289,175 research outputs found
The political role of the people's liberation army 1949-1973
Full text linkThis thesis is to study the political role of the People's Liberation Army from the approach of structure and function. The framework of the thesis consists of three major parts, first, the influence of Chinese traditional political culture on, and the formation of, the political role of the PL A; second, the influence of domestic political struggles and external military conflicts on the development of the political role of the PLA; and the third, the analysis of the transition of the PLA's political role from the structure and personnel arrangements of the CCPCC Within the above-mentioned three scopes, this thesis make a thorough discussion on the following: (1) The relationship between the structure of the PRC and the formation of the PLA's political role; (2) How has ideology influenced the army's political role; (3) What is Mao's viewpoint and his influence on the development of the army's political role; (4) What is the link between the army and the party, and how has this developed; (6) What accounts for the expansion of the PLA's political functions; (7) What is the influence of political factional struggles on the PLA's political role; (8) Is it political institution or military institution that controls the recruitment of the military elite; (9) What are the disparities between the military elite in handling international conflicts and what are their political considerations; (10) What is the Party's position in the army; (11) How have the Party’s important meetings and personnel arrangements influenced the rise and fall of the PLA's political role
Interaction between stimulus-driven orienting and top-down modulation in attentional capture
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On the generality of the displaywide contingent orienting hypothesis: Can a visual onset capture attention without top-down control settings for displaywide onset?
No full textOrienting of attention: From cognition to emotion
No full text注意力指向包含認知與情緒的面向，分別藉由「選擇」和「喜好」所展現。第一系列的研究顯示，注意力指向的選擇機制同時受到刺激特性與目標設定的影響，當探討刺激能否攫取注意力時，必需區分「刺激導引的成分」以及「受目標設定影響」兩者所造成的效果。某些與作業無關的刺激特性，例如顯著性和動態性，確實能夠攫取注意力，但是其攫取效果會受到目標設定的調節；當與目標設定不一致時，其攫取效果會受到抑制而無法展現。本系列研究提出「交互作用模型」顯示：在刺激剛出現時，吾人的注意力主要受到刺激特性的影響而被導引，爾後則由個體目標設定來主導，進而調節由刺激引發的指向選擇。第二系列的研究探討兩種不同喜好（偏好熟悉人臉或新奇風景圖片）的內在機制，以及注意力指向在其中所扮演的角色。雖然兩種不同喜好的內在機制不同，但是注意力指向均扮演重要角色；指向與喜好的選擇相互增強，顯示指向選擇的認知功能與情緒的喜好判斷密不可分。Orienting has both cognitive and emotional aspects which can be revealed by selection and preference, respectively. In the first part of this study, we investigate of how the selection occurs and propose an interactive model in which both stimulus-driven properties and top-down controls interact with each other to determinate the final selection. Certain kinds of stimulus properties such as salience or transient changes can elicit stimulus-driven activation to capture attention. However, the activation can be modulated by top-down controls. The interactive model differentiates the two components of orienting, involuntary and voluntary, and further helps to solve the discrepancy in the literature of attentional capture. In the second part of this study, we investigate two principles of memory in preference, preference for familiar faces and novel natural scenes, and how orienting plays a role in-between. Although different mechanisms of the two kinds of preferences are suggested by series of studies, orienting indeed contributes to preference. A positive feedback loop between selection and preference is suggested which implies a close linkage between cognition and emotion by orienting.Chapter 1. Introduction 1hat is orienting? 1vert vs. covert orienting 2oluntary vs. involuntary orienting 5ognitive vs. emotional aspect of orienting 6mplicit processes 9oal and overview of this study 11hapter 2. Part I: Involuntary orienting as revealed by attentional capture 13timulus-driven capture hypotheses 13ontingent capture hypothesis 15n the generality of the contingent capture hypothesis 16he interactive model purposed in this study 17verview of Part I 18xperiment 1: Asymmetry of onset and color in attentional capture 19xperiment 1A: Onset cue, color target 20xperiment 1B: Onset cue, color target 24xperiment 1C: Color cue, onset target 27eneral discussion of Experiment 1 29xperiment 2: Top-down modulation on stimulus-driven orienting 30xperiment 2A: Set size four 31xperiment 2B: Set size eight 36eneral discussion of Experiment 2 39xperiment 3: A subliminal onset cue captures attention 41xperiment 4: A subliminal color cue cannot capture attention 44eneral discussion of Part I: Cognitive aspect of orienting 48he interactive model: Stimulus-driven orienting 49he interactive model: Top-down modulation 51hapter 3. Part II: Orienting and preference 55amiliarity vs. novelty preference 55he gaze cascade effect 56he role of orienting in familiarity vs. novelty preference 57verview of Part II 58xperiment 5: Determinant of familiarity vs. novelty preference 59xperiment 5A：Depth of process 60xperiment 5B：Nature of the task 63eneral discussion of Experiment 5 65xperiment 6: Orienting, and familiarity vs. novelty preference 66xperiment 7: Effect of short exposure duration 70eneral discussion of Part II: Emotional aspect of orienting 73rienting contributes to preference 74hy do we prefer familiar faces and novel natural scenes? 75hapter 4: General discussion 79nteraction between involuntary and voluntary orienting 79mplicit processes 80rienting: From cognition to emotion 82eferences 84igures 9
The Comparison of Serum Teicoplanin Trough Concentrations Under Two Different Loading Doses
No full text研究背景：作為第一線治療多重抗藥性菌種所造成感染的重要抗生素之一，teicoplanin的療效取決於藥品濃度超過致病菌之最低抑制濃度（minimum inhibitory concentration，MIC）的時間長短，有鑑於臺灣近年格蘭氏陽性菌的抗藥性日益嚴重，臨床MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)分離菌株對於teicoplanin的MIC逐漸增加至2 mg/L，藥品血中濃度建議至少維持在10 mg/L，甚至20 mg/L以上。然而，teicoplanin為一高蛋白結合率藥品，臺灣目前所使用的速效劑量3-6 mg/Kg未必可及時達到理想濃度，又欠缺商業化方法進行療效監測，考量到延誤有效治療不利於治療結果，臨床上也曾觀察到治療期間致病菌的敏感性逐漸下降，感染不斷發生，因此希望找出恰當的速效劑量，使血中濃度盡快達到10 mg/L。
研究方法：本研究為一前瞻性、單盲的臨床試驗，在臺大醫院進行。首先在2004年2月至2005年1月納入十位病患，利用high performance liquid chromatography檢測teicoplanin的血中濃度，觀察投藥後達到理想濃度的比例，計算試驗所需的人數。接著在2005年6月至2006年1月納入懷疑中度格蘭氏陽性菌感染患者，將其盡量隨機分配進入兩組，接受速效劑量6或12 mg/Kg（前三劑相隔12小時，第三劑24小時後再補一劑），自第四天起投予維持劑量6 mg/Kg，給藥間隔依照肌酸酐廓清率(CLCr)調整，每個人在分別在給予第三、四、五劑前，以及第九天和十四天的給藥前抽血，以fluorescence polarization immunoassay方式檢測。
研究結果與討論：兩組各有12位患者，藥品血中濃度值在前五劑達到10 mg/L的比例有顯著差異（第三劑18% vs. 92%；第四劑17% vs. 91%；第五劑33% vs. 82%）；高速效劑量組中，在CLCr¬小於20 mL/min/1.73m2與血液透析患者濃度更超過20 mg/L。顯然起始劑量具有決定性影響，實際體重與理想體重間比值（β=21.61, p=0.0008）和經體表面積校正後的肌酸酐清除率（β=-0.11, p=0.0043）對於第三天的血中濃度也有顯著影響，顯示實際體重可能不是計算劑量最適當的方法。
此外，觀察兩週內teicoplanin谷濃度的變化，相較於低速效劑量組大部分起伏不大，半數谷濃度不超過8.5 mg/L；高速效劑量組起初都超過10 mg/L，隨後又逐漸下降，最終有三位濃度降至目標濃度之下，因此維持劑量可能還需要提高一點。給藥間隔對於CLCr在60以上、40-60和小於40 mL/min/1.73 m2的患者，可分別調整為一、二與三天。至於血液透析患者每三天投予6 mg/Kg可使血中濃度維持在10 mg/L以上；但連續血液過濾期間，病患隔天接受6 mg/Kg則略嫌不足。試驗期間共有7位（29%）患者發生8件副作用，不過並未發現與血中濃度的高低有任何關連。
結論：投予速效劑量12 mg/Kg可使病患在療程前期達到10 mg/L以上，CLCr小於20 mL/min/1.73m2與血液透析患者甚至可超過20 mg/L。之後維持劑量6 mg/Kg可能還需要提高，給藥間隔在CLCr介於40-60和小於40 mL/min/1.73m2調整為兩天和三天可能是恰當的；針對血液透析患者，每三天接受一次6 mg/Kg的投予是恰當的；連續血液過濾期間，隔天投藥6 mg/Kg則略顯不足。不過因為個體間血中teicoplanin濃度變化大，建議病人應進行臨床療效監測，以作為調整劑量的依據。Background: As one of the first-line therapy for multiresistant Gram-positive infections, teicoplanin exhibits time-dependant killing. Due to the reduced susceptibility to teicoplanin within the past decade, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates increased to 2 mg/L in these years. It is the gold standard to maintain a trough concentration at least 10 mg/L, even 20 mg/L. However, it is known that teicoplanin is high protein binding. Current standard dose, 3-6 mg/Kg, often produces a serum trough level of < 10 mg/L. There is also no commercially avalible drug monitoring method in Taiwan. Because delay in effective therapy is detrimental to clinical outcomes, this study was designed to identify appropriate loading dose to obtain therapeutic concentrations as soon as possible.
Methods: A prospective, single-blinded clinical trial was carried out in a medical center. The sample size was determined by a preliminary observation performed during Febunary 2004 to January 2005. The drug concentrations of these 10 patients were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Patients with suspected moderate gram-positive infections were enrolled during June 2005 to January 2006. A loading dose of 6 or 12 mg/Kg was given every 12 hours for three times and then 24 hours after the third dose. From day 4, patients received a maintenance dose of 6 mg/Kg. The dosing interval was 1 to 3 days according to their creatinine clearance (CLCr). Serum samples before dose 3, 4, 5 and day 9 and 14 were collected to determine the trough concentrations of teicoplanin by fluorescence polarization immunoassay.
Results: Twelve patients were allocated to each group as randomly as possible. The proportions of patints achieving 10 mg/L or higher during the first five doses differed significantly between two groups (18% vs. 92% before the third dose; 17% vs. 91% before the fourth dose; 33% vs. 82% before the fifth dose). Hemodialysis patients or those with CLCr < 20 mL/min/1.73m2 even achieved > 20 mg/L in the higher loading dose group. Obviously, loading dose was the crucial factor for the serum teicoplanin concentrations. Creatinine clearance (β=-0.11, p=0.0043) and the ratio of actual body weight and ideal body weight (β=21.61, p=0.0008) also influenced the trough levels on the third day, indicating actual body weight might not be the approapriate dosing weight.
Besides, looking into the pattern of the changes in the trough concentrations further, higher maintenance dose might be necessary. Patients receiving loading dose of 6 mg/Kg had consitantly low trough concentrations, which half was not higher than 8.5 mg/L. Those in the other group declined over time. A total of 3 patients had trough concentrations below 10 mg/L in two weeks. Dosing interval was determined by creatinine clearance. The cutpoint was 60 and 40 mL/min/1.73m2. Hemodialysis patients kept target concentrations when they received 6 mg/Kg every three days. But 6 mg/Kg every other day might be too small to keep the target trough concentrations during continuous hemofiltration. A total of 8 adverse effects occurred on 7 study subjects (29%). There were no relationship between serum trough concentrations and the occurance of side effects.
Conclusion: Loading doses of 12 mg/Kg would achieve the serum trough concentrations higher than 10 mg/L, even higher than 20 mg/L on patients with CLCr < 20 mL/min/1.73m2 or during hemodialysis in the early treatment period. Higher maintenance dose might be necessary. It was acceptable to adjust the dosing interval of maintainence dose to two and three days for patients with CLCr 40-60 and <40 mL/min/1.73m2, respectively. As for hemodialysis patients, 6 mg/Kg every 3 days was enough. But 6 mg/Kg every other day was not enough to keep target concentrations during continuous hemofiltration. In view of large variation of serum teicoplanin concentrations in different patients, therapeutic drug monitoring was recommended.目錄
口試委員會審定書 i
誌 謝 ii
中文摘要 iii
英文摘要 v
目錄 viii
圖目錄 xi
表目錄 xii
附表目錄 xiv
中英對照表與縮寫表 xv
第一章 緒論 1
第二章 文獻探討 3
2.1. 物化學性質 3
2.2. 作用機轉與抗菌範圍 4
2.3. 血中濃度的測量方法 5
2.4. 藥品動力學性質 10
2.4.1. 吸收 10
2.4.2. 分佈 10
2.4.3. 排除 12
2.4.4. 影響排除之因素 12
2.5. 藥效學性質 17
2.6. 臨床應用 17
2.7. 副作用 19
第三章 研究目的與方法 21
3.1. 研究目的 21
3.2. 研究設計 21
3.3. 研究對象 24
3.4. 試驗流程 24
3.5. 血液檢體收集與分析 25
3.6. 臨床資料收集 26
3.7. 藥品副作用定義 26
3.8. 統計分析 27
第四章 研究結果 28
4.1. 前驅性觀察 28
4.2. 病人基本資料 30
4.3. Teicoplanin血中濃度 32
4.3.1. 每天平均濃度 32
4.3.2. 兩組達到理想濃度的比例 35
4.3.3. 各種腎功能下teicoplanin血中濃度變化 36
4.3.4. 第三天teicoplanin給藥前濃度的影響因子 46
4.4. 藥品副作用 49
第五章 研究討論 50
5.1. 前驅性試驗 50
5.2. Teicoplanin谷濃度與臨床療效 50
5.3. Teicoplanin谷濃度與給藥方式 51
5.3.1. 血液透析與連續血液過濾患者 53
5.3.2. 腎功能不全患者的調整用藥方式 53
5.4. 影響teicoplanin谷濃度的因子 54
5.5. Teicoplanin安全性與谷濃度 55
5.6. 研究限制 56
第六章 結論 58
參考文獻 5
Online_Supplement_Materials_9-14-19 - The Misunderstood Schema of the Strong Black Woman: Exploring Its Mental Health Consequences and Coping Responses Among African American Women
No full textOnline_Supplement_Materials_9-14-19 for The Misunderstood Schema of the Strong Black Woman: Exploring Its Mental Health Consequences and Coping Responses Among African American Women by Kelly Yu-Hsin Liao, Meifen Wei and Mengxi Yin in Psychology of Women Quarterly</p
A Review on Liao’s Dissertation Entitled “The Solutions on Multi-choice Games” and Related Publications
Full text linkIn 2007, Liao finished his Ph.d. dissertation[18](Liao 2007) entitled “The Solutions on Multi-choice Games”. Chapter 1 of the dissertation mainly worked on two special cases of the H&R multi-choice Shapley value. One assumes that the weight function w(j) is a positive constant function for all j 6= 0 with w(0) = 0 and the other one assumes that the weight function w(j) = j for all j. If w(j) ’s are equal for all j > 0 then the formula of H&R multi-choice Shapley value can be significantly simplified to the original formula of the traditional Shapley value for the traditional games. Therefore, as a matter of fact, Definitions 1 and 2 in Chapter 1 of the dissertation [18] are simply the traditional Shapley value. Hence, in most part of Chapter 1, Liao was just writing “new results” of traditional games in terms of the notations of multi-choice games. Furthermore, the dissertation [18] did not cited [7](1994), [8](1995a) and [10](1996) which held the original ideas of its main part of chapter 1.Multi-choice TU games, Shapley value, potential, w-consistency
Determination of X-Ray Diffraction on the Phase Transformation of Microwave-Assisted Titanate Nanotubes during Thermal Treatment
Full text linkBased on the determination of X-ray powder diffraction, this study aims to investigate the thermal effect on the phase transformation of microwave-assisted titanate nanotubes (MTNTs). The phase transformation is highly dependent on the intercalating amount of Na(I) within MTNTs and on the heating atmosphere. In other words, the presence of Na(I) favors the transformation of TNTs phase into Na2Ti6O13whereas anatase phase selectively formed in the case of MTNTs with less Na(I) amount. Furthermore, H2versus O2is able to form anatase phase and establish a newly transformation pathway. The photocatalytic ability of the calcined MTNTs was also evaluated based on the observed rate constant of trichloroethylene degradation. In addition to anatase phase, the newly phase including Na2Ti6O13and Ti2O3with calcined MTNTs is able to photocatalyze trichloroethylene. MTNTs calcined with the presence of H2also exhibit a superior photocatalytic performance to P25 TiO2.</jats:p
On Conversation in Liao Chai Chih I
Full text linkLiao Chai Chih I, Gothic Romance written by P'u Sung-ling (蒲松齡) in the early eighteenth century, has been adapted into plays by many dramatists. It is, I think, because the conversation in Liao Chai Chih I is exceedingly dramatic. I shall, for example, analyze the scene in which Wang Kuei-an (王桂菴)'s humorous expressions cause unimagined crisis; the scene in which Wang Ch'êng (王成) plays a thrilling action; and the scene in which Ying Ning (嬰寧) plays with words. What I intend to point out are the dramatic elements in the conversations in Liao Chai Chih I. The dramatic elements come from P'u Sung-ling's deep insights into common man's acts and psychology. That's why Liao Chai Chih I is not restricted only by the genre of novel, but can also be trans-formed into plays, bardic songs and folk tales
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