178,322 research outputs found
The political role of the people's liberation army 1949-1973
No full textThis thesis is to study the political role of the People's Liberation Army from the approach of structure and function. The framework of the thesis consists of three major parts, first, the influence of Chinese traditional political culture on, and the formation of, the political role of the PL A; second, the influence of domestic political struggles and external military conflicts on the development of the political role of the PLA; and the third, the analysis of the transition of the PLA's political role from the structure and personnel arrangements of the CCPCC Within the above-mentioned three scopes, this thesis make a thorough discussion on the following: (1) The relationship between the structure of the PRC and the formation of the PLA's political role; (2) How has ideology influenced the army's political role; (3) What is Mao's viewpoint and his influence on the development of the army's political role; (4) What is the link between the army and the party, and how has this developed; (6) What accounts for the expansion of the PLA's political functions; (7) What is the influence of political factional struggles on the PLA's political role; (8) Is it political institution or military institution that controls the recruitment of the military elite; (9) What are the disparities between the military elite in handling international conflicts and what are their political considerations; (10) What is the Party's position in the army; (11) How have the Party’s important meetings and personnel arrangements influenced the rise and fall of the PLA's political role
Cheng Li (李成) interview for the China Boom Project
No full textCheng Li, Director of Research at the John L. Thornton China Center, Brookings Institution, was interviewed by the Asia Society staff in New York, USA on October 30, 2008.Transcript and interviewee's bio are available.Original video interviews are available at the Asia Society.The China Boom Project classified this interviewee’s field as: AcademicsThe video has been edite
Lesteva concava Cheng & Li & Peng 2019, new species
No full textLesteva (s. str.) concava, Cheng, Li & Peng, new species (Figs 2B, 3 G–H, 5D–F, 24) Type material (64 exs). Holotype: CHINA: ♂: ‘ China: Zhejiang Prov., Lin’an City (临安市), Mt. Qingliang (清 凉峰), 1050–1080 m, 8–10.v.2005, Zhu & Li leg. ’ / HOLOTYPE (red), L. concava sp. nov., det. Cheng, Li & Peng, 2019, SNUC. Paratypes: CHINA: 17 ♂♂, 34 ♀♀: same label data as holotype / PARATYPE (yellow), L. concava sp. nov., det. Cheng, Li & Peng, 2019, SNUC; 1 ♀: ‘ China: Anhui Prov., Anqing City (安庆市), Qianshan County (潜山县), Mt. Tainzhu (天柱山), 1150–1250 m, 25.iv.2005, Hu & Tang leg. ’ / PARATYPE (yellow), L. concava sp. nov., det. Cheng, Li & Peng, 2019, SNUC; 1 ♀: ‘ China: Anhui Prov., Chizhou City (池州市), Shitai County (石台县), Guniujiang N. R. (牯牛降自然保护区), alt. 300 m, 27.iv.2005, Hu & Tang leg. ’ / PARATYPE (yellow), L. concava sp. nov., det. Cheng, Li & Peng, 2019, SNUC; 1 ♀: ‘ China: Zhejiang Prov., Hangzhou City (杭州 市), Anji County (安吉 县), Mt. Longwang (龙王 山), 300–500 m, 24.iv.2004, Jing-Wen Zhu leg. ’ / PARATYPE (yellow), L. concava sp. nov., det. Cheng, Li & Peng, 2019, SNUC; 2 ♀♀: ‘ China: Zhejiang Prov., Hangzhou City (杭州市), Anji County (安吉县), Mt. Longwang (龙王山), 250–550 m, 24.iv.2006, Jin-Wen Li leg. ’ / PARATYPE (yellow), L. concava sp. nov., det. Cheng, Li & Peng, 2019, SNUC; 2 ♀♀: ‘ China: Zhejiang Prov., Hangzhou City (杭州市), Anji County (安吉县), Mt. Longwang (龙王山), 1050–1200 m, 15.v.2013, Chen & Pan leg. ’ / PARATYPE (yellow), L. concava sp. nov., det. Cheng, Li & Peng, 2019, SNUC; 1 ♀: ‘ China: Zhejiang Prov., Lin’an City (临安市), Mt. Tianmu (天目山), 800–1150 m, 2.v.2001, Jiao-Yao Hu leg. ’ / PARATYPE (yellow), L. concava sp. nov., det. Cheng, Li & Peng, 2019, SNUC; 1 ♀: ‘ China: Zhejiang Prov., Lin’an City (临安市), Mt. Tianmu, (天目山), 800–1150 m, 31.v.2006, Hu & Tang leg. ’ / PARATYPE (yellow), L. concava sp. nov., det. Cheng, Li & Peng, 2019, SNUC; 1 ♂: ‘ China: Zhejiang Prov., Lin’an City (临安市), Mt. Tianmu, (天目山), 830–900 m, 31.v.2010, Wang, Xu & Zhu leg. ’ / PARATYPE (yellow), L. concava sp. nov., det. Cheng, Li & Peng, 2019, SNUC; 1 ♂, 1 ♀: ‘ China: Zhejiang Prov., Quzhou City (衢州市), Jingning County (景宁 县), Baiyunlinqu (白云林区), 1100–1270 m, 07.v.2012, Jian-Qing Zhu leg. ’ / PARATYPE (yellow), L. concava sp. nov., det. Cheng, Li & Peng, 2019, SNUC. Description. Measurements (in mm) and ratios: BL 3.04–3.29; FL 2.36–2.48; HL 0.47–0.50; HW 0.59–0.62; PL 0.56–0.59; PW 0.65–0.68; EL 1.27–1.33; EW 1.18–1.21; HL/HW 0.75–0.79; PL/PW 0.86–0.90; EL/EW 1.07–1.11; HW/PW 0.90–0.95; PL/EL 0.44–0.46; AnL 1.39–1.42; AeL 0.46–0.50. Habitus as in Fig. 2B. Reddish brown, head usually darker, blackish brown; mouthparts fuscous brown; antennae yellowish brown; elytra with small subtriangular yellow maculae near middle; legs reddish brown, except of paler apex of tibiae and tarsi. Pubescence of body pale, evident and recumbent. Head subtriangular, coarsely and sparsely punctate, widest across eyes; eyes prominent, 1.86 times longer than temples; ocelli distinct, distance between ocelli 1.75 times as long as distance between ocellus and posterior margin of eye. Antennae elongate, relative lengths of the antennomeres I–XI: 1.54: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1.15: 1.15: 1.15: 1.15: 1.77. Pronotum subcordate, moderately convex, widest near anterior third; lateral margins arcuate at anterior twothirds and nearly straight at posterior third; punctation and pubescence as that on head; disc with shallow U-shaped depression. Scutellum subtriangular, surface with fine punctation and pubescence. Elytra subtrapezoidal, gradually dilated posteriorly, posterior angles broadly rounded; punctation and pubescence distinctly finer and sparser than those on pronotum. Abdomen broad, widest at segment IV (first visible abdominal segment), then distinctly narrowed posteriorly. Tergites with dense, fine punctation and decumbent pubescence, devoid of microsculpture; middle of the tergites IV and V with one pair of tomentose patches, but patches on tergite V smaller and less transverse. Male. Apical margin of the tergite VIII (Fig. 3G) broadly concave; sternite VIII (Fig. 3H) transverse, apical margin weakly concave; median lobe of the aedeagus (Figs 5 D–F) slightly longer than parameres; parameres somewhat asymmetrical, each slightly narrowed in anterior half, with three long apical setae; internal sac without sclerotized spines and without distinct dark membranous structures. Female. Abdominal sternite VIII without concavity apically. In other morphological characters similar with males. Comparative notes. Lesteva concava is closest to L. cooteri Rougemont in sharing similar body size, and punctation and pubescence of the head and pronotum. These two species can be readily separated by the different coloration of the body, and especially the narrower aedeagus with longer median lobe and narrower and longer parameres in L. concava. For illustrations of L. cooteri see Figs 6A, 8 A–B, 9A–C and Rougemont (2000: figs 1, 13). Distribution and nature history. China: Anhui, Zhejiang (Fig. 24). Some specimens were sifted from leaf litter near a stream in mixed deciduous forests at Mt. Tianzhu, Anhui. Etymology. The new specific epithet refers to the broadly concave apical margin of the male tergite VIII.Published as part of Cheng, Zhi-Fei, Li, Li-Zhen & Peng, Zhong, 2019, New species and new records of Lesteva Latreille, 1797 (Coleoptera Staphylinidae: Omaliinae) from China, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 4560 (1) on pages 5-9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/262725
Habraulacus Li, Rasnitsyn, Shih & Ren 2015
No full text3.476 Genus Habraulacus Li, Rasnitsyn, Shih & Ren, 2015 Habraulacus Li, Rasnitsyn, Shih & Ren, 2015: 21. Type species: Habraulacus zhaoi Li, Rasnitsyn, Shih & Ren, 2015.Published as part of Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin & Bai, Ming, 2017, A catalogue of Burmite inclusions, pp. 249-379 in Zoological Systematics 42 (3) on page 355, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715, http://zenodo.org/record/536031
Jurahylobittacus astictus Li & Ren & Shih 2008
No full textJurahylobittacus astictus sp nov. (Figs 2A–E, 3C–D) Etymology. This species is named astictus after having no maculae on wings. Material. Holotype CNU-M-NN2007002-1 and CNU-M-NN2007002-2, positive and negative (coll. Shih Chungkun), deposited at the Key Lab of Insect Evolution & Environmental Changes, the College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University (CNU), Beijing, China. Horizon and locality. Jiulongshan Formation, Middle Jurassic, Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, China. Diagnosis. Sc-r at about as long as its length before end of Sc; no cross-vein between R 2 and R 1; and no maculae on wings. Description. Lateral view of a complete insect. Rostrum slender; abdomen long and slender, slightly beyond wing tip (Fig. 2 A-C). Wings. Basal part of forewing narrow; gradually broadening from base towards rounded apex; pterostigma slightly dark; sc-r is close to the tip of Sc; M 1+2 dividing far beyond R 4+5; one cross-vein between R 2+3 and R 4; two cross-veins R 4 and R 5; two cross-veins between R 5 and M 1; two cross-veins between M 1 and M 2; two cross-veins between M 2 and M 3; one cross-vein between M 3 and M 4; two cross-veins between CuA and CuP; two cross-veins connecting 1A and 2A; 2A extending almost to level of origin of M; and vein 3A absent (Fig. 2D). Hindwings seem to be identical to the forewings in the venation, but their Sc short, ending distally before the fork of Rs ( Fig. 2E). Abdomen. At least nine visible segments in lateral view (Fig. 2C). Terminal abdominal segments were well preserved, basistyles, aedeagus, cercus and epiandrial lobe visible (Fig. 3 C-D). Body 18 mm long, forewing 12.6 mm long, 3.0 mm wide; hind wing 10.3 mm long, 3.0 mm wide.Published as part of Li, Yan-Li, Ren, Dong & Shih, Chung-Kun, 2008, Two Middle Jurassic hanging-flies (Insecta: Mecoptera: Bittacidae) from Northeast China, pp. 38-46 in Zootaxa 1929 (1) on pages 43-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1929.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/523080
Rethinking Import-substituting Industrialization: Development Strategies and Institutions in Taiwan and China
No full textimport-substituting industrialization, export-oriented industrialization, development strategies, institutions
Habraulacus zhaoi Li, Rasnitsyn, Shih & Ren 2015
No full text598) Habraulacus zhaoi Li, Rasnitsyn, Shih & Ren, 2015 Habraulacus zhaoi Li, Rasnitsyn, Shih & Ren, 2015: 21. Type specimen(s). H (♂): CNU-HYM-MA-2014001 (CNU).Published as part of Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin & Bai, Ming, 2017, A catalogue of Burmite inclusions, pp. 249-379 in Zoological Systematics 42 (3) on page 355, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715, http://zenodo.org/record/536031
An Economy-wide Analysis of Impacts of WTO Tiered Formula for Tariff Reduction on Taiwan
No full textIn this study we use Taiwan as a case study to provide an economy-wide analysis of impacts on Taiwan of WTO tariff reduction schemes with different combinations of thresholds and reduction rates. The model we utilized in this study is Taiwan General Equilibrium Model with a WTO module (TAIGEM-WTO, hereafter) that is a multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the Taiwan's economy derived from Australian ORANI model (Dixon, Parmenter, Sutton and Vincent, 1982). Simulation results show that results are more sensitive to the scheme of tariff-reduction (i.e., Category 1, 2, and 3) than the tiered levels (i.e., A, B, C, and D) and as a strategy we should pay more attention to the arguments related to the amounts of tariff-reduction. Moreover, changes in nominal average tariff rates are more sensitive and shocks to the economy are more severe when we change the tariff reduction categories rather than the tiered levels. This conclusion also applies to the tiered reduction case when only sensitive products are considered. Finally, simulations with sector's bound rate calculated using arithmetic means have bigger effects than those using import values as weights. Therefore, sector's bound rate using import values as weights would be preferred.International Relations/Trade,
Li Cheng, China's Leaders
No full textBéja Jean-Philippe. Li Cheng, China's Leaders. In: Perspectives chinoises, n°68, 2001. pp. 67-69
Archaulacus Li, Shih & Ren, 2014, gen. nov.
No full textGenus Archaulacus gen. nov. Type species. Archaulacus probus sp. nov. Etymology. From the Greek arch-, meaning “ancient”, and generic name Aulacus. Diagnosis. Head transversely board. Antenna consisting of more than 20 antennomeres. Fore wing with Rs originating far from pterostigma, pterostigma narrow, long, parallel-sided; first abscissa of Rs subvertical to R; 2 rrs meeting Rs quite basad of 2 r-m and slightly longer than the maximal width of 2 rm; 2 m-cu slightly basad of 2 r-m, 2 rm slightly longer and narrower than 3 rm; 2 rm in contact with 1 mcu by a point; cu-a postfurcal. Hind wing with C present. Metasomal long-ovoid with first metasomal segment nearly triangular, ovipositor longer than fore wing. Remarks. We assigned Archaulacus to Praeaulacidae by the following diagnosis: long, polymerous antennae with smooth contours; fore wing with M+Cu forking much close to pterostigma than to wing base, 1 r-rs absent, 2 rm, 3 r-m and 2 m-cu present, 2 A absent; ovipositor long with sheaths more than half length of metasoma. However, the new genus differs from other praeaulacines in fore wing with first abscissa of Rs subvertical to R; 2 r-rs meeting Rs quite basad of 2 r-m and slightly longer than the maximal width of 2 rm; 2 m-cu slightly basad of 2 r-m. Species included. Archaulacus probus sp. nov.Published as part of Li, Longfeng, Shih, Chungkun & Ren, Dong, 2014, New fossil Praeaulacinae wasps (Insect: Hymenoptera: Evanioidea: Praeaulacidae) from the Middle Jurassic of China, pp. 432-442 in Zootaxa 3814 (3) on page 433, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3814.3.10, http://zenodo.org/record/23048
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