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Reisseronia annae sp. nov. — a new parthenogenetic bagworm moth from Poland (Lepidoptera, Psychidae)
No full textLarysz, Adam (2017): Reisseronia annae sp. nov. — a new parthenogenetic bagworm moth from Poland (Lepidoptera, Psychidae). Zootaxa 4242 (1): 193-200, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4242.1.1
FIGURES 1–8. 1 in A new parthenogenetic bagworm Reisseronia imielinella sp. nov. from Poland (Lepidoptera, Psychidae)
No full textFIGURES 1–8. 1. Reisseronia imielinella sp. nov. ♀: Holotype. Lateral view. (phot. A. Larysz). POLONIA CA75, Imielin 17 III 2011 e.o., ovum ex ♀ V 2010 railway tracks, leg. Adam Larysz. 2. Reisseronia imielinella sp. nov. ♀: Holotype. Ventral view. (phot. A. Larysz). POLONIA CA75, Imielin 17 III 2011 e.o., ovum ex ♀ V 2010 railway tracks, leg. Adam Larysz. 3. Reisseronia imielinella sp. nov. ♀: Head, Thorax latero-ventral view. (phot. A. Larysz). POLONIA CA75, Imielin 17 III 2011 e.o., ovum ex ♀ V 2010 railway tracks, leg. Adam Larysz. 4. Reisseronia imielinella sp. nov. ♀: Genitalia (phot. A. Larysz). POLONIA CA75, Imielin 17 III 2011 e.o., ovum ex ♀ V 2010 railway tracks, leg. Adam Larysz. 5. Reisseronia imielinella sp. nov. ♀: Exuvium: Segments 8–10 ventrally (phot. R. Stelmaszczyk). 6. Reisseronia imielinella sp. nov. ♀: Exuvium: Headplate (phot. A. Larysz). POLONIA CA75, Imielin 13 IV 2010 e.o., ovum ex ♀ V 2009 railway tracks, leg. Adam Larysz. 7. Reisseronia imielinella sp. nov. ♀: Exuvium ventrally (phot. A. Larysz). 8. Type locality in Imielin 23 V 2006 (phot. A. Larysz).Published as part of Malkiewicz, Adam, Sobczyk, Thomas & Larysz, Adam, 2013, A new parthenogenetic bagworm Reisseronia imielinella sp. nov. from Poland (Lepidoptera, Psychidae), pp. 193-200 in Zootaxa 3731 (1) on page 196, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3731.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/21806
Reisseronia annae Larysz, 2017, sp. nov.
No full textReisseronia annae sp. nov. (Figs 1–13, 16) Diagnosis. The males of all 13 species of the genus Reisseronia are known. Two species R. gertrudae and R. imielinella are known as parthenogenetic. The species Reisseronia annae sp. nov. described in this paper was found to be also parthenogenetic (Larysz 2016). R. annae sp. nov. differs from R. gertrudae and R. imielinella in the size of the females and larval cases, the number of antennal segments, and the structure of the legs, pupae, pupal head plate and female genitalia. Comparing the here below described species with the congeneric ones the diagnostic differences are as follows: The new species is similar to the reduced females of R. tschetverikovi Solanikov, 1990 (female length 4.5–5.0 mm, width 1.2 mm), but differs in the length of hairs (long, curled in R. annae sp. nov., short, erect in R. tschetverikovi) on the head and thorax, and the number of antennal segments (three segments in R. annae sp. nov., one segment in R. tschetverikovi) (Rutjan 2003). Females of R. muscaelutum Kurz, Kurz & Zeller-Lukashort, 2006 (female length 3.7 mm, width 0.85 mm) differ from the new species by having short, erect hairs on the head and thorax and by having smaller larval cases (length 6.0 mm, width 1.6 mm) (Kurz et al. 2006), while females of R. annae sp. nov. have long, curled hairs on the head and thorax, and their larval case are as big as 7.2 mm in length and 2.0 mm in width. Females of R. staudingeri (Heylaerts, 1879) and R. satanella Kurz, Kurz & Zeller-Lukashort, 2006 are similar in size to these of R. annae sp. nov. R. staudingeri— length 3.5–5.0 mm, width 1.3 mm, R. satanella— length 4.5– 5.25 mm, width 1.15–1.35 mm), R. annae sp. nov. —length 3.0– 4.2 mm, width 0.9–1.3 mm, but differ from the former two species in the number of antennal segments: in R. staudingeri one antennal segment, in R. satanella 8– 10 antennal segments, in R. annae sp. nov. three antennal segments. The size of their larval cases also serve as a diagnostic character. The larval case length 11.0–14.0 mm, width 3.0–4.0 mm in R. staudingeri, 7.0– 9.5 mm, width 1.5–2.7 mm in R. satanella (Kurz et al. 2006), while larval case length 7.0– 7.4 mm, width 1.6 mm – 2.6 mm in R. annae sp. nov. Females of R. arnscheidi Wiedlich, 2006 are similar (2–3 antennal segments, 1–2 tarsal segments, length 4.0– 4.5 mm) to these of R. annae sp. nov. (three antennal segments, one tarsal segment, length 3.0– 4.2 mm), but their larval cases are larger (length 8.0–10.0 mm. width 2.0 mm) (Weidlich 2006; Malkiewicz et al. 2013), while in R. annae sp. nov. larval cases are smaller (length 7.0– 7.4 mm). Females of other congeneric species and their larval cases are larger: females of R. tarnierella (Bruand, 1851) are 5.0– 6.5 mm in length, and have 2–3 antennal segments, 2–3 tarsal segments and 8.0 mm long larval cases; females of R. nigrociliella (Rebel, 1934) are 6.0–7.0 mm in length, and have 2 antennal segments, 4–5 tarsal segments and larval cases 7.0–12.0 mm in length; females of R. pusilella (Rebel, 1940) are 5.0–6.0 mm long, and have 5–6 antennal segments, 3 tarsal segments, and 10.0 mm long larval cases. The largest two species of the genus are R. magna Hättenschwiler, 1982 (female length 10.0 mm, 2 antennal segments, 5 tarsal segments, larval case length 16.0–20.0 mm) (Hättenschwiler 1982) and R. ionica Weidlich, 2016 (female length 6.0 to 7.2 mm, 2–3 antennal segments, 2 tarsal segments, larval case length 12.0–16.0 mm) (Weidlich 2016). The new species is diagnosed from the other two congeneric parthenogenetic species R. gertrudae and R. imielinella by the following characters: POLAND CA66, Katowice-Janów, 9 V 2014 e.l., larva 29 III 2014 concrete fence, leg. Adam Larysz. FIGURE 2. Reisseronia annae sp. nov. ♀: Holotype. Ventral view (photo A. Larysz). POLAND CA66, Katowice-Janów, 9 V 2014 e.l., larva 29 III 2014 concrete fence, leg. Adam Larysz. FIGURE 3. Reisseronia annae sp. nov. ♀: Holotype. Dorsal view (photo A. Larysz). POLAND CA66, Katowice-Janów, 9 V 2014 e.l., larva 29 III 2014 concrete fence, leg. Adam Larysz. FIGURE 4. Reisseronia annae sp. nov. ♀: Holotype. Head, thorax ventral view (photo A. Larysz). POLAND CA66, Katowice-Janów, 9 V 2014 e.l., larva 29 III 2014 concrete fence, leg. Adam Larysz. Adults—females of R. annae sp. nov. are smaller (length 3.0 to 4.2 mm, width 0.9 to 1.3 mm) than females of R. imielinella (length 3.0 to 5.2 mm, width 1.0 to 1.8 mm) (Malkiewicz et al. 2013) and larger than R. gertrudae (length 1.0 to 3.0 mm, width 1.0 to 1.5 mm) (Sieder 1962). The new species R. annae sp. nov. has antennae with three segments (Fig 4), while R. gertrudae only one reduced antennal segment (Sieder 1962), R. imielinella one or two (Malkiewicz et al. 2013). R. gertrudae has all the leg segments reduced, the femur and tibia are not separated, tarsal segments are absent, and the claw is invariably unpaired (Sieder 1962; Malkiewicz et al. 2013). R. imielinella has the femur and tibia distinctly separated, with one tarsal segment and all legs have paired claws (Malkiewicz et al. 2013), while R. annae sp. nov. has all legs reduced, transparent, with one tarsal segment and paired brown claws. The hind femora have a cavity on the dorsal side (Fig 4, 6). The hind femora in R. gertrudae and R. imielinella without cavity. In the female genitalia of R. annae sp. nov. the accessory apophyses are very short and thin, about 0.2× the length of the posterior apophyses (Fig 7) (in R. imielinella accessory apophyses longer and thicker, about 0.4× the length of posterior apophyses). Pupae— R. annae sp. nov. has abdominal segments A4–8 dorsally with a smaller number of spines (A4 with 3– 4 spines, A5 with 16–23 spines, A6 with 18–22 spines, A7 with 15–21 spines, and A8 with 2 spines) (Fig 8) than R. imielinella (A4 with 10 spines, A5–A7 with 20–25 spines, A8 with 5–9 spines). The pupal head of the new species has antennae (as long as 0.5 mm), distinctly longer than the height of the eyes (Fig 9), while the pupal antennae of R. imielinella are shorter (0.3 mm), and reach usually the half of eye’s height (Malkiewicz et al. 2013). Larval cases— length on average of R. annae sp. nov. is 7.2 mm and width on average 2.0 mm, while smaller at R. imielinella (length on average 6.52 mm, width on average 1.9 mm) (Malkiewicz et al. 2013) and at R. gertrudae (length 6.0 to 7.0 mm, width 2.0 mm) (Sieder 1962) (Fig 11). Description. Adults. (n = 40) Parthenogenetic females wingless. Length 3.0 to 4.2 mm (average 3.4 mm), width 0.9 to 1.3 mm (average 1.1 mm) (Figs 1 –3). Head. (Fig 4) Greyish with long, curled creamy hairs. Antennae (0.15 to 0.17 mm length) with three segments. Eyes black, oval, 0.20 mm long and 0.13 mm wide. Labial and maxillary palpi absent (see Davis & Robinson 1998: 105). Thorax. Segments sclerotized, brown, with long curled creamy hairs (Fig 5). Wings not visible. All legs reduced, transparent, with distinct separate femur and tibia. All legs with one tarsal segment and paired brown claws. Hind femur with cavity on dorsal side (Figs 4, 6). Abdomen. Dorsally segments brownish, moderately sclerotized, A1–3 pigmented reddish. A3–6 with narrow band, less than ½ the width of a segment. A7 wider, sclerotized (Fig 3). Ventral segments paler, less sclerotized, A7 with long curled white hairs prior to oviposition. Genitalia. (Fig 7). Papillae anales membranous, rounded with short, white setae. Eighth segment rounded, concave, sclerotized and setose. Ovipositor relatively short with three pairs of apophyses. Anterior apophyses longer, thicker than posterior apophyses, about 1.1× their length. Pseudapophyses very short and thin, about 0.2× the length of the posterior apophyses. Postvaginal plate densely covered with thick spines. Bursa copulatrix not visible. Larva. (Figs 12–13). (n = 10) Body length of L 4 larvae on average 5.7 mm (smallest 5.2 mm, largest 6.3 mm), width on average 1.4 mm (smallest 1.3 mm, largest 1.6 mm). Head well sclerotized, shiny black, hypognathous. Thoracic segments shiny black to dark brown, well sclerotized, prothorax the widest (0.45 to 0.5 mm), mesothorax the narrower (0.4 mm) and metathorax the narrowest (0.3 mm). Claws of thoracic legs brown, comparatively long, moderately curved. Abdominal segments dorsally grey to cream coloured, A1–3 pigmented brown-to-reddish, A10 dark brown and slightly sclerotized. Crochets of all prolegs in elliptical uniordinal unbroken groups. Number of crochets 13–22 (average 17). Larval case. (Fig 11). (n = 125) Length on average 7.2 mm (50 % between 7.0– 7.4 mm, smallest 6.3 mm, largest 8.2 mm. Width on average 2.0 mm, (smallest 1.6 mm, largest 2.6 mm). Light greyish, covered with grass and other plant debris placed longitudinally and almost of the same length. Pupa. (Figs 8, 10). (n = 6) Length 4.0– 4.7 mm, width 1.1–1.3 mm, pale brown, sclerotized with short, white setae. Pupal head plate with four pairs of setae, antennae (0.5 mm) distinctly longer than eyes (Fig 9). Abdominal segments A4–8 dorsally with anterior bands of transverse spines: A4 with 3–4 spines, A5 with 16–23 spines, A6 with 18–22 spines, A7 with 15–21 spines, and A8 with 2 spines gathered medially. A5 posteriorly with a second row of 20–26 spines directed posteriorly (Fig 8). Abdominal segments ventrally without spines. Cremaster reduced to small protuberances (Fig 10). Type material. Holotype ♀: POLAND (CA 66), Katowice-Janów 9 V 2014 e.l., larva 29 III 2014, płot betonowy [concrete fence], leg. Adam Larysz. Holotype is deposited in coll. Upper Silesian Museum (USMB), Bytom, Poland, with catalogue number: USMB LEP 0003 /A1 (in 75% ethanol). The total number of paratypes is 145♀♀, deposited in the coll. Upper Silesian Museum (USMB), Bytom, Poland. Paratypes ♀♀: same locality, all leg. Adam Larysz, all płot betonowy [concrete fence], material in 75% ethanol: 6♀♀, 1 VI 2015 e.l., l. 16 V 2015; 10♀♀, 27 V 2014 e.l., l. 2 V 2014; 1♀+ case, 11 V 2014 e.l., l. 29 III 2014; 2♀♀, 31 V 2015 e.l., l. 16 V 2015; 1♀, 31 V 2015 e.l., l. 3 V 2015; 2♀♀, 22 V 2015 e.l., l. 5 V 2015; 1♀, 21 V 2015 e.l., l. 3 V 2015; 1♀, 6 V 2015 e.l., l. 25 III 2 015; 1♀, 29 IV 2015 e.l., l. 25 III 2015; 1♀, 28 IV 2 0 15 e.l., l. 25 III 2015; 3♀♀, 28 V 2013 e.l., l. 9 V 2013; 2♀♀, 4 V 2014 e.l., l. 29 III 2014; 1♀, 3 V 2014 e.l., l. 16 III 2014; 1♀ + case, 8 V 2014 e.l., l. 29 III 2 014; 6♀♀, 15 V 2014 e.l., l. 9 III 2 014; 1♀, 24 V 2014. e.l., l. V 2014; 4♀♀, 2 0 V 2013 e.l., l. 4 V 2013; 3♀♀, 22 V 2013 e.l., l. 4 V 2013; 3♀♀, 23 V 2013 e.l., l. 4 V 2013; 1♀, 24 V 2013 e.l., l. 4 V 2013; 5♀♀, 30 V 2013 e.l., l. 9 V 2013; 4♀♀, 31 V 2013 e.l., l. 9 V 2013; 4♀♀, 26 V 2013 e.l., l. 4 V 2013; 2♀♀, 28 V 2013 e.l., l. 4 V 2013; 3♀♀, 1 VI 2013 e.l., l. 9 V 2013; 2♀♀, 2 VI 2013 e.l., l. 9 V 2013; 2♀♀, 5 VI 2013 e.l., l. 23 V 2013; 3♀♀, 6 VI 2013 e.l., l. 23 V 2013; 6♀♀, 7 VI 2013 e.l., l. 23 V 2013; 6♀♀, 8 VI 2013 e.l., l. 23 V 2013; 1♀, 8 VI 2013 e.l., l. 4 V 2013; 6♀♀, 9 VI 2013 e.l., l. 23 V 2013; 5♀♀, 10 VI 2013 e.l., l. 23 V 2013; 1♀, 10 VI 2013 e.l., l. 29 V 2013; 2♀♀, 11 VI 2013 e.l., l. 29 V 2013; 4♀♀, 12 VI 2013 e.l., l. 29 V 2013; 2♀♀, 12 VI 2013 e.l., l. 23 V 2013; 3♀♀, 13 VI 2013 e.l., l. 29 V 2013. Paratypes of larvae (in 75% ethanol): same locality, all leg. Adam Larysz, 13 larvae L4, 4 V 2013, płot betonowy [concrete fence]; 2 larvae L4 + 1 case, 3 VI 2015, płot betonowy [concrete fence]; 1 larva L4, 30 V 2015, płot betonowy [concrete fence]. Paratypes of larvae (dry): 10 larvae L4 + 10 cases, 23 V 2013, płot betonowy [concrete fence]; 1 larva L4 + 1 case, 15 VI 2013, na mchu [on moss]. Paratypes of pupae (in 75% ethanol): same locality, all leg. Adam Larysz, 5 pupae, 27 V 2013 e.l., l. 4 V 2013, płot betonowy [concrete fence]; 1 pupa, 14 V 2014, płot betonowy [concrete fence]. Etymology. Reisseronia annae sp. nov. is dedicated to my beloved wife Anna. Distribution. Known only from Katowice (50° 15' 14"N 19° 04' 56"E), Upper Silesia, southern Poland. The altitude of the type locality is 270 m. Habitat. The habitat of R. annae sp. nov. is situated near the Katowice—Kraków road. It is an industrial habitat with a dry, ruderal meadow supporting mainly Achillea millefolium (L.), Hieracium pilosella L., Cardamine pratensis L., Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg., Poa annua L., Solidago sp., Verbascum sp., Calamagrostis sp. There are also xerophilic mosses and various grasses (Figs 14 –15). Eight further psychid species were found at this site: Epichnopterix plumella (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), Dahlica triquetrella (Hübner, 1813), Acanthopsyche atra (Linnaeus, 1767), Apterona helicoidella (Vallot, 1827), Sterrhopterix fusca (Haworth, 1809), Proutia betulina (Zeller, 1839), Psyche casta (Pallas, 1767) and Taleporia tubulosa (Retzius, 1783). Life history. The biology is similar to that of R. imielinella (Malkiewicz et al. 2013). After hibernation, the larvae in their cases appeared from March until June (the earliest finding was on 9th March, the latest on 3rd June). They were most abundant in mid-May. Most of the larvae were found climbing up the concrete fence on sunny days (Fig 16). A few cases with inactive larvae were found in early spring among low vegetation between mosses (Fig 15). A number of larvae were collected for breeding in captivity. The larvae accepted Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. as a food plant. After having finished their growth, the larvae pupated on the walls of the breeding container, to which they had attached themselves with silken threads. Some larvae, in the last instar, left their bags and did not build a new one, and subsequently died. The pupal stage lasted about 10–16 days. Hatching of females was sometimes observed as they emerged from the cases, laying about 20– 30 eggs in the pupal exuvia. No male hatched during the breeding. The young larvae hatched from the eggs after 20–25 days and built cases for themselves from the material of the mother’s case. Hibernation takes place during the mature larval stage. In the spring, these resumed feeding for a short time, after which they completed their development and pupated.Published as part of Larysz, Adam, 2017, Reisseronia annae sp. nov. — a new parthenogenetic bagworm moth from Poland (Lepidoptera, Psychidae), pp. 193-200 in Zootaxa 4242 (1) on pages 194-199, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.1.11, http://zenodo.org/record/37608
FIGURE 1 in Reisseronia annae sp. nov. — a new parthenogenetic bagworm moth from Poland (Lepidoptera, Psychidae)
No full textFIGURE 1. Reisseronia annae sp. nov. ♀: Holotype. Lateral view (photo A. Larysz).Published as part of Larysz, Adam, 2017, Reisseronia annae sp. nov. — a new parthenogenetic bagworm moth from Poland (Lepidoptera, Psychidae), pp. 193-200 in Zootaxa 4242 (1) on page 195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.1.11, http://zenodo.org/record/37608
A new parthenogenetic bagworm Reisseronia imielinella sp. nov. from Poland (Lepidoptera, Psychidae)
No full textMalkiewicz, Adam, Sobczyk, Thomas, Larysz, Adam (2013): A new parthenogenetic bagworm Reisseronia imielinella sp. nov. from Poland (Lepidoptera, Psychidae). Zootaxa 3731 (1): 193-200, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3731.1.1
FIGURES 9–12. 9 in A new parthenogenetic bagworm Reisseronia imielinella sp. nov. from Poland (Lepidoptera, Psychidae)
No full textFIGURES 9–12. 9. Reisseronia imielinella sp. nov. Larva in larval case: Imielin 23 V 2006, railway tracks (phot. A. Larysz). 10. a: Reisseronia gertrudae Sieder: Legs of female (by T. Sobczyk after Sieder 1962). 10b: Reisseronia imielinella sp. nov.: Legs of female (by T. Sobczyk). 11. Reisseronia gertrudae Sieder: Larva—head and thoracic legs. Lateral view (phot. A. Malkiewicz). 12. Reisseronia imielinella sp. nov.: Larva—head and thoracic legs. Lateral view (phot. A. Malkiewicz), Polonia CA 75, Imielin 10 V 2007, leg. Adam Larysz.Published as part of Malkiewicz, Adam, Sobczyk, Thomas & Larysz, Adam, 2013, A new parthenogenetic bagworm Reisseronia imielinella sp. nov. from Poland (Lepidoptera, Psychidae), pp. 193-200 in Zootaxa 3731 (1) on page 197, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3731.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/21806
Reisseronia imielinella Malkiewicz, Sobczyk & Larysz, 2013, sp. nov.
No full textReisseronia imielinella sp. nov. (Figs 1 –9, 10 b, 12) Diagnosis. Adults—among Reisseronia, only R. gertrudae and the new species are parthenogenetic. The males of all the other species are known. R. imielinella sp. nov. differs from R. gertrudae in the lesser reduction of the antennae and legs. R. gertrudae has all the leg segments reduced (Fig 10 a), the femur and tibia are not separated, tarsal segments are absent, and the claw is invariably unpaired. In contrast, the new species has the femur and tibia distinctly separated—sometimes one tarsal segment is present—and all legs have paired claws (Fig 10 b). R. gertrudae has only one reduced antennal segment, R. imielinella sp. nov. one or two. The body is covered by greyish hair-like scales in R. imielinella sp. nov. but whitish ones in R. gertrudae. Of the other species with more reduced females (R. muscaelutum and R. tschetverikovi) the new species differs in the long curled hairs on the head and thorax (short and erect in R. muscaelutum and R. tschetverikovi). R. imielinella sp. nov. differs from R. arnscheidi in the colouration (brownish in R. arnscheidi), the small number of tarsal and antennal segments (R. arnscheidi 1–2 tarsal segments, 2–3 antennal segments). Females of R. staudingeri are similar (length 3.5 to 5.0 mm, diameter 1.3 mm, R. imielinella sp. nov. 3.3 to 5.2 mm, diameter 1.0 to 1.8 mm), and larval cases significantly larger (11–14 mm, diameter 3–4 mm) (Rutjan 1998). Females (but with short erect hairs on the head and thorax) and larval cases of R. tschetverikovi are similar (female length 4.5 –5.0 mm, diameter 1.2 mm, larval case length 5.0 mm, diameter 2.0 mm) (Rutjan 2003). Exuvia from R. tschetverikovi A 5 posteriorly with a second row of 30–40 spines (15 spines in R. imielinella sp. nov.). Larvae—the final instar of the larva (L 4) of R. gertrudae has reduced unpaired claws (Fig 11), that of R. imielinella sp. nov. has solid singular claws, at least twice longer (Fig 12). The metathoracic shields are a little more reduced than in R. imielinella sp. nov. The ground colour of the body (thorax and abdomen) is amber-orange in R. gertrudae, creamy but creamy grey in R. imielinella sp. nov. The prolegs (propodia) of the L 4 larva of R. gertrudae have 22–24 crochets (according to Gepp & Trattnig 1990, 20– 26), but those of R. imielinella sp. nov. have 15–22 crochets. Description. Adults. Length 3.3 to 5.2 mm (average 4.1 mm), diameter 1.0 to 1.8 mm (average 1.2 mm) (Figs 1–2, table 1). Head. (Fig 3) With long grey hairs (0.5 mm). Ocular index (interocular distance measured just above the level of the tentorial pits divided by the vertical eye diameter): 1.7. Antennae much reduced, 80 % of specimens with just one segment, 20 % with two short ones. Labial and maxillary palpi absent. Thorax. Segments brown, sclerotized, with long curled grey hairs. Sclerotization on meso- and metathorax laterally disconnected. Wings much reduced to microscopically tiny lobes. All legs reduced, but with distinct separate femur and tibia and paired claws, partially with rudimentary tarsal segment (50 % on fore leg, 10 % on middle leg, 40 % on hind leg) (table 2). Abdomen. Ventrally only segment 7 fully sclerotized, dorsally segments 3–7 sclerotized, A 3–6 only with narrow band, less than ½ the width of a segment. Segment 7 broadly sclerotized, medially with a few anteriorly directed, short spines visible only under the microscope. Abdominal segment 7 with long curled white hairs. Genitalia. (Fig 4). Ostium bursae round, situated medially in posterior half of sterigma. Ductus bursae membraneous (shape not visible). Tergite 8 posteriorly sclerotized and setose. Antevaginal plate spinulose. Postvaginal plate densely covered with thick spines. Anterior apophyses moderately thick, about 1.3 x length of posterior apophyses. Posterior apophyses somewhat thinner, and about 0.7 x as long as anterior ones. Papillae anales membranous, with very short setae. Larva. (Figs 11–12). (n = 12) Body length on average 6.4 mm (smallest 5.8 mm, largest 7.0 mm), diameter ca. 1.2–1.5 mm; dark brown prothoracic shield the widest (0.4 mm), covered almost all dorsal half of segment; mesothoracic shield intermediate in size (0.3 mm) and metathoracic the narrowest (0.2 mm). Head dark brown, hypognathous, body otherwise creamy grey. Claws of thoracic legs comparatively long, moderately curved. Crochets of all prolegs in elliptic uniordinal, unbroken groups. Number of crochets 15–22 (av. 18). Larval case (Fig 9). (n = 125) Case covered with flat and round blades of grass and other thin fragments of stems/twigs placed longitudinally and attached at each end or throughout their length. Most pieces of almost the same length. Length on average 6.52 mm (80 % between 6.2–6.5 mm, smallest 5.5 mm, largest 7.2 mm. Diameter on average 1.9 mm, 80 % between 1.8 –2.0 mm, smallest 1.5 mm, largest 2.0 mm). In F 1 -generation, 7 cases, bred from eggs in the laboratory, are much longer: 8.5 –9.0 mm, on average 8.75, and diameter: 2.5 –3.0 mm (average 2.75). Pupa (Figs 5–7). Exuvia length 4.0– 5.5 mm, diameter 1.3–1.6 mm. Integument pale brown, weakly sclerotized. Facial plate with four pairs of setae. Three of them between eyes, one pair dorsally to antennae. Abdominal segments 4–8 dorsally with anterior bands of transverse spines: A 4 with 10 spines, A 5 –A 7 with 20–25 spines, and A 8 with 5–9 spines gathered medially. Segment A 5 posteriorly with a second row of 15 spines directed posteriorly (Fig 6). Ventral segments without rows of thorns. Cremaster reduced, without thorns, only with some protuberances. Segments A 8 –A 10 fused dorsally with eight pairs of setae (Fig 5, 7). Type material. Holotype ♀: POLAND (CA 75), Imielin, 17 March 2011 e.o., ovum ex ♀ May 2010, tory [= railway tracks], leg. Adam Larysz. Holotype is deposited in coll. Upper Silesian Museum (USMB), Bytom, Poland, with catalogue number: USMB LEP0001/A 1. Paratypes ♀: same locality, all leg. Adam Larysz but 1 ♀ 10 May 2006 e.l.; 1 ♀ 15 May 2006 e.l.; 1 ♀ 21 May 2006 e.l.; 1 ♀ 23 May 2006 e.l.; 1 ♀ 25 May 2006 e.l.; 1 ♀ 26 May 2006 e.l.; 1 ♀ 4 June 2006 e.l. Gen.-U. 60-2007 Thomas Sobczyk; 1 ♀ 5 June 2006 e.l.; 1 ♀ 7 June 2006 e.l.; 9 ♀ 6 June 2007 e.l., larwy 20 May 2007 tory”; 4 ♀ 19 May 2007, poczwarki; 6 ♀ 1 Praepupa 21 May 2007 e.l., larwy 4 May 2007 tory”; 4 ♀ 17 March 2011 e.o., ova ex ♀ May 2010 tory; 3 ♀ 25 April 2010 e.o., ova ex ♀ May 2009 tory; 4 ♀ 14 April 2010 e.o., ova ex ♀ May 2009 tory; 4 ♀ 18 April 2010 e.o., ova ex ♀ May 2009 tory; 4 ♀ 7 June 2008 e.l., larvae 26 May 2008 tory; 2 ♀ 20 March 2011 e.o., ova ex ♀ May 2010 tory; 3 ♀ 13 April 2010 e.o., ova ex ♀ May 2009 tory; 3 ♀ [+ 2 cases] 21 April 2010 e.o., ova ex ♀ May 2009 tory; 5 ♀ 1 June 2008 e.l., larvae 7 May 2008 tory; 1 ♀ 2 July 2010 e.l., larva 5 June 2010 tory; 4 ♀ 26 May 2008 e.l., larvae 1 May 2008 tory; 2 ♀ 19 June 2007 e.l., larvae 29 May 2007 tory; 5 ♀ 27 March 2011 e.o., ova ex ♀ May 2010 tory; 3 ♀ 24 April 2007 e.o., ova ex ♀ 6 June 2006 tory; 15 cases 19 May 2007 tory; 15 cases 10 May 2007 tory; 3 larvae L 4 ex cult. May 2006 tory; 1 ♀ 30 April 2007 e.o., ovum ex ♀ 6 June 2006 tory; 3 ♀ 23 May 2007 e.l., larvae 15 April 2007 tory; 4 ♀ 10 June 2008 e.l., larvae 21 May 2008 tory; 7 ♀ 7 June 2007 e.l., larvae 24 May 2007 tory; 1 ♀ 21 April 2007 e.l., larva 12 March 2007 na murze; 1 ♀ 2 June 2011 e.l., larva 10 May 2011 tory; 1 ♀ 2 May 2012 e.o., ovum ex ♀ May 2011 tory; 1 ♀ 8 May 2012 e.o., ovum ex ♀ May 2011 tory; 2 ♀ 13 May 2012 e.o., ova ex ♀ May 2011 tory; 1 ♀ 16 May 2012 e.o., ovum ex ♀ May 2011 tory; 1 ♀ 20 May 2012 e.o., ovum ex ♀ May 2011 tory; 1 ♀ 22 May 2012 e.o., ovum ex ♀ May 2011 tory; 1 ♀ 8 June 2012 e.o., ovum ex ♀ May 2011 tory; 15 ♀ [+ 15 cases] 23 May 2006 e.l., larvae 9 May 2007 na torach; 2 cases 10 May 2011 tory; 5 cases 27 May 2006 tory; 5 cases 27 May 2006 tory; 7 cases 6 June 2006 tory; 13 cases 11 May 2006 tory; 34 cases 10 May 2007 na torach; 3 cases 4 May 2007 tory; 21 cases 19 May 2007 tory; 1 case 12 March 2007 na murze; 3 cases 2 May 2007 tory; 1 case 2 April 2005 tory; 1 case 23 May 2005 tory; 1 exuvium 15 May 2006 e.l.; 1 exuvium 24 May 2006 e.l.; 1 pupa 6 Jun 2006 e.l., na torach; 3 ♀ 29 May 2007 e.l.; 3 larvae 10 May 2007; 9 larvae 19 May 2007; 1 Praepupa 13 May 2006; 4 cases 8 Jun 2006; 3 cases “ 23 May 2006; 1 case 27 May 2006; 1 cases 29 May 2006; 17 cases ”Puste koszyki, Imielin 19 May 2007 ” (SMNK, USMB coll. Peter Hättenschwiler, Uster Switzerland, Adam Larysz, Bytom Poland, Adam Malkiewicz, Wrocław Poland, Thomas Sobczyk, Hoyerswerda, Germany). Etymology. R. imielinella is named after the type locality Imielin near Mysłowice, Upper Silesia (southern Poland). Distribution. Known only from Imielin near Mysłowice, (50 ° 08' 48 "N, 19 ° 11 '08"E), Upper Silesia (southern Poland). The altitude of the type locality is 260 m. Habitat. The only known habitat of R. imielinella sp. nov. at Imielin is situated very close to the Katowice– Oświęcim railway line. It is an anthropogenic habitat on private property, at the edge of a mixed forest. The main part is a now disused railway siding, unshaded and strongly insolated (Fig 8). Near the railway line there are also wetland environments. The siding lies on calcareous ballast, and the plants growing among the ballast stones include Sanguisorba minor Scop., Sedum album L., Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg., Arrhenatherum elatius (L.), Barbarea vulgaris W.T. Aiton, Cardaminopsis arenosa (L.), Centaurea scabiosa L., Erigeron annuus (L.), Euphorbia cyparyssias L., Galium mollugo L., Geranium robertianum L., Lepidium campestre (L.), Linaria vulgaris Mill., Oenothera sp., Scabiosa ochroleuca L., Solidago canadensis L., Valeriana officinalis L. and Vicia angustifolia L. There are also various grasses, mosses and lichens. Ten further psychid species were found on and near the railway track: Bijugis bombycella (Den. et Schiff.), Epichnopterix plumella (Den. et Schiff.), Dahlica triquetrella (Hbn.), Siederia listerella (L.), Acanthopsyche atra (L.), Apterona helicoidella (Vallot), Sterrhopterix fusca (Haw.), Proutia betulina (Zell.), Psyche casta (Pall.) and Taleporia tubulosa (Retz.). Many interesting species of butterflies and moths, rare not just in Upper Silesia but throughout Poland, have been found along this railway track and on the adjoining, partly moist meadow. They include Lycaena alciphron (Rott.), Lycaena dispar (Haw.), Cupido argiades (Pall.), Plebejus argus (L.), P. argyrognomon (Bgstr.), Polyommatus daphnis (Den. et Schiff.), Melitaea cinxia (L.), M. diamina (Lang), Zygaena carniolica (Scop.), Z. loti (Den. et Schiff.) and Z. purpuralis Brünn. The following species have been recorded at light there: Prochoreutis myllerana (F.), Ostrinia palustralis (Hbn.), Ancylosis oblitella (Zell.), Agonopterix multiplicella (Ersch.), Depressaria emeritella Stt., Dystebenna stephensi (Stt.), Neotelphusa sequax (Haw.), Syncopacma larseniella Gozm., Acleris maccana (Treit.), A. umbrana (Hbn.), Ypsolopha mucronella (Scop.), Isturgia arenacearia (Den. et Schiff.), Sedina buettneri (E. Her.), Athetis lepigone (Möschler). Life history. The caterpillars appeared from mid-March until mid-June (the earliest find of live bagworm cases was on 12 th March, the latest on 14 th June). They were most numerous in May. The larvae in their cases were most often seen crawling along the rails on warm and sunny days. A single larva in its case was found climbing up the wall of a building close to the tracks. No larval cases were found in the grass growing by the tracks, neither were any larvae found feeding on plants. A number of larval cases were collected for breeding in captivity. The larvae accepted only Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. as food plant; they rejected all the other plants found in their habitat. Having completed their development, the larvae crawled up the sides of the breeding container; to these they attached themselves with silken threads in readiness for pupation. The pupal stage lasts about 2–3 weeks. The eclosion of females was difficult to observe, as they stayed in their cases almost the whole time, only occasionally sticking their heads out of them. Cases containing females could sometimes be recognized by the delicate, white woolly fibres protruding from the exit hole. These fibres were rubbed off when the female emerged from the case. During oviposition, the females appeared to wriggle about while laying some 30 eggs in the pupal exuvium. No male hatched during the six years of breeding. The young larvae hatched from the eggs after about 3 weeks and built cases for themselves from the material of the mother’s case. In captivity, the larvae moulted several times until autumn. As this species hibernates as a mature larva, the bred specimens were kept in refrigerator for several months. After removal from the refrigerator during early spring, the larvae resumed feeding for a short time, after which they completed their development and pupated. Catalogue of Reisseronia Sieder, 1956 Reisseronia is distributed with 13 species in middle and southern Europe and south-western Asia (Sauter & Hättenschwiler 1991, Sobczyk 2011). The genus has a high proportion of endemic species. R. arnscheidi Weidlich, 2006 Romania R. flavociliella (Mann, 1864) Turkey, Greece R. gertrudae Sieder, 1962 (parthenogenetic) Austria R. hofmanni (Heylaerts, 1879) Italy (Sicily) R. magna Hättenschwiler, 1982 Greece R. (Tsikalasia) malickyi Hauser, 1996 Greece (Crete) R. (Tsikalasia) muscaelutum Kurz, Kurz & Zeller-Lukashort, 2006 Italy R. nigrociliella (Rebel, 1934) Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia R. pusilella (Rebel, 1940) Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, Yugoslavia R. (Tsikalasia) satanella Kurz, Kurz & Zeller-Lukashort, 2006 Italy R. staudingeri (Heylaerts, 1879) Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine R. tarnierella (Bruand, 1851) Belgium, France, Germany, Slovakia (Weidlich 2011), Netherlands, Italy R. tschetverikovi Solanikov, 1990 Ukraine R. imielinella sp. nov. (parthenogenetic) PolandPublished as part of Malkiewicz, Adam, Sobczyk, Thomas & Larysz, Adam, 2013, A new parthenogenetic bagworm Reisseronia imielinella sp. nov. from Poland (Lepidoptera, Psychidae), pp. 193-200 in Zootaxa 3731 (1) on pages 194-199, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3731.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/21806
FIGURE 5 in Tyrictaca hyalina (Kallies & Arita, 2001) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae: Tinthiini)- a description of pupa and the introduction into Europe on an infested Ficus microcarpa
No full textFIGURE 5. Pupa of Tyrictaca hyalina in Ficus microcarpa.Published as part of Bąkowski, Marek, Gruszka, Anna & Larysz, Adam, 2021, Tyrictaca hyalina (Kallies & Arita, 2001) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae: Tinthiini)- a description of pupa and the introduction into Europe on an infested Ficus microcarpa, pp. 234-240 in Zootaxa 4981 (2) on page 237, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4981.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/492010
ADAM SMITH'S OPTIMISTIC TELEOLOGICAL VIEW OF HISTORY
No full textAdam Smith's four-stage theory provides the framework for his writings on history. The fourth stage is the commercial epoch; the culmination of history in this stage is a key component in the conventional interpretation of Adam Smith as a prophet of commercialism. In two historical case studies Smith shows the capacity of commercial society to regenerate itself. This potent capacity suggests that commercial society is inevitable. At a certain point in time it also overcomes the major obstacles to its permanence. Smith's philosophy of history anticipates the end of history views of Kant and Hegel.Political Economy,
DNA barcoding of the endemic Polish populations of the genus Reisseronia Sieder, 1956 (Lepidoptera, Psychidae)
No full textThe genus Reisseronia Sieder, 1956 (Lepidoptera, Psychidae, Epichnopteriginae) comprises 18 species, which are usually distributed in a limited number of very small areas in Europe and the Middle East. The genus Reisseronia was first reported in Poland in 2005; after detailed investigations, the Polish populations were described as separate species, namely R. imielinella Malkiewicz, Sobczyk & Larysz, 2013 and R. annae Larysz, 2017. Later, another population of bagworm moths belonging to the genus Reisseronia was found in Komańcza (Bieszczady Mountains). We carried out the first genetic studies of these parthenogenetic species from Poland. Sequence analysis of the DNA barcode region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) revealed slight differences between three Polish populations of the genus Reisseronia
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