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    Epoxy Resin for the Slope Consolidation Intervention on the Tropea Sandstone Cliff (Southern Calabria, Italy)

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    The Tropea cliff (southern Calabria, Italy), affected by fast weathering processes and landslides, has needed various interventions of slope consolidation aimed at reducing hazard conditions. These interventions were performed with low environmental impact techniques in order to preserve the architecture and the landscape of the area. In 1998, a consolidant resin was tested on a limited portion of the Tropea sandstone cliff. The purpose of this test was checking the resin behavior against erosion processes. Previous researches showed a good resistance to erosion with only a slight opacification of the treated sandstone portion. This paper aims at studying the behavior of the consolidant resin after 17 years from its application. The research was performed by several laboratory tests. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis has indicated that the consolidant product was an epoxy resin. The scanning electron microscopy analysis has shown that the resin has penetrated into the rock up to 2 mm. The chemical analysis further testified that the tested surface is characterized by higher content of soluble salts than the non-treated surface. The salt content is mainly related to the infiltration of water enriched in soluble salts, due to the marine aerosol. The soluble salts, crystallizing in the rock pores and between the mica sheets, produce an increase of physical stress that is responsible of the exfoliation processes of the resin. Therefore, the use of epoxy resin on the tested sandstone rocks increases the strength on the outer rock surface, with a consequent good resistance to erosion processes just in a restricted period. Overtime, water infiltration introduces dangerous soluble salts below the treated surface, causing salt crystallization with important exfoliation processes of the treated rock surface

    Stratigraphy and detrital modes of Upper Messinian post-evaporitic sandstones of the Southern Apennines, Italy: evidence of foreland-basin evolution during the messinian mediterranean salinity crisis.

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    During the Messinian, the southern Apennines thrust belt experienced a period of strong tectonic rearrangement and accretion, activation of overthrusts, and consequent migration of depocenters. The upper Miocene successions cropping out in the northern segment of the southern Apennine thrust belt have good potential for improving our understanding of the interplay between Messinian salinity-crisis events and foreland-basin evolution. The local Messinian stratigraphy includes: (1) pre-evaporitic thin-bedded euxinic marly clay, interbedded with diatomaceous marls, (2) evaporitic limestone, crystalline gypsum. and reworked gypsum; (3) post-evaporitic deposits subdivided into two main units: the Torrente Fiumarella unit and the Anzano Molasse Formation that grade upward into ostracod-rich deposits (Lago-Mare facies). The evaporitic and post-evaporitic sequences are separated by an angular unconformity, This paper deals with the stratigraphic and petrographic study of the post-evaporitie deposits. The Torrente Fiumarella unit includes lacustrine and alluvial conglomerates, quartzolithic sandstones containing abundant carbonate detritus, shale, and reworked elastic gypsum. The Anzano Molasse Formation includes thick-bedded deltaic to turbiditic conglomerates and sandstones passing upward to thin-bedded turbidite sandstones and marly-clayey siltstones. Sandstones are quartzofeldspathic with variable proportions of sedimentary (both carbonate and siliciclastic) and plutonic detritus. In particular, two populations are present, plutonic-rich and mixed plutonic-sedimentary. Volcaniclastic layers, composed of dominantly vitric particles (shards and pumice), are also interbedded within Anzano Molasse sandstones. The Anzano succession includes rare freshwater ostracods that increase in abundance in the uppermost Lago-Mare facies. The Lago-Mare facies deposits are represented by silty-marly clay with abundant Ostracoda shells (Ilyocypris gibba, Cyprideis torosa and Candona sp.) and intrarenite having abundant intrabasinal carbonate particles (ooids, peloids, and bioclasts) and subordinate extrabasinal noncarbonate and carbonate particles. The post-evaporitic sequences represent all infilled foredeep basin, with a laeustrine environment progressively deepening and experiencing gravity resedimentation. Detrital modes document complex provenance relations from upper Messinian accreted terranes of the southern Apennines thrust belt. Post-evaporitic sandstones in the Irpinia-Daunia sector of the southern Apennines foreland-basin system record both the effects of the foreland tectonic evolution and the Messinian Mediterranean salinity crisis. They may represent alternative models for foreland-basin evolution during a restricted time in late Messinian, which call be applicable also in other portions of the circum-Mediterranean orogen
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