1,721,076 research outputs found
New damselfly hosts and species identification of an aquatic parasitoid Hydrophylita emporos (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in Taiwan
No full textLin, Chun-Yu, Hsu, Yu-Hsun, Wang, Jo-Fan, Lin, Chung-Ping (2019): New damselfly hosts and species identification of an aquatic parasitoid Hydrophylita emporos (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in Taiwan. Journal of Natural History 53 (35): 2195-2205, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.169471
The anti-tumor effect of flavonoids on Du145 parental cells and highly invasive potential Du145-III.
No full text類黃鹼素，主要是一群由polyphenolic物質所組成的benzo-γ-pyrone（phenylchromone）衍生物 。而類黃鹼素又可分為以下幾類：flavonols、flavans、proanthocyanidins、anthocyanidins、flavanones、flavones、isoflavones、neoflavonoids，而這些類黃鹼素廣泛的存在於水果、穀類、豆科植物、蔬菜類、堅果類、種子、草本植物、莖、花、茶、可可亞、啤酒及葡萄酒當中。根據已發表的研究指出，食用性的類黃鹼素之生物性功用包含有抗發炎、抗過敏、抗微生物、抗病毒、保護肝臟、抗凝血、心血管保護、微血管強化、抗糖尿病、抗癌以及抗癌細胞新生之作用。
本文的主要研究目的在於觀察類黃鹼素對於前列腺癌細胞的抑癌作用之探討。我們利用in vitro chemo-invasion assay的方式，成功自Du145-P母代癌細胞中篩選出分泌較多MMPs之Du145-I、Du145-II、Du145-III子代細胞。並且利用類黃鹼素Luteolin及Quercetin探討其對Du145-P及Du145-III之抑制作用。結果顯示，Luteolin及Quercetin會抑制Du145-P及Du145-III之生長，使其外型發生變化，並且誘導apoptosis的現象發生，抑制兩細胞株MMPs之釋出，抑制其轉移以及誘導web forming之能力。而EGF則與Luteolin及Quercetin有相反之效果，其能促進癌細胞之生長，促進MMPs之釋出，促進癌細胞的轉移以及web forming，同時我們比較了Du145-P與Du145-III間之差異，發現兩細胞株不僅外形上有差異，Du145-P較容易黏附在一起，而Du145-III則是較為分散，並且細胞外觀較長也較尖；而在MMPs之釋放方面，Du145-III之釋放量較Du145-P高，轉移以及web forming之能力亦高出許多。
另外我們也觀察到另一株前列腺癌細胞株PC-3，其MMPs之釋放種類亦與Du145類似，因此我們正嘗試篩選不同前列腺癌細胞PC-3、22RV1及LNCAP之第三代子代，觀察其MMPs釋放之種類，希望藉由與不同器官、組織的腫瘤細胞相比較，鑑定出特殊的organ specific MMPs，並且發展出一套可用來診斷前列腺癌的系統，也或許可提供作為新藥開發的線索。
另一方面，我們成功地篩選到能激發出紅色及綠色螢光的Du145-P及Du145-III，在未來將努力在animal model上建立一套觀察前列腺癌細胞轉移路徑的系統，以及觀察其所轉移之特異性組織與器官。另外也期望能在in vivo的系統下，實際去比較Du145-P及Du145-III之入侵能力，進一步佐證在in vitro下所得到的實驗結果。The flavonoids, which are primary benzo-γ- pyrone ( phenylchromone) derivatives, comprise a massive group of polyphenolic compounds. The immensely diverse group broadly comprises distinct classes such as flavonols, flavans and proanthocyanidin, anthocyanidinsm flavanones, flavones, isoflavones and neoflavonoids. They are universally present in fruits, cereals, legumes, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, spices, stems, flowers as well as in beverages such as tea, cocoa, beer and wine. As components of edible plants and plant foodstuffs they constiturte an integral part of the human diet. The documented biological effects of dietary flavonoids include anti-flammatory, antiallergic antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antithrombotic, cardioprotective, capillary strengthening, antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic and antineoplastic effects, among others.
In this thesis, we established the relatively higher invasive potential tumor cell line: Du145-I, II and III from Du145-P (parental) using Boyden chamber invasion assay. The Du145-III secreted higher amount of MMPs, higher migration and angiogenic ability as compared to Du145-P. According to the amount of MMPs secretion, migration and angiogenic ability, we concluded that Du145-III had relative higher invasive potential than that of Du145-P. Luteolin and Quercetin were documented as protein kinase inhibitor, they inhibit the activity of protein kinase by blocking the ATP binding site in catalytic unit. In this study, I tested the anti-tumor effect of Luteolin and Quercetin on Du145-P and Du145-III cells. Luteolin and Quercetin efficiently inhibit the growth of Du145-P and Du145-III cells. In addition, Luteolin and Quercetin both exert the inhibitory effect of MMPs secretion, migration and angiogenesis of Du145-P and Du145-III cells.
In a separate study, using PC-3 prostate tumor cell line, we observed that the profile of MMPs secretion is similar to that of Du145. Therefore, we intend to investigate the profile of other prostate tumor cell lines, including 22RV1 and LNCAP, in order to confirm those MMPs are organ specific.
We also established the prostate tumor cell lines Du145-P and Du145-III that could excite the red and green fluorescence. In the future, we intend to establish the animal model to observe the metastasis pathway of prostate tumor cell line by using the Du145-P and Du145-III that could excite the red and green fluorescence.目錄
Abstract 1
中文摘要 2
第一章、前言 4
一、酪胺酸磷酸化（tyrosine phosphorylation）與癌症的關係 4
二、酪胺酸激酶（protein tyrosine kinase）及酪胺酸去磷酸酶（protein tyrosine phosphatase）之簡介 5
三、表皮生長因子受體（Epidermal growth factor receptor，EGFR）之簡介 6
四、Focal adhesion kinase（FAK）之簡介 8
五、Matrix metalloproteinases（MMPs）之簡介 9
六、類黃鹼素（Flavonoids）之簡介 10
第二章、材料與方法 13
材料： 13
方法： 13
一、細胞培養（Cell culture） 13
二、細胞之解凍與冷藏 14
三、較具侵入性（invasion potential）癌細胞之篩選 14
四、細胞生長曲線（Cell growth curve experiment） 15
五、結晶紫染色法（Crystal violet stainig） 15
六、細胞蛋白質萃取（Preparation of cell lysate） 15
七、蛋白質濃度測定（Determination of protein concentration） 16
八、SDS聚丙醯胺凝膠電泳分析（SDS polyacrylamine gel electrophoresis，SDS-PAGE） 16
九、西方墨點法分析（Western blotting） 17
十、流式細胞儀分析（Flow cytometry） 18
十一、DNA片段分析（Analysis of DNA fragmentation） 18
十二、梯度電泳分析（Gradient gel electrophoresis） 19
十三、Gelatin zymography 19
十四、Wound healing assay 20
十五、In vitro capillary formation assay 21
第三章、結果 22
壹、Du145-P與Du145-III之比較 22
一、Du145-P及Du145-III生長速率之比較 22
二、Du145-III所釋放之MMPs明顯高於Du145-P 23
三、Du145-III之轉移能力（migration ability）明顯優於Du145-P 23
四、Du145-III之web forming能力優於Du145-P 23
貳、類黃鹼素Luteolin及Quercetin對Du145-P及Du145-III之影響 24
一、Luteolin及Quercetin改變Du145-P及Du145-III之外形 24
二、Luteolin及Quercetin抑制Du145-P及Du145-III之生長 25
三、Luteolin及Quercetin具有誘導Du145-P及Du145-III癌細胞產生程式凋亡（apoptosis）之趨勢 25
四、Luteolin及Quercetin抑制Du145-P及Du145-III之MMP9的釋放，EGF則促進MMP9之釋放 26
五、Luteolin及Quercetin抑制Du145-P及Du145-III之migration，而EGF則促進其migration 26
六、Luteolin及Quercetin抑制Du145-P及Du145-III之web forming能力，而EGF則促進web forming 27
第四章、討論 48
第五章、結論 55
參考文獻 56
圖表目錄
圖一、In vitro chemo-invasion assay…………………………………………………28
圖二、Du145-P與Du145-III間型態上之差異………………………………………29
圖三、Du145-P及Du145-III生長曲線之比較………………………………………30
圖四、Du145-P與Du145-III前列腺癌細胞在EGF處理後MMPs釋放之多寡與差異之比較……………………………………………………………………..31
圖五、利用Wound-healing assay之方式檢測Du145-P與Du145-III之轉移（migration）能力……………………………………………………………32
圖六、由in vitro capillary assay觀察Du145-P與Du145-III之web forming能力……………………………………………………………………………..33
圖七、Luteolin與Quercetin對Du145-P及Du145-P型態上之影響………………..35
圖八、Luteolinu及Qucertin對Du145-P及Du145-III癌細胞生長之影響…………37
圖九、以流式細胞儀（Flow cytometry）觀察Luteolin及Quercetin對Du145-P與Du145-III癌細胞之影響…………………………………………………….39
圖十、EGF、Luteolin及Quercetin對Du145-P及Du145-III癌細胞之DNA完整性（DNA integrity）之影響…………………………………………………...40
圖十一、Luteolin、Quercetin及EGF對Du145-P及Du145-III分泌釋出MMPs之影響…………………………………………………………………………..41
圖十二、Luteolin及Quercetin及EGF對Du145-P及Du145-III癌細胞之轉移（migration）之影響…………………………………………………………46
圖十三、Luteolin、Quercetin及EGF對Du145-P及Du145-III之web forming能力之影響……………………………………………………………………..47
附錄一、Protein tyrosine phosphatase是protein tyrosine kinase之負調控因子……66
附錄二、EGF Receptor 之結構圖…………………………………………………...67
附錄三、Organization of the domains of focal adhesion kinase……………………...68
附錄四、Proposed interactions among the proteins involved in integrin signaling…..69
附錄五、Structure of human matrix metalloproteinases……………………………...70
附錄六、人類細胞中MMPs之特異性受質、染色體位置及結構組成.........................71
附錄七、the matrix metalloproteinase family…………………………......................73
附錄八、MMPs之蛋白質結構………………………………………………………74
附錄九、Functions of MMPs in cancer progression…………………………………7
Bibliometric analysis of e-learning dissertation and thesis in Taiwan between 2001-2010
No full text我國數位學習的腳步自2000年以來開始快速發展，至2010年止為快速發展時期的第一個十年，為了解十年來與數位學習相關之研究，故本研究將使用書目計量中的引用文獻分析法，利用「臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統」蒐集整理2001年至2010年間有關數位學習相關主題之博碩士論文，以利探討我國數位學習相關主題博碩士論文的文獻成長情形、發展歷程及其引用文獻的基本特性。
本研究使用11個與數位學習相關之詞彙於國家圖書館之「臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統」關鍵字欄位中進行交替檢索，並將畢業學年度限定在民國90年至99年，將上述蒐集之研究論文去除重複後，刪除純粹物理、工程及電子計算機科學系等共計43個研究所及為純粹系統演算法設計或明顯不屬於本研究中所定義之數位學習相關研究之研究論文共計2071篇論文進行基本資料分析，因時間及人力限制，再將無開放提供全文下載之博碩士論文刪除，所得之結果共計747篇及其引用文獻共58829筆，即為本研究之研究對象。
研究問題包括與數位學習相關之博碩士論文平均頁數、各年度數量、各大專校院系所的數量、指導教授、博碩士論文的引用情形、最常引用的資料類型、最常引用的期刊及論文、最常引用的國內外作者、主要的研究主題、較缺乏的主題及研究趨勢，希望此研究能提供數位學習領域研究者參考。
研究結果歸納如下：
一、 我國2001年至2010年之10年間與數位學習相關之博碩士論文總量為2071篇，平均每年為207篇，其中博士論文共有52篇，碩士論文共有2019篇，平均頁數博士論文為166頁；碩士論文為128頁。
二、 我國2001至2010年數位學習相關之博碩士論文跨領域現象很明顯，研究範圍包含數位學習於各類型學科之應用，博碩士論文數量最多者為淡江大學教育科技學系碩士班，國立高雄師範大學成人教育研究所的王政彥教授及國立臺灣科技大學資訊管理系盧希鵬教授；指導最多篇碩士論文的教授為國立高雄師範大學工業科技教育學系的溫嘉榮教授。
三、 數位學習博碩士論文的引用文獻數量，以引用51至100篇為最多，引用文獻類型以期刊文章最多，引用網路資源數量近年大量增加，被引用次數最多之期刊為「資訊與教育」，西文期刊被引用次數最多之期刊為「Educational Technology」，被引用作者最多次則為陳年興教授。
四、 數位學習相關之博碩士論文以量化研究為主要研究方式，在量化研究中又以問卷調查法為最多數，較多論文關注於數位學習系統設計、教材設計及學生之學習方式、學習成效，較少針對數位學習教師及教學互動進行研究與討論。Abstract
Since the year 2000, Taiwan’s e-learning started a course of rapid development. By 2010, the growth of e-learning had increased exponentially and marked the end of the first decade of rapid development. In order to understand these ten years of e-learning’s related researches; this study uses method of bibliometrics and citation analysis to analyze thesis and dissertation completed during this decade. Using the database of “National Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations in Taiwan”, theses and dissertations related to e-learning from 2001 to 2010 were collected and analyzed.
This study uses 11 glossaries related to e-learning and alternate search key words from the National Library’s “National Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations in Taiwan.” In addition, we restricted the criteria of search to the period of graduate years from 2001 to 2010; omitted the repeat research and removed thesis and dissertation that are from physical science, engineering and computer science department, etc. A total of 2071 thesis and dissertations are included in the basic data analysis. Because of time and manpower constraints , only dissertations and theses which provide full text downloads were included in the content and citation analysis, this results a total of 747 research papers and 58829 citations which is the main object of analysis for this research.
Basis analysis includes the annual amount of e-learning related dissertations and theses, the amount from departments, schools and universities and faculties advising such e-learning related dissertations and theses. Content analysis concerns the theme of these thesis and dissertations, the research method of their research, the average page number and the range of pages of these dissertations and theses. Citation analysis concerns reference circumstances of e-learning related dissertations and theses, the most frequently cited data type, the most cited journals and papers, the most frequently cited domestic and foreign authors.
The major result of the research induct as below:
1. The total amount of our Taiwan’s e-learning related dissertations and theses was 2071 papers between 2001 to 2010. The average paper amount was 207 papers per year, among which there were 52 doctoral theses and 2019 master’s theses. The average number of pages for a doctoral dissertation was 166 pages; and a master’s thesis was 128 pages.
2. The e-learning related dissertations and theses included some very obvious multi-disciplinary phenomenon between 2001 to 2010. The research range included e-learning utilized in all types of subjects. Leading the way with the most dissertations and theses were the Department of Educational Technology Master''s Program Tamkang University. The professor who advised the most number of Master’s Theses was Professor Wen Jia-Rong of the Department of Industrial Technology Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University
3. E-learning dissertations and theses’ quoted amounts were at maximum between 51 to 100 papers. The citation type used the most was journal articles. Recently the amounts of citation from internet resources increased significantly. The most frequently cited domestic journal was “Educational Research Information Journal” while the most cited western journal was “Educational Technology”. The most frequently cited author was Professor Chen Nian-Shing.
4. E-learning related dissertations and theses apply quantitative study as the main research methods, and questionnaire surveys were the major method of gathering research data. The majority theses focus on learners, which study E-learning application and design for specific type of learners. Other major topics include e-learning system design, teaching material design, and the students’ study method and effect
Design of Energy-Efficient Wireless Transmitters
No full text在無線傳輸系統中，低功耗以及高效能是主要的設計考量。本論文提出一可達到低功耗及高效能之調變架構。在傳統的以混波器為基底之發射機系統中，數位類比轉換器, 濾波器以及混波器會消耗大量的電流，並且會帶來許多類比電路的非理想效應。本調變系統的核心電路為一相位選擇器，用來取代上述電路以達到低功耗的效能，並且基於開路調變的特性，本系統可達到高傳輸效率的表現。
第一個作品為應用於二十四億赫茲之無線射頻發射器，使用相位切換之架構支援OQPSK, HS-OQPSK, 8-PSK,以及16-QAM之調變。本傳輸器實現於90奈米製程。量測結果顯示本傳輸系統在 -3 dBm的輸出功率下傳輸速度最高可達105 Mbps。其EVM值小於10.6 %，而在操作電壓為1.2伏特下消耗功耗為9.25毫瓦。第二個作品為第一個作品之改進版本，分別對嵌入式FIR濾波器所產生的數位突波以及16-QAM調變下的準確度做改進。
第三個作品為一應用於生醫系統之無線射頻發射器，使用邊緣合併以及相位切換之技術達到低功耗以及高傳輸速率。本晶片實現於0.18微米互補式金氧半製程，其效能於0.8伏特供應電壓下消耗330微瓦並達到15 Mps的傳輸資料量。In the wireless communication system, low power and high efficiency are major concern, and this thesis proposes a modulation architecture which can achieve low power and high data rate requirement. For a traditional mixer-based transmitter architecture, the DACs, filters, and mixers consume large power under high data rate and induce many non-idealities of analog circuits. The core of the proposed modulation architecture is a phase selector, which replaces these analog circuits and achieves low-power performance. Furthermore, the open loop characteristic facilitates the high data rate operation.
The first work is a 2.4-GHz wireless transmitter, which adopts phase selector technique and can support OQPSK, HS-OQPSK, 8-PSK, and 16-QAM modulation. This chip is fabricated in a 90-nm CMOS process. The experimental results show that the transmitter delivers 105-Mbps maximum data rate under -3 dBm output power. The EVM is lower than 10.6 %, and the total power consumption of the transmitter is 9.25 mW under a 1.2-V supply. The second work is improved from the first work. The improvement includes the FIR digital spur reducing and enhancing accuracy in 16-QAM modulation.
The third work is for bio-medical wireless application. This work can achieve low power and high data rate by using edge combining and phase selector technique. This chip is fabricated in a 0.18-um CMOS process. The transmitter consumes 300 uW at 15 Mbps from a 0.8-V supply
Joining of Alumina to Aluminum and Its Interfacial Properties
No full text直接接合鋁基板被廣泛運用在電子電路基板與能源模組上，然而鋁的氧化層在其與陶瓷基板接合時形成阻礙。本研究的研究目的是瞭解金屬鋁與氧化鋁接合界面的微結構、機械性質與導熱性。金屬鋁/氧化鋁界面的接合是藉由高於金屬鋁熔點(660C)之接合溫度使鋁與氧化鋁進行液態接合，接合過程在氮氣環境下進行以減少鋁的氧化，並嘗試不同的接合溫度來獲得接合良好的界面。 本研究對不同接合溫度下所得到之金屬鋁/氧化鋁的接合界面進行相分析與微結構觀察，並使用四點彎曲測試以及閃光法來評估接合後的性質。由於接合過程在金屬鋁層中產生大量的孔洞，因此本研究也探討了孔洞的形成機制以及孔洞對接合性質的影響。這些孔洞的存在會大幅降低界面的接合面積，因而降低了界面的接合強度與熱傳導性質。雖然較高的接合溫度才能得到接合良好的界面，但孔洞的面積也會隨接合溫度提高而增加。因此對於得到金屬鋁/氧化鋁的良好接合界面，接合溫度的選擇十分重要。Direct bonded aluminum (DBA) substrates can serve as carriers for power electronic components. However, the aluminum is easily oxidized. The oxide layer formed on the metallic aluminum surface prevents the formation of a strong bonding between aluminum and ceramic. The aim of the present study provides a detailed characterization on the processing and interfacial characterization of Al/Al2O3 joints. The bonding process was held above the melting temperature of Al, so the Al could be bonded to Al2O3 at its liquid state. The microstructure observation and phase analysis were carried out on the interface between Al and Al2O3. The interfacial strength of Al/Al2O3 interfaces and the flexural strength of Al2O3/Al/Al2O3 joints were determined by a four-point bending test. The thermal conductivities of the bilayer and trilayer bonding specimens was measured by flash method. After bonding at elevated temperatures, many pores were observed at the interface. The presence of pores seriously damaged the properties of bonding specimens. The relationships between interfacial properties and mechanical properties or thermal conductivity are established and the mechanism for pore formation is proposed
Cloning and Characterization of a Clip Domain Serine Protease Homolog in Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon)
No full text含迴紋針功能區塊絲胺酸蛋白酶類似物（c-SPH）與節肢動物的多項先天性免疫反應有關；像是抗菌活性、細胞附著、病原模式辨認、調理作用、以及對原酚氧化酵素系統的調控。在本篇論文中，我們從草蝦血球中選殖出一段c-SPH的cDNA。這段cDNA全長1337 bp，包含一段1068 bp的載碼區，可轉譯出一段長355 個胺基酸的蛋白質；推繹出的蛋白質包含一段迴紋針功能區塊（clip domain）及一段不具催化活性的類絲胺酸蛋白酶功能區塊（SP-like domain）。此蛋白質的分子量推測為38 kDa、等電點推測為7.9。預測的signal peptide切位位於Gly21Gln22之間。我們從12種節肢動物中挑選出15條單一clip domain的SPHs進行多重序列比對分析；clip domains間的一致性低，而SP-like domains間的一致性大約在34%-46%。序列上較保守的區域位於一些特殊的胺基酸附近，這些胺基酸在有酵素活性的絲胺酸蛋白酶中負責與受質進行交互作用。親緣分析上，草蝦c-SPH與同樣是十足目中淡水螯蝦的低分子量mas-like protein最為相似，而比較不像鋏角亞門或是昆蟲綱的c-SPHs。巢狀反轉錄聚合酶連鎖反應顯示c-SPH mRNA的訊號在血球中最為強烈。該分子的抗菌活性、調理活性以及對原酚氧化酵素系統的調控則沒有被偵測到。草蝦c-SPH mRNA的表現量在葡聚醣浸泡後12天表現量上升，而在熱去活性弧菌浸泡後半小時表現量下降。重組c-SPH能夠顯著增強血球細胞的附著。這些結果顯示草蝦c-SPH參與了先天性的免疫反應。Abstract
Clip domain serine protease homologs (c-SPHs) are involved in various innate immune functions in arthropods such as antimicrobial activity, cell adhesion, pattern recognition, opsonization, and regulation of the prophenoloxidase system. In the present study, we cloned a c-SPH cDNA from tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) hemocytes. It is 1337 bp in length with a coding region of 1068 bp consisting a protein of 355 amino acid residues. The deduced protein includes one clip domain and one catalytically inactive serine protease-like (SP-like) domain. Its molecular weight is estimated to be 38 kDa with an isoelectric point of 7.9. The predicted cutting site of the signal peptide is located between Gly21 and Gln22. We aligned 15 single clip domain SPH protein sequences from 12 arthropod species; the similarity of these clip domains is low and that of SP-like domains is from 34%-46%. The conserved regions are located near the amino acid residues which served as substrate interaction sites in catalytically active serine protease. Phylogenetically, the tiger shrimp c-SPH is most similar to a low molecular mass masquerade-like protein of crayfish, also a member of Decapoda, but less similar to c-SPHs in Chelicerata and Insecta. Nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed that c-SPH mRNA is expressed most in tissues with the highest hemocyte abundance. Antimicrobial, opsonization and proPO regulation of the molecule were not detected. The expression of c-SPH mRNA in hemocytes was up-regulated at the 12 day post β-glucan immersion and down-regulated at 0.5 hr post heat-inactivated Vibrio immersion. Recombinant c-SPH could significantly enhance hemocyte adhesion. The results suggest that the shrimp c-SPH protein plays a role in innate immunity.頁數
誌謝...................................................i
中文摘要...............................................iv
英文摘要...............................................v
目錄...................................................vi
圖表目次...............................................vii
略稱對照...............................................viii
緒論...................................................1
材料和方法.............................................5
結果...................................................15
討論...................................................20
結語...................................................27
參考文獻...............................................28
表.....................................................35
圖.....................................................39
附錄...................................................5
Cloning and characterization of a shrimp clip domain serine protease homolog (c-SPH) as a cell adhesion molecule
No full textOptimizing silver film for surface plasmon-coupled emission induced two-photon excited fluorescence imaging
No full text“Cardinal Change” Doctrine in Construction Contract law
No full text工程承攬契約因為工作特性使然，必須設有契約變更條款使定作人享有單方指示變更之權限。然此變更權限又恐遭定作人濫用，使得承攬人實際上受其指示而進行之工作、將與原本締約時之工作本質上有所不同，而成為超過通常契約範圍之工作，無法以變更條款之機制衡平調整報酬，進而導致不公平之現象，故有必要思考如何解決因此衍生之紛爭問題。或許可將問題粗分為兩個層次：首先是何謂通常契約工作範圍，其次是變更指示若超過該範圍、應如何處理後續之承攬關係。本文首先臚列若干國際上常見之契約範本中之「變更條款」，對於產生此類紛爭之源頭作一概觀之鳥瞰；然後藉由實務案例介紹美國法發展之所謂「重大變更理論」(Cardinal change doctrine)，作為解決前述「通常契約工作範圍」問題、以及該承攬關係後續要如何發展的參考；然後將之與我國法制接軌，探討如何借助美國法律實務發展之「重大變更理論」，修正其中與我國法制有所扞格之處，方能將美國法之經驗轉化為吾人所用。此外，為了有效解決實務上發生之「重大變更問題」，除了上述實體法上之討論，一併介紹FIDIC新紅皮書針對工程糾紛而設計之紛爭裁決委員會(即DAB)制度，於我國法制應如何引入該程序之設計，以期能徹底解決此類紛爭。最後，總結以上內容，並嘗試對於工程承攬契約法制提出若干建言，希能使我國未來工程承攬契約法制更加健全
Supplemental Material - Different Splice Isoforms of Peripheral Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 mRNA Expressions are Associated With Cognitive Decline in Mild Dementia Due to Alzheimer’s Disease and Reflect Central Neuroinflammation
No full textSupplemental Material for Different Splice Isoforms of Peripheral TREM2 mRNA Expressions are Associated With Cognitive Decline in Mild Dementia Due to Alzheimer’s Disease and Reflect Central Neuroinflammation by Yi-Kuan Chiang, Yung-Shuan Lin, Chun-Yu Chen, Jiing-Feng Lirng, Yu-Hsiu Yang, Wei-Ju Lee, and Jong-Ling Fuh in American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Other Dementias®</p
- …
