465μg/mL, 37μg/mL, 25μg/mL, and 20μg/mL, respectively. To validate the anti-tumor activity, the BALC/c mice were implanted with CT26 cells and then fed with various dosages of the fermentation product. It was found that 20 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day group had no significant anti-tumor activity as compared to the control group. The dosage of 100 mg/kg BW/day and 200 mg/kg BW/day group inhibited the tumor volume by 43.81% and 48.89%. Tumor weight was also reduced by 31.21% and 39.48% compared to the control group. Besides, the fermentation broth didn’t impose serious side effect on the vital organs of the mice as compared to the chemotherapeutic drug 5-FU. After constituent analyses, the results showed that saponins and isoflavonoids of Astragalus were not the major anti-tumor components. Through HPLC isolation, when cordycepin combined with peak 2 had the strongest anti-tumor activity.中文摘要---------------------------------------------- I文摘要---------------------------------------------- II一章 文獻回顧--------------------------------------- 1一節 黃耆簡介--------------------------------------- 1二節 黃耆的化學成分--------------------------------- 1一） 多醣------------------------------------------- 1二） 皂苷------------------------------------------- 2三） 黃酮類----------------------------------------- 5三節 黃耆的生理活性--------------------------------- 6一） 對免疫系統的影響------------------------------- 6二） 抗癌效果--------------------------------------- 7三） 對心血管疾病的作用----------------------------- 8四） 對於肝功能的作用------------------------------- 9五） 抗衰老作用------------------------------------- 10六） 對中樞神經系統的作用--------------------------- 10七） 對內分泌系統的影響----------------------------- 10四節 冬蟲夏草簡介----------------------------------- 11五節 冬蟲夏草之成分--------------------------------- 11六節 冬蟲夏草之生理功能----------------------------- 12一） 對免疫功能的影響------------------------------- 12二） 抗腫瘤作用------------------------------------- 13三） 對心血管系統的影響----------------------------- 14四） 保肝作用--------------------------------------- 14五） 對新陳代謝的影響------------------------------- 15六） 對內分泌的影響--------------------------------- 16七） 對中樞神經系統的作用--------------------------- 16七節 冬蟲夏草之培養--------------------------------- 17二章 實驗目的--------------------------------------- 18三章 材料與方法------------------------------------- 20一節 實驗材料--------------------------------------- 20二節 實驗方法--------------------------------------- 22一） 蛹蟲草之發酵培養------------------------------- 22二） 發酵樣品之製備--------------------------------- 23三） 細胞實驗方法----------------------------------- 23四） 動物實驗方法----------------------------------- 28五） 成分萃取與分析--------------------------------- 29六） 統計分析--------------------------------------- 31四章 結果與討論------------------------------------- 32一節 發酵條件的探討--------------------------------- 32一） 震盪式培養蛹蟲草------------------------------- 32二） 以YM broth/黃耆培養蛹蟲草---------------------- 33三） 靜置式培養蛹蟲草------------------------------- 34四） 培養條件對蛹蟲草發酵濾液抑癌活性之影響--------- 40五） 蛹蟲草發酵黃耆培養基與合成培養基之比較--------- 44二節 蛹蟲草黃耆發酵濾液對於肝癌細胞生長抑制機制探討- 47三節 蛹蟲草黃耆發酵液於動物模式中抗癌活性之探討----- 49一） 蛹蟲草發酵液對於接種CT26癌細胞之BALB/c小鼠預實驗，蛹 蟲草黃耆發酵液對於CT26癌細胞之IC50-------------------- 49二） 蛹蟲草黃耆發酵液對於接種CT26癌細胞之BALB/c小鼠體重之影響---------------------------------------------------50三） 蛹蟲草黃耆發酵液對於接種CT26癌細胞之BALB/c小鼠血液中白血球之影響------------------------------------------ 51四） 蛹蟲草黃耆發酵液對於接種CT26癌細胞之BALB/c小鼠脾臟之影響---------------------------------------------------52五） 蛹蟲草黃耆發酵液對於接種CT26癌細胞之BALB/c小鼠內臟之影響---------------------------------------------------54六）蛹蟲草黃耆發酵液對於接種CT26癌細胞之BALB/c小鼠腫瘤體積之影響------------------------------------------------ 55七）蛹蟲草黃耆發酵液對於接種CT26癌細胞之BALB/c小鼠腫瘤重量之影響------------------------------------------------ 56四節 蛹蟲草發酵對於活性成分變化之影響--------------- 57一） 黃耆皂苷之變化--------------------------------- 57二） 黃耆異黃酮之變化------------------------------- 61三） 發酵濾液中蟲草素之變化------------------------- 64四） 發酵濾液中主要活性成分之分離------------------- 67五章 結論------------------------------------------- 70六章 參考文獻--------------------------------------- 7
Effects of Microstructures and Surface Modifications on the Characteristics of Polymer Field Effect Transistor Type Memory Devices
No full text高分子電晶體型記憶體元件由於可以溶液製程製備，並具有良好的撓曲性質，因此在近年來相當受到矚目。電晶體型記憶體中主要的機制乃是於高分子介電質、界面缺陷或是奈米晶體浮動閘極中的穩定電荷滯留。然而以高分子奈米纖維為基礎的非揮發性記憶體元件為主題的探討還不多，因此此碩士論文探討了不同型態導電層對記憶體性質的影響。此外也將高極性的聚啞胺介電質應用於可撓曲的非揮發性電晶體型記憶體。
1. 以靜電紡絲纖維為基礎之非揮發場效電晶體型記憶體(第二章)
此部分研究以F8T2高分子為基礎之靜電紡絲纖維場效電晶體型記憶體之非揮發性記憶體性質。其中我們探討了導電層型態以及纖維直徑對電荷流動以及電荷滯留的影響。較細小的靜電紡絲所測得的載子遷移率較高，乃是由於纖維中的較高結晶度以及堆積方向的集中程度。 較粗的靜電紡絲則因為纖維中晶相-非晶相界面較多而具有較大的記憶體操作範圍。最高的載子遷移率可達 9.8x10-3 cm2V-1s-1並且於0 Vg具有3.6x103的高低電流比。在寫入-讀取-擦拭-讀取 (WRER)測試中，電紡絲元件可以承受100次以上的反覆操作。此部份研究發現靜電紡絲中的微結構對於電荷滯留的能力以及因此產生的記憶體特性有很顯著的影響。
2. 以聚啞胺介電質為基礎之可撓曲場效電晶體型非揮發記憶元件(第三章)
此部分為使用2,5-Bis (4-aminophenylenesulfanyl) selenophene-4,4’- (hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride (APSP-6FDA)以及2,5-Bis (4-aminophenylenesulfanyl) thiophene-4,4’- (hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride (APST-6FDA)作為介電質、可交聯Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)作為阻漏層和Poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-bithiophene] (F8T2)為導電層之可撓曲電晶體型記憶體元件性質探討。由於selenophene中比起thiophene有較高的電子雲密度，以APSP-6FDA為基礎的元件在寫入(writing)以及擦拭(erasing)操作之後，有高達83V之記憶體操作空間同時也有1.29x10-3cm2V-1s-1的載子遷移率，並無降低太多電荷傳輸性質。在長期穩定性測試中，高低訊號比可達105以上，並可來回寫入-讀取-擦拭-讀取超過100次，可維持10000s以上的穩定訊號。在撓曲程度上，可撓曲曲率半徑可達3mm以下仍無明顯元件電性破壞，若以曲率半徑13mm進行多次撓曲，可承受3000次以上的撓曲，同樣地無明顯電性崩潰，展現了未來應用於可攜式記憶體元件的濳力。Polymer transistor type memory devices have recently attracted significant scientific interest for flexible electronic applications due to the advantages such as low cost, solution process and flexibility. The dominant mechanism in transistor type memory is the charges trapping due to polymer electrets, interfacial defects or nano-crystal floating gate. However, the nanofibers based nonvolatile memory devices or flexible memory devices have not been fully explored yet. In this thesis, we explored the following two subjects to address the above issues: (1) nonvolatile field-effect transistor memory based on ES nanofibers. (2) flexible nonvolatile transistor memory devices based on polyimides (PIs) Electrets.
Nonnvolatile Field-Effect Transistor Memory Based on Electrospun Nanofibers (chapter 2) : We have demonstrated the memory characteristics of ES nanofibers based on F8T2. The effects of the geometry and diameter of the ES nanofibers on charge transport and charge storage ability were explored. The narrow ES nanofibers showed higher mobility than those with a large diameter, because the improved orientation and crystallinity. The large ES nanofiber exhibited a larger memory window, attributed to the heterogeneities in the amorphous-crystalline interfaces in the F8T2 ES nanofibers. The devices of the ES nanofibers with the smallest diameter showed the highest charge carrier mobility of 9.8×10-3 and on-off ratio of 3.6×103 at Vg = 0 V. From the stability testing of the WRER cycles, the good on/off ratios could be maintained for at least 100 cycles, showing good stability. This study demonstrated that the morphology of ES nanofibers have a significant influence on electrical charge storage ability and their resulted memory characteristics.
Flexible Nonvolatile Transistor Memory Devices Based on PIs Electrets (chapter 3) : OFET memory devices were fabricated with 2,5-Bis (4-aminophenylenesulfanyl) selenophene-4,4’- (hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride (APSP-6FDA) and 2,5-Bis (4-aminophenylenesulfanyl) thiophene-4,4’- (hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride (APST-6FDA) as the electrets, c-PDMS as the blocking layer and F8T2 as the conducting layer. The wider memory operation window (83V) and higher hole mobility (1.29x10-3 cm2V-1s-1) were observed in APSP-6FDA based devices than those of APST-6FDA based devices attributed to the higher electron density in selenophene than thiophene. Moreover, retention test and WRER test showed a long term stability at least 10000s and durability for repeated operation more than 100 cycles. During the bending test of various curvature radius and repeated bending, the hole mobility could be kept in the same level as that in flat state until r = 3 mm and can maintain at least 3000 bending cycles under the curvature r =13 mm. The threshold voltage shift was also kept in a similar level after 3000 bending cycles and increased considerably when curvature radius was smaller than 3 mm, due to more interface defects after the hard bending. The above results demonstrated the potential applications of the materials for flexible nonvolatile memory devices
Design of Variable FIR Filters and IIR All-Pass Filters and Filter Banks with Discrete Coefficients
No full text在本篇論文中主要探討兩種不同的濾波器的係數離散化問題，第一種是可分數式群延遲有限脈衝響應數位濾波器，第二種是無限脈衝響應數位濾波器與濾波器組而這兩種不同的濾波器我們均利用WLS與Karmarkar演算法，提出的幾種Minmax的設計方法來做設計。
而由於一般濾波器的架構均會使用到乘法器，而且乘法器不但線路複雜且成本高，所以本論文採用一種架構[25]，其主要為一個係數-1、0與+1的濾波器，串接一個簡單而且具由特定歸零的壘加裝置，這樣一來，內部的濾波器就不需要用到乘法器，本論文就利用這種以離散值為係數的濾波器有就是係數為-1、0與+1的濾波器，來發展前面所提到的兩種濾波器。
而本論文，將此架構應用在可分數式群延遲有限脈衝響應濾波器與無限脈衝響應數位濾波器與濾波器組上，也提出了設計實例，均能呈現令人滿意的結果，充分的驗證了此架構應用在上面所提到的濾波器上均為可行。In this thesis, we consider three kinds of digital filters with filter coefficients taking on -1, 0, +1 only. One is variable fractional delay FIR filter and the others are IIR allpass filter and filter banks. We design these two kinds of digital filters with continuous coefficients using WLS algorithm and Karmarkar algorithm, in minmax criteria methods are proposed..
When we implement a filter of conventional structure, we always need multibit multipliers. But the circuit complexity and high cost of multibit multipliers always confuse us. Thus, we adopt a new filter structure [25] whose main part consists of a transversal filter with tap coefficients restricted to -1, 0, +1 only and cascaded with an appropriate recursive network with some specific resetting function. Therefore, it is not necessary for transversal filter to use multipliers; the adopted configuration is suitable for hardware implementation. We apply the new structure to the design of the digital filter we discuss above.
In this thesis, we design variable delay FIR filter, IIR allpass filter, and IIR filter banks. The design examples are demonstrated to illustrate the effectiveness of the new structure.摘要： I
Abstract: III
目錄 V
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究動機 2
1.3 研究貢獻 4
1.4 論文之組織架構 4
第二章 最佳化問題與演算法 7
2.1 簡介 7
2.2 最佳化問題的數學模型 8
2.3 演算法介紹 9
2.3.1基於Minimax準則的WLS演算法 9
2.3.2 Dual Affine Scaling(DAS) Karmarkar Algorithm 13
2.3.3 Primal Affine Scaling(PAS) Kamarkar Algorithm 16
第三章 係數離散化之架構與方法 21
3.1 簡介 21
3.2 使用係數-1、0和+1之濾波器架構 22
3.3 使用2的次方項係數 24
3.4 使用-1、0和+1之係數 25
第四章 使用一階微分器設計可分數式群延遲FIR濾波器 27
4.1 簡介 27
4.2問題形式的推導 28
4.3 利用WLS演算法 準則之設計 30
4.4 利用DAS演算法 準則之設計 32
4.5 利用PAS演算法 準則之設計 34
4.6 設計實例結果與討論 36
第五章 具有2的次方項係數及 使用-1、0和+1係數之可分數式群延遲FIR濾波器設計 55
5.1 簡介 55
5.2 基於 準則設計Farrow Sturcture之可分數式群延遲有限脈衝響應濾波器 56
5.2.1 基於 準則應用WLS演算法之設計 56
5.2.2 基於 準則應用DAS演算法之設計 60
5.2.3 基於 準則應用PAS演算法設計 66
5.3 使用2的次方項係數之可分數式群延遲FIR濾波器設計 68
5.4 係數-1、0和+1之設計分數式群延遲FIR濾波器 設計 69
5.5 設計實例結果與討論 70
第六章 具有2的次方項係數及 使用-1、0和+1係數之 一維IIR全通濾波器設計 101
6.1 簡介 101
6.2 近似問題的形成 102
6.3 基於 準則之設計 105
6.3.1基於 準則應用WLS演算法之設計 105
6.3.2基於 準則應用DAS演算法之設計 107
6.3.3基於 準則應用PAS演算法之設計 110
6.4 使用2的次方項係數之一維IIR全通濾波器設計 111
6.5 使用-1、0、和+1係數之一維IIR全通濾波器設計 112
6.6 設計實例與結果討論 113
第七章 具有2的次方項係數及使用-1、0、和+1係數之一維IIR全通濾波器之雙重互補濾波器對設計 127
7.1 簡介 127
7.2 以實係數一維IIR全通濾波器為基礎之雙重互補濾波器對的架構與理論分析 128
7.3 基於 準則之雙重互補濾波器對設計 129
7.3.1 近似問題的形成 129
7.3.2 基於 準則之設計 131
7.4 使用2的次方項係數之一維IIR全通濾波器之雙重互補濾波器對設計 132
7.5 使用係數-1、0、和+1係數之一維IIR全通濾波器之雙重互補濾波器對設計 133
7.6 設計實例與結果討論 134
第八章 具有2的次方項係數及使用-1、0、和+1係數之一維IIR全通濾波器之雙重互補濾波器對的正交鏡像濾波器組 149
8.1 簡介 149
8.2 正交鏡像濾波器組織架構與理論分析 150
8.2.1 傳統正交鏡像濾波器組之架構與理論分析 150
8.2.2 以實係數IIR全通濾波器構成之雙重互補濾波 器對為基礎之正交鏡像濾波器組的架構與理論分析 153
8.3 基於 準則之正交鏡像濾波器組設計 156
8.3.1 近似問題的形成 156
8.3.1基於 準則應用WLS演算法之設計 160
8.3.2基於 準則應用DAS演算法之設計 162
8.3.3基於 準則應用PAS演算法之設計 165
8.4 使用2的次方項係數之正交鏡像濾波器組設計 166
8.5 使用-1、0、和+1係數之正交鏡像濾波器組設計 167
8.6 設計實例與結果討論 168
第九章 結論 239
參考資料： 24
Study of Electromigration in Flip Chip Solder Joints under Extra High Current Density with Temperature Control
No full text隨著電子產品微小化且具備更強大功能之需求，封裝方式朝著高I/O數發展已為必經之路。於新型態封裝技術中，覆晶(flip-chip)封裝技術佔有極大的技術優勢，目前已成為高階封裝技術的最佳選擇。然而電子元件朝著輕薄短小的趨勢發展，將導致覆晶銲點內電流密度的提升。在此情況下，電遷移對覆晶銲點可靠度之影響將不容忽視，並且是一個非常重要的研究主題。
本研究將探討在超高電流密度(3.5×10^4 ~ 6.0×10^4 A/cm^2)下電遷移對覆晶銲點之影響。在過去的研究中，通電衍生的焦耳熱效應，使得晶片的溫度與所施加的電流密度互依互存、相互影響，因此兩變數無法獨立控制。而在超高電流密度之下，將更受到焦耳熱效應的影響，使用不同的電流密度亦將造成不同的晶片溫度，兩變數將同時影響實驗結果。然而若能分別控制晶片溫度與電流密度兩參數，將能有效釐清電遷移對覆晶銲點之影響及其機制，並得知兩參數各自扮演的角色及其重要性。因此，本研究將利用一水冷式散熱控溫裝置，來達到不同電流密度下獨立精確控制晶片溫度的效果。實驗所使用的試片為Ni(2 micron)/Sn2.6Ag/Cu之覆晶結構。
實驗的結果顯示未加裝散熱模組的試片，通電過程中晶片的溫度不斷地快速上升，當電流密度為4.5×10^4 A/cm^2時，因為大量焦耳熱的關係，導致試片在短短10分鐘便快速失效。加裝散熱模組的測試中，試片的晶片溫度可於通電的過程中保持定值，並且在相同的電流密度下，試片有較長的壽命(935小時)。由此結果證實，加裝散熱模組的確能有效分別控制晶片溫度與電流密度。
藉由散熱模組的輔助，本研究亦進一步探討電流密度及晶片溫度兩參數各自對覆晶銲點通電測試的影響。在固定晶片溫度下，覆晶銲點的壽命隨著電流密度下降而有所延長；在固定電流密度下，不同晶片溫度將造成覆晶銲點內微結構發展機制有所改變。To meet the requirement for decreasing packaging size, the electron current density through flip chip solder joints has to increase with every new generation of devices. At this condition, electromigration in flip chip solder joints become a serious issue.
In this research, electromigration in flip chip solder joints under extra high current density (3.5×10^4 ~ 6.0×10^4 A/cm^2) is studied. At such a high current density level, due to Joule heating, the joint temperature is strongly coupled to the applied current density. Accordingly, it is highly desirable to have the capability to decouple the chip temperature and the current density. In this study, a water cooling module with a PID controller was devised for controlling the chip temperature. The configuration of flip chip solder joints used in this research was Ni(2 micron)/Sn2.6Ag/Cu structure.
Without the cooling module, the chip temperature increased rapidly with the applied current. When the current density reached 4.5×10^4 A/cm^2, a rapid failure caused by excessive Joule heating was observed only after 10 min of current stressing. With the cooling module attached, the chip temperature kept constant during current stressing, and the joint exhibited a much longer life (935 h) under 4.5×10^4 A/cm^2. It was successfully demonstrated that the cooling module was able to de-couple the applied current density and the chip temperature.
Since the chip temperature and the current density are successfully de-coupled, the effects of these two parameters can be studied independently. At constant chip temperature test, the failure time for flip chip solder joints increased when the current density decreased. At constant current density test, the mechanism was different when the chip temperature changed
Gram-Schmidt Transformation Minimization Algorithmnd Its Applications to Regression Analysis withulticollinearity
No full text迴歸分析是最常被使用的統計方法，然而，在迴歸分析中常會遇到的問題就是共線性，共線性是來自於獨立變變數之間的高度相關所引起的，也就是說，在資料向量中，存在有微小角度的問題存在。獻上，有兩種用來垂直化向量群的方法，一個是知名的葛蘭-史密特垂直化過程(Gram-Schmidt Process)，另一個是由R. M. Johnson學者在1966年所提出來的，我們稱之為R. M. Johnson method，然而，Gram-Schmidt Process沒有一個有意義的機制來決定向量群垂直化的優先順序，而經由R. M. Johnson method所轉換出來的垂直向量群也無法具有解釋能力，特別是在具在有高相關的資料向量的情況中。篇研究中，我們嘗試去發展一個演算法來決定向量群垂直化的優先順序並且達到資訊轉換最小化，稱之為Gram-Schmidt轉換過程最小化演算法(Gram-Schmidt Transformation Minimization algorithm, GSTM algorithm)，它把在向量投影過程中的資訊轉換最小化，但是在執行GSTM algorithm之前，有一些前置處理需要先進行，進行完之後，再針對這些資料向量執行GSTM algorithm，並在這些垂直向量群執行迴歸分析，最後再針對這些分析結果做解釋。們發現此演算法不僅克服在迴歸分析中共線性的問題和最小化在向量投影過程中的資訊轉換，也使得分析的結果更具有解釋能力。Regression analysis is the most used statistical method. However, we may encounter the multicollinearity problem in regression analysis. Multicollinearity is due to high correlation among independent variables, namely, small angles among data vectors of the independent variables.n the literature, there are two methods to orthogonalize vectors. One is the well-known Gram-Schmidt Process and the other is a method proposed by R.M. Johnson in 1966, referred to as the R.M. Johnson method. However, the Gram-Schmidt Process has no meaningful mechanism to determine the sequence order of vector orthogonalization; while the results transformed by the R.M. Johnson method can not be interpreted meaningfully, especially in a case with highly correlated data vectors.n this research, we attempt to develop an algorithm to determine the sequence order of the Gram-Schmidt Process with minimized transformation, called the Gram-Schmidt Transformation Minimization (GSTM) algorithm. It minimizes information subtraction during the vector projection processes. But before performing the GSTM algorithm, some procedures need to be done first. After those procedures, we perform the GSTM algorithm on data vectors, and with the orthogonalized data vectors, we perform regression analysis. Finally, we interpret the analysis results in regression analysis by the GSTM algorithm.e find that this proposed algorithm not only overcomes the multicollinearity problem in regression analysis and minimizes information subtraction during the vector projection processes but also makes the analysis results more interpretable.List of Tables VIist of Figures IXhapter 1. Introduction 1.1. Multicollinearity in Regression Analysis 1.2. Angle between Vectors and Statistical Correlation 6.3. Vector Orthogonalization 9.3.1. Gram-Schmidt Process 9.3.2. The Minimal Transformation to Orthonormality 14.4. Problem Definition 20.5. Thesis Organization 22hapter 2. Gram-Schmidt Transformation Minimization (GSTM) Algorithm 23.1. Preprocessing of Data 23.2. GSTM Algorithm 27.3. Performance Evaluation of GSTM Algorithm 39hapter 3. Regression Analysis with the GSTM Algorithm 44.1. Clustering of Features 44.2. Regression Analysis with the GSTM Algorithm 51.3. Interpretation 57hapter 4. Case Study 60.1. The CDU Dataset 60hapter 5. Conclusion 68.1. Conclusion 68.2. Future Research 69eference 7
Interannual variability of the East Asia-West Pacific summer monsoon
No full text東亞-西太平洋夏季季風(East Asia-West Pacfiic suumer monsoon, EA-WPSM)年際變化受到該區域複雜的時、空間結構，具有強烈區域敏感性。本文以EA-WPSM兩大年際變化型態為基礎，特別著重於西太平洋季風槽未曾提及的重要熱帶物理機制，並澄清溫帶海氣交互作用對於副熱帶高壓年際變化的貢獻。
EA-WPSM最主要年際變化(EOF1占有24.7%)反映著西北太平洋季風槽(monsoon trough)變化，故稱為MT mode，並直接受到當時的聖嬰/南方震盪(El Nino/Souther Oscillation，ENSO)狀態作用(相關係數r=0.87)。MT mode以130°E以東的熱帶西太平洋降水跟渦度在赤道南北兩側之帶狀變異為主體。赤道以北自菲律賓海向赤道中太平洋傾斜的正渦度帶，反應著西北太平洋季風槽；赤道以南負渦度帶被新幾內亞島嶼所分離，顯示低層兩支跨赤道氣流分別源自班達海跟索羅門海進入季風槽所造成的效果。由於季風槽主要水汽來源是由新幾內亞跨赤道氣流挾帶的水汽平流主導。應用大氣邊界層模式解析跨赤道氣流的影響因子，發現海洋大陸一帶的邊界層氣壓梯度扮演著主導的角色。此邊界層氣壓梯度的形成是當時ENSO冷卻海洋大陸海溫並透過Lindzen Nigam 機制所致。
另一EA-WPSM年際變化呈現Nitta 1987年所提的太平洋日本遙相關(Pacific Japan pattern)環流結構(EOF2占13.9%)，主要反映在太平洋跟日本南北向帶狀渦度震盪，故稱為PJ mode。PJ mode最主要環流特徵為西太平洋副熱帶高壓脊處于強烈沉降因而增強，雖ENSO領先PJ mode半年，但兩者關係(r=0.53)還有解釋空間。本文比對El Nino JJA(1)跟PJ mode在EA-WPSM的結構差異，發現黑潮延伸區在PJ mode年顯著冷卻，強化25°N到40°N間的經向海溫梯度。從經向垂直剖面亦可見西風噴流南移，高層瞬變渦流輻合亦提供副高脊高壓的增強作用。增強的副高脊亦可提供暖濕西南氣流強化其北側梅雨鋒面。高層大氣駐波活動通量(WAF)在35°N至45°N由北向南傳送能量，熱帶低層大氣向北的WAF可達30°N，反映PJ mode之溫帶/熱帶交互作用。由於夏季黑潮延伸區海洋混合層快速變薄，此季節性變化利於梅雨鋒面遮蔽短波輻射造成該區海溫冷卻之效應，形成中緯度海氣交互作用的正回饋。換言之，更險峻的海表面溫度梯度需要更有效的斜壓調節，東亞季風內的鋒面/海溫梯度/副高脊透過正回饋具備了自我維持的能力。至於PJ mode中印度洋熱容效應(IO capacity)在春季支持副高脊之預先條件(pre-condition)，反而在夏季的效用為次要。
有趣的是本文所提出的兩個物理機制都跟海溫經向梯度有關。MT mode以海洋大陸冷海溫強化經向海溫梯度，透過Lindzen Nigam 機制影響跨赤道氣流對季風槽的調整。而PJ mode則是在夏季北太平洋冷海溫出現時，強化了大氣斜壓性，透過斜壓調整過程，強化梅雨鋒面跟副熱帶高壓的耦合結構。The interannual variability of East Asia-West Pacific summer monsoon (EA-WPSM) is a very complicated phenomenon. Because eddies with various spatial and temporal scales interact with each other, that causes results by statistical analysis to be sensitive in domain and variable. The study shows two dominant modes of the EA-WPSM which passed statistical tests to gain most comprehensive information.
The first EOF mode, called the monsoon trough (MT) mode, is directly forced by current El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) state. The MT mode is characterized by zonally elongated structure stretching from 130°E to date line. The major bands as a dipole-like pattern, lies on two sides of the equator. The band north of the equator, tilted from the Philippine Sea toward the equatorial eastern Pacific, can be identified with the monsoon trough. The band on the Southern Hemisphere is weakened by New Guinea Island, which relates to the low-level cross-equatorial flow that originates from the Banda Sea and Solomon Sea to the monsoon trough, which causes two anomalous vorticity poles. The major moisture source of the monsoon trough is the low-level mositure advection laterally driven by the New Guinea cross-equatorial flow. By decomposing contributions to the cross-equatorial flow based on the linear mixed layer model, the boundary layer pressure gradient in the Maritime Continent plays a major role. The pressure gradient is further found to be related to the densely-packed sea surface temperature (SST) gradient near the equator around New Guinea, which is well correlated with concurrent ENSO state.
The second laeding mode (EOF2 13.9%) shows the famous Pacific Japan pattern discovered by Nitta in 1987, called the PJ mode. It also shows a band structure elongated in the east-west direction and more closes the coast of East Asia, especially around the Philippines to Japan. The major feature of PJ mode is the enhanced western Pacific subtropical high ridge (WPSH) under stronger subsidence. Although this mode reveals a positive correlation with the ENSO phase in the previous winter, their correlation (r=0.53) reflects that some influences are still not found. According to the comparsion the spatial structure between El Nino JJA(1) and PJ mode summer, the significant cold SST anomalies appear over the Kuroshio Extension in the PJ mode. It deepens the meridional SST gradient between 25°N and 40°N. The sharp SST gradient needs more active baroclinic adjustment. Over the North Pacific, the southward displacement of the westerly jet and extratropical storm track are borth connected to the enhanced meiyu rainband, which changes the shortwave radiation at surface and cools SST with shallow oceanic mixed layer depth in summer. The enhanced WPSH also supplies the northeastward warm and moist low-level flow to meiyu. In addition, the wave activity flux shows significant upper southward transport around 30°N~45°N and reveals a northward transport around WPSH (15°N~30°N), which implies the interaction between the meiyu front and subtropical ridge. Therefore, the meiyu front, SST gradient and WPSH ridge among the East Asia summer monsoon via the positive feedback to promote the self-maintaining mechanism. On the other hand, the Indian Ocean capacity effect reveals a pre-condition of enhanced WPSH in spring, but it becomes a second forcing of PJ mode in summer. As a result, both MT and PJ mode have their major original forcing related to the SST gradient, through the mechanisms are completely different. The MT mode reveals the influence of near-equatorial Lindzen Nigam mechanism, and the PJ mode is associated with the enhanced baroclinic adjustment.摘要 i
Abstract i
致謝 iv
目錄 v
圖目錄 vii
表目錄 xiii
1 前言 14
1.1 求取複雜性的共識 15
1.2 結果重點 17
2 資料與分析方法 20
2.1 資料 20
2.1.1. 大尺度環流場與海洋資料 20
2.1.2. 西北太平洋熱帶氣旋資料 21
2.1.3. AMIP II模式資料 21
2.1.4. 指數定義 22
2.2 分析方法 23
2.2.1. 濾子(filter) 23
2.2.2. EOF對區域變化的敏感度 23
2.2.3. 水平駐波活動通量(Horizontal Wave activity flux) 24
3 東亞-西太平洋夏季年際變化的主要模態 26
3.1 季風槽型態-MT mode 26
3.2 太平洋日本遙相關變化型態-PJ mode 29
3.3 ENSO跟MT mode及PJ mode的時滯相關 31
4 新幾內亞跨赤道氣流與季風槽之連結 33
4.1 邊界層混合模式(Mixed layer model, MLM) 34
4.2 新幾內亞異常冷海溫分析 37
5 西太平洋副熱帶高壓脊增強機制 41
5.1 以乾大氣模式探究副高脊周圍對流之影響 41
5.2 對比ENSO跟PJ mode在EA-WPSM空間結構差異 43
5.3 溫帶海氣交互作用強化梅雨鋒面之機制探討 44
5.3.1. 黑潮延伸區的海溫梯度 44
5.4 PJ mode中熱帶的影響-蘇門答臘海氣交互作用 47
6 AMIP II中的EA-WPSM年際變化 50
7 結論與延伸討論 53
7.1 結論 53
7.2 延伸探討 55
Reference 5
一所公立幼稚園教師成長團體發展歷程之個案研究
No full text[[abstract]]本研究主要是探討一個由教師自發力量形成的幼稚園教師成長團體的運作歷程，為瞭解團體發展歷程的全貌，本研究將採質性研究的方法來蒐集資料，探討教師成長團體形成的源由與運作歷程，以及在運作過程中所遭遇的困難。經過將近三個學期的現場參與與資料蒐集，分析、歸納相關資料後，研究主要發現如下：
一、在教師成長團體的形成源由有二：1、過去綠園在教師專業成長活動經驗的累積；2、園長為增進教師專業知能，進而促使教師成長團體的組成。
二、在成長團體運作歷程方面：1、本研究之教師成長團體所經歷之階段有：醞釀階段、嘗試階段、發展階段；2、成長團體運作的形式有：讀書會、主題中心、主題報告、問題導向；3、成長團體所討論的內容主要以課程、家長、教師、幼兒等四大議題為主。
三、教師成長團體在運作過程中所遭遇的困難為：行政事務的干擾、教師工作繁重、讀書會形式中閱讀不確實、團體中的討論僅止於分享層次。
四、教師成長團體所帶來的影響：提昇專業知能、促進專業交流、激發學習動力、增進教師對彼此與環境的瞭解以及產生團體的促動力量。
五、影響教師成長團體之因素：園長促發、行政力量的支持、行政事務的干擾、專家的協助、過去專業成長活動經驗的累積、由教師主導成長團體的發展、相同組織的團體成員。
根據研究發現，本研究針對研究對象、教育相關單位以及後續研究等，提出相關建議做為參考。
[[alternative]]Two little artists—The story behind the drawings of Luke and Ruth
No full text[[abstract]]Two little artists—
The story behind the drawings of Luke and Ruth
Abstract
It is true that the drawing activity happens in kindergarten almost every day. We can see drawing activity in designed curriculum or in free-play time, under the request of adult or from the will of children themselves. Some research found that children’s drawing is a kind of tool by which they can communicate with the real world. From children’s work, we can also understand the development of children’s mind and intelligence. Children’s drawing ability or performance is affected not only by their own development, but also by their environmental context.
Based on my participant observation in kindergarten classroom and my extreme interest on children’s drawing, I attempt to explore the drawing activity occurred in a four-year-old classroom with qualitative approach. Through the interaction with Luke(小律) and Ruth（小媃）, I understand the story behind the children’s drawing.
From the data, I found that the children’s drawing ability is growing with time. The other factors affected children’s drawing are: the theme going in the classroom, the developmental context, teachers’ guidance or direction, and the way of interaction between teachers and children.
If we want to know more about children’s drawing, we need to go into their world, and interact with them. Because of the individual difference of children, we need to reflect differently and pay attention to our own teaching attitude, and the appropriate time to intervene.
I hope that this story will help us understand how wonderful the children’s drawing is, and remind us to enter children’s drawing world and share and enjoy with them.
[[alternative]]The first year teacher.
No full text[[abstract]]本研究的目的在瞭解幼稚園初任教師專業成長之歷程。研究中以選取兩位公立幼稚園初任教師為研究對象。研究方法是運用訪談，輔以直接觀察和蒐集相關資料的方式。資料經過分析、歸類、統整之後，將研究發現分為人際關係、班級經營和課程與教學三部份。一、人際關係 維芝老師沒有得到搭檔黃老師很多的幫助，因此適應環境的過程比較緩慢；而怡君老師得到搭檔高老師的協助，比較快適應環境。維芝老師和其它同事的相處非常融洽；而怡君老師幼稚園中有些老師間相處的不太和諧。在家長溝通和小朋友之間的相處方面，兩位老師都隨著時間及經驗，將彼此關係處理得愈來愈好。二、班級經營對初任教師來說，班級經營是相當具有挑戰性的。維芝老師較注重孩子的行為輔導，怡君老師則較注重孩子之間的個別差異，在這一部份他們仍在努力中。三、課程與教學對兩位初任老師來說，第一年的課程設計和教學活動的實施，都在嘗試的階段；而隨著時間及經驗的累積，兩位老師在教學資源的運用及時間的安排上漸上軌道。研究結果顯示，初任教第一年，教師的關注點在於自己是否能生存？是否能與搭檔合作愉快？是否幼兒回聽他們的話？而較少關注於課程教學上。這兩位個案雖然面臨的問題不盡相同，我們可以發現有好的搭檔來配合教學，的確可以使初任教師在教學過程中有良好的適應。綜合研究結果，提出以下建議：一、透過多種管道提供初任教師所需的協助。二、加強初任教師人際溝通能力，增進同事間的良好關係。三、提昇初任教師自覺能力，並協助以反省教學，增進專業成長。四、公立附設幼稚園的行政獨立，老師不擔任小學的行政工作。五、搭班老師合作前，應有事先的互相認識。六、初任教師要有虛心學習的態度。本研究提供幼稚園初任教師專業成長之歷程，以提供師資培育機構和初任教師參考。
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