587 research outputs found
New objects do not capture attention without a top-down setting: Evidence from an inattentional blindness task
No full textProgram Tailoring: Slicing by Sequential Criteria
Full text linkProtocol and typestate analyses often report some sequences of
statements ending at a program point P that needs to be
scrutinized, since P may be erroneous or imprecisely
analyzed. Program slicing focuses only on the behavior at P by
computing a slice of the program affecting the values at P. In
this paper, we propose to restrict our attention to the subset of
that behavior at P affected by one or several statement
sequences, called a sequential criterion (SC). By leveraging the
ordering information in a SC, e.g., the temporal order in a few
valid/invalid API method invocation sequences, we introduce a
new technique, program tailoring, to compute a tailored program
that comprises the statements in all possible execution paths
passing through at least one sequence in SC in the given
order. With a prototyping implementation, Tailor, we show why
tailoring is practically useful by conducting two case studies on
seven large real-world Java applications. For program
debugging and understanding, Tailor can complement program
slicing by removing SC-irrelevant statements. For program
analysis, Tailor can enable a pointer analysis, which is
unscalable to a program, to perform a more focused and therefore
potentially scalable analysis to its specific parts containing
hard language features such as reflection
Chang_Supplemental_Table – Supplemental material for Delay Aversion, Temporal Processing, and N-3 Fatty Acids Intake in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
No full textSupplemental material, Chang_Supplemental_Table for Delay Aversion, Temporal Processing, and N-3 Fatty Acids Intake in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) by Jane Pei-Chen Chang, Li Jingling, Ya-Ting Huang, Yu-Ji Lu and Kuan-Pin Su in Clinical Psychological Science</p
Examples of the search display in Jingling and Tseng (2013).
No full text<p>The target is either overlapping (A or C) or non-overlapping (B or D) with the distractor. The distractor can be of long (21 bars) (A, C or D) or short collinear (3 bars) (B) in the distractor column. The configuration can be collinear vertical (A, B) or non-collinear (C), or collinear horizontal (D). The target is highlighted in (A) but not shown in experiment.</p
Illustration of main findings in Jingling and Tseng (2013).
No full text<p>(A) The effect of distractor configuration. (B) The effect of distractor size.</p
P2-11: Attentional Control Setting Did Not Alter the Interference from Global Collinear Distractor in Visual Search
No full textA salient item usually captures our attention in visual search. When a distractor is salient, it should help observers to find a target that was overlapping it. However, in Jingling and Tseng (in press Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance doi: 10.1037/a0027325), a target overlapping with a salient distractor took longer to discriminate than that which was non-overlapped, if the salient distractor was grouped by collinearity. One of the reasons for prolonged responses in overlapping targets is that the collinear distractor was not contingent on the attentional control setting of task requirements. More specifically, the target was a broken bar, which might induce an attentional control setting on searching for discontinuity. Meanwhile, the distractor was grouped continuously, which was against the attentional control setting and generated interference to the overlapping target. In this study, we modified the definition of the target and tested whether the interference was preserved when the attentional control setting was not on discontinuity. The target was either a diamond or a square, and was either overlapping or not with the collinear salient distractor. Participants discriminated the shape of the target. The results replicated our previous study in that overlapping targets were harder to find. Our result argued against the possibility that the interference was induced by conflicts between the collinear distractor and the attentional control setting, implying that the interference might have been generated from earlier perceptual processing
Eyes Do Not Have it: A Collinear Salient Line Interferes with Visual Search Responses but Not Eye Movements
No full textOur previous study found that a task-irrelevant salient line impaired visual search when the salient line was composite of collinear bars (Jingling, 2010). In this study, we further investigated whether this inhibition can be observed in eye movements. The search display was a lattice of 21 by 27 bars. The task was to discriminate the orientation of a target, which was presented on one of seven bars in the central of search display. One of the columns of the bars was vertical, thus bars on this line were collinear to each other. The other bars were horizontal, making the collinear line salient. The target was on the bars at salient line by chance. Eight participants were recruited, and eye movements were recorded by EyeLink 1,000 with 250 Hz sampling rate. Results of hand response times replicated our previous findings: Responses were slower for targets on the bars at the salient line than that in the background. However, saccadic duration was not statistically different for these two types of targets. Our data showed that a collinear salient line interferes with key press but not eye movements, suggesting that the inhibitory effect emerged later than sensory information process
P2-10: Salient Local Targets Receive Higher Interference from Collinear Global Distractors
No full textSalient items usually attract our attention in visual search. A target overlapping with a salient distractor should thus have benefit over that which was non-overlapping. Nevertheless, we (Jingling & Tseng, in press) reported a special case where overlapping targets were more difficult to discriminate if the distractor formed a collinear global shape. One of the possibilities is that the target was not salient enough, making it subjective to interference from the global distractor. In this study we manipulated target salience by different levels of luminance contrast and tested whether a more salient target received less interference. The search display consisted of 576 gray elemental bars arranged in 21 rows × 27 columns against a dark background. One of the columns was filled by orthogonal bars, making it a salient distractor. The bars in the distractor could be vertical or horizontal, making it collinear or not, respectively. The subjects discriminated whether a target bar was brighter or darker. There were 4 luminance levels of the target bars. The target bar overlapped with the distractor at chance. We found that discriminating overlapping targets took longer than non-overlapping targets for trials with a vertical distractor, but less time for that with a horizontal distractor. Contradictory to our prediction, the interference was found especially when target contrast was higher. Our result argued against the possibility that the collinear global distractor interfered with the search because of the non-salient target. This result highlights the importance of perceptual grouping in visual search, and perhaps grouping plays a more important role than perceptual salience
Root-Derived Short-Chain Suberin Diacids from Rice and Rape Seed in a Paddy Soil under Rice Cultivar Treatments.
No full textSuberin-derived substituted fatty acids have been shown to be potential biomarkers for plant-derived carbon (C) in soils across ecosystems. Analyzing root derived suberin compounds bound in soil could help to understand the root input into a soil organic carbon pool. In this study, bound lipids were extracted and identified in root and topsoil samples. Short-chain suberin diacids were quantified under rice (Oryza sativa L.) and rape (Brassica campestris) rotations with different cultivar combinations in a Chinese rice paddy. After removal of free lipids with sequential extraction, the residual bound lipids were obtained with saponification and derivatization before analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Diacids C16 and C18 in bound lipids were detected both in rice and rape root samples, while diacids C20 and C22 were detected only in rape root samples. Accordingly, diacids were quantified in both rhizosphere and bulk soil (0-15 cm). The amount of total root-derived diacids in bulk soil varied in a range of 5.6-9.6 mg/kg across growth stages and crop seasons. After one year-round rice-rape rotation, root-derived suberin diacids were maintained at a level of 7-9 mg/kg in bulk soil; this was higher under a super rice cultivar LY than under a hybrid cultivar IIY. While concentrations of the analyzed diacids were generally higher in rhizosphere than in bulk soil, the total diacid (DA) concentration was higher at the time of rape harvest than at rice harvest, suggesting that rape roots made a major contribution to the preservation of diacids in the paddy. Moreover, the net change in the concentration and the ratios of C16:0 DA to C18:1 DA, and of C16:0 DA to C18:0 DA, over a whole growing season, were greater under LY than under IIY, though there was no difference between cultivars within a single growth stage. Overall, total concentration of root-derived suberin diacids was found to be positively correlated to soil organic carbon concentration both for bulk soil and rhizosphere. However, the turnover and preservation of the root suberin biomolecules with soil property and field conditions deserve further field studies
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