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Measurement equivalence of Schwartz's refined value structure across countries and modes of data collection: New evidence from Estonia, Finland, and Ethiopia
No full textSchwartz et al. (J Pers Soc Psychol 103(4): 663-688, 2012) recently proposed a refined theory that describes universal aspects in the content and the structure of human values. We propose a bi-factor model in order to model the common method variance (CMV) imposed by people's response styles, which has been ignored in previous tests for measurement invariance in the revised Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-R). Four unique samples were used-two from Estonia (N = 1954, 82% female, M-age=31.2 years, SDage = 13.2, online mode; N = 1309, 69% female, M-age=28.2 years, SDage = 9.6, paper-and-pencil mode), one from Finland (N = 250, 80% female, M-age=24.6 years, SDage = 6.7), and one from Ethiopia (N = 253, 26% female, M-age=21.8 years, SDage = 5.0)-allowing assessment of the cross-cultural measurement invariance of the value circle, as well as the effect of the increasingly common mixed-mode data collection method. After taking CMV into account, the refined value structure holds relatively well in the Estonian and Finnish samples, but not in the Ethiopian context. PVQ-R data collected through paper-and-pencil and online modes can be combined, while there exist small limitations for the comparison of relationships and latent means across Estonian and Finnish samples. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Elanikkonna tüpoloogia lähtuvalt inimeste suhestumisest usu ja moraali teemadesse
Get PDFPopulation Typology Based on Attitudes Towards Religion and MoralityThe aim of this study was to map the typical religious and moral worldviews of Estonians. Five distinct types of individuals were identified, which can be grouped into three main categories: devout and spiritual people (Types I and II, 27%), those clearly opposed to religion (Type III, 31%), and those indifferent to religion (Types IV and V, 42%).The analysis showed that the religious identity of respondents in Types I, II, and III matched well with their value structures, while the patterns were less clear for Types IV and V. This confirms that it is easier to define religious identity with a structured worldview, whereas about 40% of respondents do not fit clearly into any category.It was found that conservative and religious individuals are generally more satisfied with life, while conservative and non-religious individuals tend to be less satisfied. There is also a strong correlation between religious-moral worldviews and supernatural experiences – devout and especially spiritual individuals are significantly more likely to have such experiences, while the likelihood is almost nonexistent for secular individuals.Among non-religious respondents, there is a notable portion who can be associated with vicarious religion – they consider faith and the church institutionally important, but do not personally practice any form of faith
Contextual drivers of environmental values cross-culturally: evidence from Europe between 2004 and 2012
Get PDFEnvironmental issues continue to grow in international prominence, owing to the importance of environ- mental conditions to human wellbeing globally. This paper focuses on why people's values toward care for nature and environmental protection change - one of the antecedents to pro-environmental norms and behaviour. We aimed to clarify how individual and country-level contextual factors affect environmental values in Europe. Our cross-national study used data on individual environmental values from the 2004 and 2012 rounds of the European Social Survey, in combination with macro-level data on socio-economic security, countries' environmental performance and educational levels. Country-level results revealed that throughout the studied years, nature held more importance to people in countries with increased levels of unemployment and exacerbated income disparities, including in transitional, post-socialist economies. Care for environment is less prominent in countries already performing well in terms of socio-economic and environmental performance, i.e. in states that may have higher resilience capacity towards adverse environmental impacts. Besides a state’s science education, which functions as an effective socialiser of caring for nature, practical experiences with adverse environmental impacts (e.g. health impairment) could be used to predict an increase in the mean value of the natural environment in a country
Eesti kristlaskonna koroonapandeemiat puudutavad arusaamad ja nende seos isiklike ja kogukondlike veendumustega
Get PDFCurrent paper is focusing on emerging Coronavirus theology of the Estonian Christian community, to understand and map the theological and biblical arguments for and against vaccination and, to analyze if these arguments real life decisions regarding the vaccination against COVID-19. The research is based on online survey which was filled by 127 individuals with varied denominational and social background.
It appears that many Estonian Christians have personal theological arguments (often both pro and con) about vaccination. At the same time, no relationship between membership of different congregation and attitudes towards the vaccination could be confirmed.
More than two-thirds of respondents supported the idea that topics related to vaccination should be discussed within churches. However, almost no one indicated that the sermons had an impact on their attitudes towards the vaccination
Social trust and value similarity: the relationship between social trust and human values in Europe
Get PDFThe purpose of the current paper is to test whether value similarity may foster social trust in society and whether people have higher levels of social trust when they emphasise the same values that prevail in their country. The relationship between social trust and human values was examined in a sample of 51,308 people across 29 European countries using data from the European Social Survey round 6. Results suggest that value similarity is more important in generating individual level social trust in countries where the overall levels of social trust are higher. There is a stronger positive relationship between value similarity and social trust in Scandinavian countries, which have high social trust levels, while in countries with a low level of social trust, congruity of the personal value structure with the country level value structure tends to decrease the individuals trustfulness
Eestimaalaste moraalsete ja eetiliste hoiakute muutumine 1995–2020
Get PDFThe change in the moral and ethical attitudes of Estonians from 1995 to 2020 This analysis highlights significant shifts in the moral and ethical attitudes of Estonians over the past 25 years, reflecting broader societal transformations. In the 1990s and early 2000s, there was a tendency towards conservatism, but this trend has shifted markedly towards liberalism in recent years. The last decade, in particular, has seen a notable increase in tolerance towards issues such as extramarital relationships, homosexuality, abortion, and euthanasia. These changes are consistent with broader European and North American trends.A clear distinction exists between the moral and ethical views of ethnic Estonians and other language groups in Estonia, with Estonians tending to be more liberal. This difference is likely influenced by the general information environment rather than ethnic characteristics, suggesting that people’s attitudes are shaped more by the media and societal influences than by cultural or linguistic factors.Religious affiliation and community involvement also play a crucial role in shaping moral and ethical views. Those who are actively engaged in religious communities, particularly in free church or Catholic contexts, tend to hold more traditional values. This is in contrast to those with weaker ties to religious institutions, who are more susceptible to secular influences.The findings support previous research showing that active participation in religious life strengthens specific moral convictions and virtues. In contrast, weakened or severed ties to religious communities lead to a drift away from religious practices and values, resulting in a more secular and less morally defined identity
Eesti elanike meediatarbimine ja võimalikud seosed usuliste ning moraalsete tõekspidamistega uuringu „Elust, usust ja usuelust 2020“ põhjal
Get PDFMedia Consumption Among Estonian Residents and Its Connection to Religious and Moral Beliefs: Insights from the 'On Life, Faith, and Religious Life 2020' StudyThe focus of this article is analyzing whether there could be any associations between media consumption and personal moral and religious beliefs among Estonian residents. The analyses are based on data from survey „Elust, usust ja usuelust 2020“. Empirical part of this paper included two steps. In the first step most common media consumption patterns are identified, resulting in 5 distinct classes. Second step focuses on relationships. Reveled associations were most pronounced among consumers of Christian media, who had a distinctly more conservative stance on the moral permissibility of divorce, abortion, euthanasia, human cloning, etc. Another group which was relatively more open for religiosity, included respondents who avoided news
Testing a new operationalization of the basic values in Estonia on two subpopulations: A Estonian and a Russian speaking subpopulation
No full textThe Theory of Basic Human Value developed by Shalom Schwartz has held a dominant place on the field of value studies for at least two decades. It has been used widely across countries and different disciplines worldwide. Despite some modest adaptations, the theory has maintained its original form. Still, an increasing number of critical discussions have recently been published throwing doubt upon universality of its inner structure (ex. Mohler and Wohn 2005, Clercq 2006, Perrinjaquet et al. 2007, Davidov and Schmidt 2007, Davidov, Schmidt and Schwartz 2008, Davidov 2008, Knoppen and Saris 2009a, Fischer et al. 2010, Knoppen and Saris 2009b), which in turn have amplified the amount of research on methodological issues. Most of these studies have proposed ways to improve raised model shortages, mainly through unification of some adjacent value types. For example several studies lead by Eldad Davidov (Davidov and Schmidt 2007, Davidov, Schmidt and Schwartz 2008, Davidov 2008), which were all based on ESS data (PVQ21), referred to the need to join 3 sets of values, which showed low discriminant validity. In reflection to these studies Knoppen and Saris (2009a and b) showed that the given grouping of factors was a consequence of misspecifications in the model. They proved that the chosen items for the different problematic values had cross loadings on each other and when these cross loadings were ignored the correlations between the factors became very high sometimes even higher than 1.0. They also showed that an alternative model for the items of same PVQ resolved the problem of high correlations. Their results have been confirmed largely in several recent papers (Cieciuch and Schwartz 2012, Beierlein et al 2012) Schwartz has referred to the Estonian population as one of the most deviating ones (Schwartz 1992: p 21). That fact might have been related with the existence of relatively large ethnic minority in this society, whose value structure could have been varying compared with the one of ethnic majority. Therefore, this paper will test the new model on a representative sample of the Estonia population, collected in late 2008. In doing so the equivalence of the measurement in the two subpopulations will be tested as well
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