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Elasticity of Intertemporal Substitution - Evidence from Taiwan
本論文研究之主題為台灣的跨期替代彈性 (Elasticity of Intertemporal Substitution)。對於傳統消費模型未考慮消費者的動態勞動及休閒選擇,文發現,休閒加入於消費模型,同時以聯立方程組估計跨期替代彈性較有效率。最大概似估計法以及 GMM 方法中,消費之定義為非耐久財商品時,文估得的消費之跨期替代彈性約在 0.66 ~ 0.74 之間,時休閒之跨期替代彈性則在 0.70 ~ 0.83 之間。一方面,消費組合為非耐久財與服務消費之和時,費之跨期替代彈性約在 1.01 ~ 1.16 之間,時休閒之跨期替代彈性約在 1.22 ~ 1.57 之間,即實質利率或實質工資上升帶來的替代效果較強。目錄 前言 1 模型與估計式 4 2.1 傳統消費模型----------------------------4 2.1.1 CRRA效用與估計式------------------4 2.2 考慮休閒與消費的動態選擇模型------------6 2.2.1 CRRA效用與估計式------------------7 資料來源與資料處理 10 3.1 資料來源--------------------------------10 3.2 資料處理--------------------------------10 估計與實證結果 12 4.1 兩階段最大概似估計法--------------------12 4.1.1 單一方程式估計結果----------------12 4.1.2 聯立方程組估計結果----------------15 4.2 GMM估計法-------------------------------17 4.1.1 單一方程式估計結果----------------19 4.1.2 聯立方程組估計結果----------------21 綜合比較 24 5.1 估計結果--------------------------------24 5.2 預測能力之比較--------------------------28 結論 31錄 32 附錄一 32 附錄二 34考文獻 3
PM Balanced Scorecard
傳統策略執行往往只是高層的空談,面對快速變動的市場需求,階層式之組織架構也早已不敷需所求。唯有能快速反應變動、即時因應目標執行之專案導向企業體系,才具有時效性之要求與對策。因此專案管理漸漸成為目前企業關注的管理要點。然而,傳統專案管理卻往往侷限於個別專案、或僅止於專案與專案間執行工作之管理,在因應組織策略發展目標上卻始終缺少一套有效的管理衡量方式。
故為了使得組織能透過專案管理,落實組織策略之執行,使得組織策略可因應快速變動的環境,且確實執行於企業體之間,而不淪為空談。必須有效的從多重構面探討其執行效果,拋除掉過往專案管理績效僅以短期利益為出發點、侷限於工作是否在時間內完成等這些著重於眼前效益,或僅提供專案管理處理規劃和監控等操作性弁鄐孝Traditionally implementing strategy is always an empty talk in the organizations. In order to deal with market demand, project-oriented organizations are springing up. Quickly responding to change and dealing with the goals of organization in a timely manner is the most important issue in a business environment. But in the past , the scope of project management is limited to a single project or the tasks of managing projects. It lacks a method to promptly reflect the goals of organizational development.
Therefore we aim to study how to implement organizational strategies through project management in order to rapidly respond to the market change. We must find an approach that can effectively evaluate the outcome of implementation from many different perspectives and discard the disadventages of past project management performance , such as focusing on short term benefits .Its focus is on understanding how to integrate project management with the organizational strategies and satisfying long-term organizational goal.
This research is based on nine project management knowledge areas and follows the development concept of balanced scorecard to build up a project management balanced scorecard. And we modify it through mutiple case studies to discuss the practicability and let it satisfy real organizational requirements.第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究目的 2
第三節 研究範圍與限制 3
1.3.1 研究範圍 3
1.3.2 研究限制 3
第四節 研究流程 4
第二章 文獻探討 5
第一節 專案管理相關文獻探討 5
2.1.1專案管理定義 5
2.1.2專案管理關鍵成功因素 6
2.1.3專案管理要項 7
2.1.4專案管理程序 11
第二節 組織策略執行 12
第三節 績效評估管理 15
2.3.1績效評估的意義 16
2.3.2績效評估的步驟 17
2.3.3傳統績效評估制度之缺失 18
2.3.4績效評估的發展趨勢 21
第四節 平衡計分卡 23
2.4.1平衡計分卡的起源 23
2.4.2平衡計分卡之四個構面 25
2.4.3建立平衡計分卡 28
第三章 專案管理平衡計分卡 32
第一節 研究模型 34
第二節 建構專案管理平衡計分卡 37
第三節 建立績效 40
3.3.1 企業價值構面績效衡量指標 43
3.3.2 顧客構面績效衡量指標 45
3.3.3 專案 / 內部流程構面績效衡量指標 46
3.3.4 創新與學習構面績效衡量指標 47
第四章 應用探討之研究設計 53
第一節 個案研究方法之設計 53
4.1.1多重個案研究 53
4.1.2深入訪談法(in-depth interview) 54
第二節 個案研究流程 55
第五章 應用探討之個案研究結果 57
第一節 A公司個案研究結果 58
5.1.1組織策略執行和專案管理之現況 58
5.1.2專案管理平衡計分卡 59
5.1.3 高階主管對專案管理平衡計分卡預期成效 63
第二節 B公司個案研究結果 64
5.2.1 組織策略執行和專案管理之現況 64
5.2.2 專案管理平衡計分卡 66
5.2.3 高階主管對專案管理平衡計分卡預期成效 69
第三節 C公司個案研究結果 70
5.3.1 組織策略執行和專案管理之現況 70
5.3.2 專案管理平衡計分卡 71
5.3.3 高階主管對專案管理平衡計分卡預期成效 74
第四節 D公司個案研究結果 75
5.4.1 組織策略執行和專案管理之現況 74
5.4.2 專案管理平衡計分卡 77
5.4.3 高階主管對專案管理平衡計分卡預期成效 80
第五節 專案管理平衡計分卡修正結果 81
第六章 結論與建議 90
第一節 研究結論 90
第二節 研究貢獻 92
第三節 研究建議 93
中文參考文獻 94
英文參考文獻 9
Investigating Cancer Tumor Growth Inhibition by Metformin and Therapeutic Ultrasound
背景:Metformin是一個已經被使用超過半個世紀的口服劑型糖尿病藥物,對病人而言是個便宜又方便的藥物,近十年來,Metformin漸漸被發現有抗腫瘤之效應,越來越多人投入研究其抗腫瘤,甚至是抑制腫瘤幹細胞之機制等;另外,超音波熱效應對腫瘤的抑制效果也廣泛的被研究,超音波同時具有熱效應以及機械效應以改變腫瘤組織的微環境,達到腫瘤抑制的效果。 目的:本研究結合metformin可能殺死癌症幹細胞和治療用超音波改變腫瘤微環境兩種輔助治療,觀察其對小鼠腫瘤治療的效果,期望能夠有效抑制腫瘤的生長。 材料與方法:在細胞實驗,將CT-26細胞放置在96well的培養盤,每個well下入5000個細胞,總共分為四組:Control、Met (1 mM 放置24小時)、pUH (42℃, 0.94 MHz, 0.1 mW and 10%工作週期,治療15分鐘),和 pUH+Met;在動物實驗中,使用BALB/c公鼠,周齡6至8周,在右背側大腿皮下種CT-26Luc腫瘤細胞株,待腫瘤長至50mm3開始治療,以管餵的方式給予藥物Metformin直到小鼠腫瘤到達1000 mm3,治療用超音波使用1MHz,工作週期50%,強度2.7瓦施打15分鐘,每周兩次,共四次,並觀察紀錄之,隨後將腫瘤取下做組織切片染色。 結果:在細胞實驗中,Met+pUH的組別能夠將CT-26腫瘤細胞的細胞存活率降低至60%,和其他三組在統計上均達到顯著性的差異,動物實驗中的結果顯示,控制組以及管餵Metformin藥物的組別,腫瘤均穩定的生長,有使用治療用超音波治療的組別,則可以在短時間內見到腫瘤的抑制效果,結合Metformin與治療用超音波和其他組相比,均可在腫瘤大小抑制上達到統計上顯著性差異;除此之外,在腫瘤組織的切片上,可以看到各組皆有淋巴球浸潤,但是在有治療用超音波的組別,有更嚴重的組織碎化情形。 總結:不論在細胞實驗或是動物實驗中 ,metformin結合治療用超音波對於腫瘤細胞殺傷力,亦或是小鼠腫瘤大小的抑制,均和其他組別達到統計上的顯著性差異,除了在巨觀的觀察上發現差異之外,在微觀的觀察下,利用顯微鏡觀察各組不同的腫瘤組織切片情形,雖然各組均有淋巴球浸潤之情形,但是超音波治療組細胞排列較為鬆散,且呈螺旋狀分布。 關鍵字:Metformin、超音波熱效應、超音波機械效應、癌腫瘤抑制Background:Metformin is the most widely prescribed drug worldwide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Recently, researchers have found that metformin has anti-cancer properties and it selectively targets cancer stem cells. In addition, therapeutic ultrasound has been extensively studied on tumor treatment. Ultrasound can induce both thermal effects and mechanical effects to destroy tumor microenvironment. Purpose:In this study, we investigated cancer tumor treatment by the combination of metformin and therapeutic ultrasound. Materials and Methods:In in-vitro study, CT-26 cancer cells and 96 well dish were used and each well was cultivated with 5 x 103 cells. There were four groups: Control, Met (1mM metformin for 24 hr), pUH (42℃, 0.94 MHz, 0.1 mW and 10% duty cycle ultrasound for 15 min), and pUH+Met. In in-vivo study, BALB/c male mice were used and the mice were injected subcutaneously with CT-26 Luc colon carcinoma cells in the right flank. Treatments were started when the tumors grew up to 50 mm3. The mice were randomly divided into four groups:Control, Met, pUH and Met+pUH. For the metformin treatment, the mice were given a dose of 25mg/kg metformin by oral gavage. For the ultrasound treatment, a frequency of 1 MHz, a duty cycle of 50%, a power of 2.7 W and a duration of 15 min were used. Tumors were measured every two days and H&E staining was used to study the effects of metformin and ultrasound on tumor tissues. Results:In in-vitro study, metformin plus therapeutic ultrasound decreased the cell viability of CT-26 to 60% for a single treatment. It was significantly different as compared to the other three groups. In in-vivo study, the treatment with metformin plus therapeutic ultrasound could effectively suppressed the tumor growth and the experimental results showed that there was significantly different as compared to the other three groups in tumor growth response after four treatments. Lymphocytic infiltration and inflammation could be observed on the H&E staining for the pUH and Met+pUH groups, and tissue rupture was obvious for these two groups. Summary:Metformin combined with therapeutic ultrasound could inhibit cancer cells and tumor growth significantly in the in-vitro and in-vivo studies. H&E staining showed the lymphocytic infiltration, inflammation and tissue disruption, indicating the thermal and mechanical effects of ultrasound sonication on tumor tissues. The results indicate that the effective treatment may come from both the damage by ultrasound sonication and the molecular mechanism caused by metformin. Keywords:Metformin、Therapeutic ultrasound、Tumor growth inhibitio
Constructing Tagging-based Mobile Ad Profiling: An Incremental 3-layer Clustering Framework
近年來,智慧型手機變得相當普遍,而在相關產業當中,手機廣告是主要的獲益模式之一。有鑑於此,將適合的廣告推送給目標客群已經變成一項熱門且重要的研究議題。再者,我們認為使用者偏好與興趣會直接反應在手機軟體(app)的使用上,因此本研究特別探討手機軟體(app)在使用者點擊廣告時所扮演的角色,並透過分析不同類型app 的使用者群,讓廣告業者可以找到潛在的目標客群。另一方面,在廣告相關研究中,透過分析使用者行為並用以推薦使用者偏好的廣告是一大研究主流。然而對手機廣告而言,要如何將此概念應用在大量且快速增加的行動手機資料之上,在研究上仍是一項挑戰。
在本論文中,我們基於同時考慮使用者、app、廣告,提出創新的三階層分群系統,從使用者產生的大量行動資料中建立標籤式的廣告描述(profile)。分群系統會從廣告顯示與點擊的紀錄中,根據使用者使用手機軟體的喜好,以及廣告在各類手機廣告的點擊次數,產生彼此相依的使用者、app、廣告三種分群。除此之外,由於使用者行動資料每天持續快速且大量產生,為了實際應用的需求,我們在研究中採用漸進式分群系統用以快速更新分群結果。基於分群結果,標籤式廣告敘述建立系統會從使用者個人資訊中,計算出各分群最具代表性的標籤。最後我們將系統所產生的廣告標籤實際應用於廣告推薦的問題,實驗結果驗證了所提出系統具備高準確率,且其效能符合即時更新的需求。Smart phones have become very ubiquitous in recent years, and in-app advertising is a primary business model for mobile applications. Following this trend, researchers are interested in how to provide appropriate ads to target users. In this thesis, we particularly focus on considering and analyzing the role of apps in ad-clicking behavior. We believe that user preference will be directly reflected on the apps they use. To capture the hidden interests of their target customers, advertisers should identify the characteristics of apps. On the other hand, adaptive profiling has been proposed to match user profiles and campaign profiles. However, when applying this concept to mobile advertising, how to produce profiles from tremendous amounts of daily mobile data is a challenging issue. We explore the problem of producing mobile ad profiles from mobile user-generated data and incorporate the usage log of apps into ad profiling. We propose a novel 3-layer clustering framework to realize the tagging-based mobile ad profiling. Moreover, since new usage logs will be generated continually, an incremental mechanism is also designed to address the update issue and provide up-to-date clustering results.口試委員會審定書 .............................................i
Acknowledgements ........................................ ii
中文摘要 ................................................ iii
ABSTRACT .................................................iv
CONTENTS ................................................. v
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................ vii
LIST OF TABLES ........................................ viii
Chapter 1 Introduction ................................... 1
Chapter 2 Problem Description and System Framework ....... 7
Chapter 3 Incremental 3-Layer Clustering ................ 10
3.1 3-layer Clustering ................................ 10
3.1.1 Layer1: User Clustering ....................... 10
3.1.2 Layer2: App Clustering ........................ 12
3.1.3 Layer3: Ad Clustering ......................... 13
3.2 Incremental Clustering ............................ 15
Chapter 4 Tagging-based Mobile Ad Profiling ............. 17
4.1 User Profile Generation ........................... 17
4.2 Tag Candidate Generation .......................... 19
4.3 Tag Weight Derivation based on Information Gain ... 20
Chapter 5 Experiment .................................... 25
5.1 Experimental Design ............................... 25
5.2 Case Study ........................................ 26
5.2.1 Tagging-based Profiles ........................ 26
5.2.2 Difference between Weekday and Weekend ........ 28
5.3 Performance Comparison ............................ 29
5.3.1 Efficiency of Incremental User Clustering ..... 29
5.3.2 Effectiveness of 3-layer Clustering ........... 31
5.4 Parameter Studies ................................. 32
Chapter 6 Conclusion .................................... 35
Chapter 7 Related Work .................................. 36
REFERENCES .............................................. 3
Choice of Raw Material in Pottery Making: A Case Study of the Late Neolithic Site of Tianwentai, Taipei Basin.
歷來學者對於臺北盆地新石器晚期圓山文化與植物園文化之間的關係一直有許多討論與不同看法。近年考古學者透過陶器的礦物組成分析發現這兩文化對於製陶原料的選擇似乎存在差異。本文抽樣分析52片天文臺遺址圓山文化與植物園文化的陶片,試圖透過岩相學與X光粉末繞射分析了解陶片中的礦物組成與來源。據分析結果可以發現天文臺遺址圓山文化陶片的礦物組要來自於火成岩類礦物(75.8%)與沉積岩類礦物(21.2%);植物園文化陶片的礦物則來主要自於變質岩類礦物(68.4)沉積岩類礦物(31.6%)。天文臺遺址位於臺北盆地東北側,屬火成岩與沉積岩的地質環境;而變質岩類礦物主要分布於臺北盆地西南側。將分析結果與地質分區搭配後即能發現,生活在天文臺遺址不同時期的製陶者其製陶原料來源是不同的。圓山文化的製陶者選擇在生活聚落周邊取得製陶原料;而植物園文化的製陶者則偏向於渡河到臺北盆地西南側採集原料。者認為雖然圓山文化呈現了「就地取材」的行為,但並不能因此認為原料的選擇受到自然環境的限制,而忽略社會文化的影響;而植物園文化對於變質岩類礦物的偏好,可能受到過去居住於臺北盆地西南側的影響。Scholars have different ideas about the relationships between the Yuanshan Culture and Zhiwuyuan Culture in the late Neolithic Taipei basin. Recently, archaeologists find some differences of mineral components in pottery between these two cultures. In this thesis, I sample fifty-two pottery sherds from the Yusnshan and Zhiwuyuan Culture at the Tianwentai Site, and apply petrographic analyses and X-ray diffraction analyses to learn the mineral components and source of raw materials.ccording to the results of petrographic analyses and X-ray diffraction analyses, I find that the major minerals in the Yuanshan Culture pottery are from igneous rocks (75.8%) and sedimentary rocks (21.2%). However, the major minerals in the Zhiwuyuan Culture pottery are from metamorphic rocks (68.4%) and sedimentary rocks (31.6%). The Tianwentai Site is located in the northeast part of Taipei Basin, and this area is covered by igneous rocks. On the contrary, metamorphic rocks are located in the southwest part of Taipei Basin. Compared with the results from scientific analyses of pottery and the geological distribution of Taipei basin, we will find the people who live in different time periods use different raw materials for pottery making at the Tianwentai Site. The Yuanshan Culture people usually choose raw materials for pottery manufacture around their settlement, and the the Zhiwuyuan Culture people gathered their raw materials from southwest area of Taipei basin. believe that the Yuanshan Culture people at the Tianwentai Site use the raw material around their settlement not only for the location convenience, but also with cultural infleunces. The Zhiwuyuan Culture people might bring their preference on metamorphic rocks when they moved from the southwest to northeast part of Taipei Basin.摘要 Ibstract II錄 IV目錄 VI目錄 VIII一章 、導論 1一節、 研究目的 4二節、 技術的人類學研究 8、 以民族誌為基礎的傳統陶器工藝研究 9、 什麼是技術? 12、 操作鏈的概念與應用 13、 臺灣與製陶工藝有關的民族誌記錄 15三節、 研究方法 21二章 、研究對象—天文臺遺址 23一節、 研究背景 26、 臺北盆地 26、 天文臺遺址 35二節、 天文臺遺址發掘始末 38三節、 天文臺遺址的地層 40四節、 考古發掘出土的遺物 41、 石器 41、 陶器 46五節、 小結 51三章 、陶片的科學分析 69一節、 分析原理 70、 岩相學分析 70、 X光粉末繞射分析 70二節、 分析步驟 73、 分析樣本選擇 73、 分析樣品製備與分析 73三節、 分析結果 78、 岩相學分析 78、 X光粉末繞射分析 78、 綜合結果 79四章 、討論 99一節、原料選擇的行為是否存在? 103二節、影響原料選擇的因素 106、 中南美洲 107、 非洲 112、 臺灣 114三節、綜合討論 118、 民族誌資料中的原料採集行為 118、 天文臺遺址的史前製陶原料選擇 120、 小結 123五章 、結論 131、 天文臺遺址的圓山文化 131、 天文臺遺址的植物園文化 132、 本研究之於操作鏈研究的完成程度 132、 未來展望 133考文獻 135、日文 135、法文 143錄一、〈天文臺遺址搶救發掘評估期中簡報〉 151錄三、1993年天文臺遺址搶救發掘田野∕工作 155錄三、1993年天文臺遺址搶救發掘地層與現象繪圖 15
Decomposition of Perfluorocarboxylic Acids in Aqueous Solution Using Persulfate at Ambient Temperatures
本研究為利用過硫酸鹽將全氟辛酸(Perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOA)於室溫水溶液中降解,實驗操作在不同溫度下(20、30、40℃)、改變初始氧化劑過硫酸鹽濃度、改變初始水溶液酸鹼值,針對這些條件作全氟辛酸的降解探討。實驗結果顯示,在酸性情況下、過硫酸鹽的濃度為200 mM時的氧化速率最快,20、30、40℃其反應的半衰期分別為330、61.33、13.46個小時,溫度越高反應速率越快;但此實驗也證實在室溫的情況下過硫酸鹽對全氟辛酸還是有其氧化效力存在,在20℃反應時間達865個小時全氟辛酸還剩下14.5 %。在氧化劑過硫酸鹽的使用上,對於相同污染物濃度其消耗量大致相同,與溫度、時間無關;過硫酸鹽在整個反應過程中,除在40℃的使用量為32.9 %,其餘兩者的使用量都小於10 %,顯示過硫酸鹽在常溫未催化下的反應性的確很低。此實驗主要作用的氧化劑為過硫酸鹽溶於水後經熱活化或酸催化產生的硫酸根自由基SO4-‧,過硫酸根離子本身也是很重要的氧化劑之一。所有實驗數據符合假一階方程式,反應速率常數分別為0.0515、0.0113、0.0021 h-1。此實驗方法操作成本低、設備所需簡單,具有其實際應用性。 In this research, a treatment to decompose the persistant and bioaccumulative perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in water with high concentration of persulfate (S2O82-) at ambient temperature was developed. Persulfate is an effective oxidant for PFOA degradation without using any activated technology, even at a room temperature. The objectives of this study were to investigate the influences of pH ( pH 2.5, 7, and 11) and the persulfate doses (50-200 mM) on decomposition of PFOA at 20, 30 and 40 °C. Half-lives of PFOA degradation at 20, 30, and 40 °C. were 330, 61.3, and 13.46 h, respectively. Based on the laboratory experiment results, PFOA is completely decomposed by persulfate to form shorter-chain of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and fluoride ions, with defluorination efficiency reaching 97 % within 218 hours at 40 °C. When the reaction temperature is maintained at 20 °C, 65 % of PFOA is decomposed with 41 % defluorination efficiency after 865 hours of reaction. Experimental data can be well simulated with pseudo first-order kinetics as the PFOA degradation, and the rate constants are 0.002 h-1 at 20 °C, 0.011 h-1 at 30 °C, 0.052 h-1 at 40 °C. The solution temperature has a definite impact on the decomposition of PFOA by persulfate. Increasing system temperature resulted in a greater increase in PFOA degradation rates than lowering system temperature
Restriction of vaccinia virus replication by a ced-3 and ced-4-dependent pathway in Caenorhabditiselegans
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