101,217 research outputs found
The White-headed Duck Oxyura leucocephala in the Tengiz-Korgalzhyn Region, Central Kazakhstan
No full textSchielzeth H, Lachmann L, Eichhorn G, Heinicke T. The White-headed Duck Oxyura leucocephala in the Tengiz-Korgalzhyn Region, Central Kazakhstan. Wildfowl. 2003;54:115-129
Lachmann and the existence of multiple natural interest rates
No full textIn this article, we provide a re-examination of Ludwig Lachmann’s take on the controversy between Piero Sraffa and Friedrich von Hayek, which took place after the publication of the latter’s Prices and Production in 1931. Initially an ally of Hayek, Lachmann also immensely respected Sraffa. As a result, Lachmann provided a review critical of both sides. A particularly interesting point is that Lachmann questioned an assertion made by Sraffa in his initial review, and approved by Hayek in his reply, according to which in a barter economy there could be as many Wicksellian natural interest rates as there are commodities. Drawing partly on Sraffa’s 1960 book Production of Commodities per means of Commodities, Lachmann showed that there should be only one natural interest rate, since relative prices should reflect the discrepancy between the various ‘own rates of interest’ pertaining to each commodity. Moreover, Sraffa criticised Hayek for not acknowledging the full extent of the role of money in an economy, using the example of wages being paid in money to show that not only is money not neutral, but it also constitutes a fundamental institutional aspect of the way economic flows are organised. Sraffa’s argument could be turned against him, as it could be argued that since lending takes place in money, the rate of interest charged on loans should not have to be equal to any of the commodity own rates of interest in the economy. Instead, the rate of interest should be based on Sraffa’s composite commodity from his 1960 opus. The only situation in which interest rates could vary depending on commodities, would be if expectations regarding productivity and upcoming prices and output varied among economic agents. Interestingly, this line of reasoning is very close to Lachmann’s radical subjectivism
Elizabeth Soppelsa, Marie-Gabriele Lachmann, Olivier Frayssé, Les Etats-Unis, Mémento de géographie Sirey
No full textGeorge Pierre. Elizabeth Soppelsa, Marie-Gabriele Lachmann, Olivier Frayssé, Les Etats-Unis, Mémento de géographie Sirey. In: Annales de Géographie, t. 95, n°527, 1986. pp. 123-125
Letter, [Author unclear] to Paulina T. Merritt
No full textHandwritten letter to Paulina Merritt from an unknown author, October 1, 1876.
The Duffin-Schaeffer conjecture with extra divergence
No full textThe Duffin-Schaeffer conjecture is a fundamental unsolved problem in metric number theory. It asserts that for every non-negative function ψ:N→R for almost all reals x there are infinitely many coprime solutions (a,n) to the inequality |nx−a|0. This improves a result of Beresnevich, Harman, Haynes and Velani, and solves a problem posed by Haynes, Pollington and Velani
On the number of gaps and Poissonian pair correlations
No full textA sequence (xn) on the unit interval is said to have Poissonian pair correlation if #{1≤i≠j≤N:‖xi−xj‖≤s/N}=2sN(1+o(1)) for all reals s>0, as N→∞. It is known that, if (xn) has Poissonian pair correlations, then the number g(n) of different gap lengths between neighboring elements of {x1,...,xn} cannot be bounded along any index subsequence (nt). First, we improve this by showing that, if (xn) has Poissonian pair correlations, then the maximum among the multiplicities of the neighboring gap lengths of {x1,...,xn} is o(n), as n→∞. Furthermore, we show that for every function f:N+→N+ with limnf(n)=∞ there exists a sequence (xn) with Poissonian pair correlations such that g(n)≤f(n) for all sufficiently large n. This answers negatively a question posed by G. Larcher
The Meaning of Market : Comparing Austrian and Institutional Economics
No full textOur contribution aims at revealing the terms of a confrontation between Austrian and Institutional schools concerning the nature and the role of markets. Such an approach is justified by, on the one hand, the characteristics shared by both theoretical traditions, and on the other by the existence of complementarity, which founds a representation of market mechanisms in terms of process. The point is that if the economic analysis of institutions constitutes an essential link in the Austrian project of building an alternative theory of markets, it is probably also the weakest one. The benefit of the confrontation is thus to draw up a theory of institutions compatible with an -Austrian- market process analysis. The analysis thus obtained, which grants a crucial place to the dynamics of institutions, builds a bridge between two traditions which have more to exchange than is usually thought, particulary in the perspective of the elaboration of an alternative theory of the market inside which time matters.Institutional Economics, Austrian Economics, Institutional Dynamics, Market Process
Specific selection of antigen-reactive lymphocytes into antigenically stimulated lymph nodes in sheep
No full textSheep were primed to a variety of antigens and the efferent lymphatic from a popliteal lymph node was cannulated. The cannulated node was challenged repeatedly with PPD and all the lymph and cells removed from the animal. During this time the PBL were monitored for reactivity to all antigens (purified protein derivative of tuberculin [PPD], johnin, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin [KLH]) by the vitro transformation assay. The response of these cells to PPD was found to be gradually eliminated after repeated challenge of the cannulated node with that antigen. The response to the other antigens was unimpaired. No depletion of this response to PPD occurred in cannulated sheep when the antigen was given into a noncannulated node. In vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test and helper T cell assays confirmed that there is a specific selection of antigen-reactive cells from the recirculating lymphocyte pool into antigen-stimulated lymph nodes
Lachmann on price rigidity in the real world
No full textThis article aims at deepening Ludwig Lachmann’s intuitions on the origins and effect of price rigidity from a historical and institutional perspective. The existence of fixed prices –in the short run at least– is a salient feature of the real world that departs greatly from prices in economic textbook markets, whose fluctuation is necessary to equalize supply and demand. In modern economies, and more precisely in advanced economies, customers buy goods from places called ‘stores’ or ‘shops’, where prices are fixed in the short term, and do not react to a sudden surge in demand. In a similar fashion, individual wages are contractually fixed at a certain level and modified at regular intervals, or when employees change companies. In his 1987 book, Market as an Economic Process, Ludwig Lachmann departed from the classical Austrian view that short-term price stickiness is an obstacle to proper market adjustment, and acknowledged the emergence of fixprice systems of distribution as a desirable feature of modern economies, since it reduces price uncertainty and facilitates entrepreneurs’ economic calculus. Lachmann claimed that changes in the capital structure – in particular the increasing prominence of durable, specific, and complementary capital equipment that characterises modern industry – went historically hand-in-hand with fixprice systems. We also argue that the allocation system is the combination of two interacting sub-systems: production and distribution. The existence of fixprice markets is a leap on the distribution side, similar as the one encouraged on the production side by Ronald Coase in 1937 in his article “The Nature of the Firm”, where he introduced the concept of the firm as an alternative allocation system to the market. We therefore conclude that an enlarged theory of transaction costs, not restricted only to the production side of the allocation process, is needed to understand the existence of fixed prices
Simultaneous characterization of phospho-proteins and cell cycle in activated T cell subsets.
No full textMulti-colour flow cytometry is the only technological platform that can analyse the highly complex cellular composition of the immune system in parallel and at a single cell resolution. Analysis of the T cell compartment, in particular, requires the simultaneous measurement of multiple markers in order to account for lineage, phenotype and function. Flow cytometry also enables the analysis of intracellular signalling events. By combining the expression of surface markers, intracellular cytokines, phosphorylated versus unphosphorylated kinases, cell proliferation and DNA profile, mechanistic and kinetic information of subset-specific signalling may be obtained: this has not previously been achieved. Here we present a protocol which permits all of these aspects to be explored simultaneously. By comparing basic procedures previously described we were able to optimise different variables, including the choice of antibody/fluorochrome pairs, permeabilisation, fixation and labelling time, to obtain the best DNA staining of different cell types. We applied this method to study subset-specific signalling related to cytokine production and DNA synthesis in T cells responding to specific antigens
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