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Возможности и задачи синтаксического описания
No full textРазные оценки одного и того же синтаксического факта объясняются не только разным подходом к этому конкретному факту, но и сложностью, многогранностью, многоаспектностью самого синтаксического явления, а также позицией исследователя в решении таких общетеоретических вопросов, как соотношение языка и речи, соотношение плана содержания и плана выражения, признание тех или иных уровней (ярусов) в языке и в речи. На основе упомянутых общих положений отмечаются следующие возможные аспекты исследования и описания синтаксиса: 1) условно-докоммуникативный формально-структурный синтагматически релевантных классов слов и словоформ; 2) реализованных в речи синтаксических форм и конкретных словосочетаний; 3) коммуникативный формально-структурный так называемых структурных схем предложения; 4) функционально-коммуникативный – членов предложения; 5) коммуникационной перспективы предложения; 6) поверхностной семантики синтагматических отношений; 7) глубинной семантики синтагматических отношений (и/или предикатно-аргументных отношений); 8) парадигматических (в том числе и деривационных) отношений.Формулируются основные задачи исследования синтаксиса литовского языка на данном этапе: дальнейшее совершенствование традиционной синтаксической науки, исследования семантической структуры предложения, теоретическое изучение синтаксиса в разных аспектах, исследование синтаксиса диалектов, создание исторического синтаксиса литовского языка, исследование синтаксиса в сопоставительно-типологическом плане и др
Semantic functional grammar and translation problems.
No full textThe paper deals with one problem of translation - how and what harmful effect can be made to the target language, (in this case to the Lithuanian language) by poor translations of texts from the second language (i.e. the English language). How scientific researches can be useful? At present the new semantic functional grammar is the most productive of so called Amsterdam school which declares as being the part of theoretical activity of natural language users, explaining and making forms of language models. The background of the two parts "The Theory of Functional Grammar" (Part L, 1989, Part II,. 1997) by S. Dik was the theoretical basis for this functional grammar. Its theory was supplemented by A. Siewierska (1991) and the issue "Functional Grammar Studies" and other magazines had developed the ideas for more than twenty years. The most important features of functional grammar: 3) defined layered semantic structure of a sentence, showing the three levels (layers) of semantic predicates and attendant semantic roles, involving semantic predicate and the category of semantics of all possible satellites, 2) invoking speaking activities and their semantic environment and pragmatic functions related to semantics, 3) defining that layered semantic abstracting principles and opportunities to introduce them in particular metalanguage. 4) highlighting the common peculiarities of realization of semantic structures and expressing them in various particular languages. Displacing all these, a successful computer modelling and programming can be expected (it has been already used practically). This situation demands to describe the semantic structure of the sentence of more specific languages according to the same general functional structure, and its functioning consistent patterns and peculiarities in various conditions of creating texts. Layered semantic functional grammar can be a good assistance to simultaneous and written translation as well. Naturally, comprehensive bilingual dictionaries are necessary as well as the semantic typological and comparative grammars of two analogical languages used in translating that define the differences of the languages compared - from typological to functioning in various styles up to pragmatic peculiarities, especially nowadays it is a matter of great relevance to present the comparative grammar handbooks and stylistics (in a broad sense) in the English and Lithuanian languages
Comparison of syntax and syntactic constructions of the first (1653) and the third (1673) published grammars of the Lithuanian language
No full textStraipsnyje aptariama pirmųjų spausdintų lietuvių kalbos gramatikų – Kleino „Gramatikos“ (toliau – KlG) ir Sapūno bei Šulco „Kompendiumo“ (toliau – SŠG) – sintaksės dalykai, atidžiau apžvelgiamos pateikiamų lietuviškų pavyzdžių konstrukcijos. Sintaksės daliai KlG skiriama apie 20 proc. teksto, o SŠG – beveik 50 proc., tačiau išsamesnė vis dėlto yra Kleino sintaksės dalis, kurioje apibrėžiamas ir sintaksės objektas. Išimtį sudaro tik palyginti detalus linksnių vartosenos apibūdinimas SŠG. Abiejose gramatikose formų ir nekaitomųjų kalbos dalių vartosena aptariama sintaksės dalyje, nors apie tai kalbama ir morfologijoje. Sintaksės dalį Kleinas pirmiausia skaido pagal sintaksinius žodžių derinimo ir valdymo santykius, o valdymo atvejus grupuoja pagal linksnius bei kitas žodžių formas ir visur remiasi konstrukcijų sąvokomis. SŠG sintaksės „sekcija“ pirmiausia skaidoma pagal kalbos dalis ir tik paskui atsižvelgiama į žodžių formas; čia viskas formuluojama taisyklėmis ir pastabomis prie jų. Abiejose gramatikose vienodų pavyzdžių esama apie 15, tačiau jie kartais skiriasi žodžių formomis ar rašyba. Sintaksinių konstrukcijų pavyzdžių Šulcas greičiausiai ėmė iš Kleino „Gramatikos“. KlG daug nuosekliau ir dėsningiau kietinami jotinio minkštumo priebalsiai [l], [r], [s], [š], [ž] (ypač galūnėse ir priesagose), o SŠG jie dažniau rodomi minkšti. Kur dabartiniai jotinio minkštumo priebalsiai SŠG kieti (be minkštumo ženklo ), ten gali būti pasireiškusi KlG įtaka, dėl kurios SŠG atsiradę nenuoseklumų. Nors abi gramatikos turi panašumų, tačiau laikytinos atskirais savarankiškais darbais. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Gramatika; Kalbos dalys; Kietieji priebalsiai; Lietuvių kalbos gramatika; Lotynų kalba; Sintaksiniai ryšiai; Sintaksė; Grammar; Grammar of the Lithuanian language; Latin; Lithuanian; Part of speech; Syntactic approaches; Syntax; Velarized consonantsThe paper discusses the syntactic parts of the first printed Lithuanian grammar books – “Grammatica Litvanica” by Daniel Klein (KlG) and “Compendium Grammaticae Lithvanicae” by Kristupas Sapūnas and Teofilis Šulcas (SŠG) and more thoroughly examines the constructions of given Lithuanian examples. The part devoted to syntax in KlG constitutes about 20% of the text, whereas that of SŠG almost 50%; however, the syntactical part of KlG, which defines the object of syntax, is far more comprehensive. The usage of prepositions, which is presented more fully in SŠG, is an exception. The usage of forms and uninflected parts of speech is discussed in the syntactical part in both grammars, although this issue is also touched upon in morphology. Klein divided syntax according to syntactic word agreement and government relations, and grouped the word government instances according to cases and other word forms. His basic concept was construction. The SŠG syntax section is primarily divided according to the parts of speech and only then pays regard to word forms. There are about 15 illustrative phrases that coincide in both grammars, yet they sometimes differ in word forms or spelling. Šulcas most probably took the examples of syntactic construction from Klein. KlG is far more consistent in showing velarized (unpalatalized) consonants [l], [r], [s], [š], [ž] (particularly in flexions and suffixes), while SŠG writes them more often as palatalized ones. Examples of SŠG which present velarized sounds in the position of palatalized ones (without the mark of palatalization used in contemporary standard Lithuanian) might have been influenced by KlG, thus causing certain inconsistencies in SŠG. Although both grammars have similarities, they are to be considered as two independent works
Semantizuota funkcinė gramatika ir vertimo problemos
No full textThe paper deals with one problem of translation – how and what harmful effect can be made to the target language, (in this case to the Lithuanian language) by poor translations of texts from the second language (i.e. the English language). How scientific researches can be useful?At present the new semantic functional grammar is the most productive of so called Amsterdam school which declares as being the part of theoretical activity of natural language users, explaining and making forms of language models. The background of the two parts “The Theory of Functional Grammar” (Part L, 1989, Part II, 1997) by S. Dik was the theoretical basis for this functional grammar. Its theory was supplemented by A. Siewierska (1991) and the issue “Functional Grammar Studies” and other magazines had developed the ideas for more than twenty years.The most important features of functional grammar: 3) defined layered semantic structure of a sentence, showing the three levels (layers) of semantic predicates and attendant semantic roles, involving semantic predicate and the category of semantics of all possible satellites, 2) invoking speaking activities and their semantic environment and pragmatic functions related to semantics, 3) defining that layered semantic abstracting principles and opportunities to introduce them in particular metalanguage, 4) highlighting the common peculiarities of realization of semantic structures and expressing them in various particular languages.Displacing all these, a successful computer modelling and programming can be expected (it has been already used practically). This situation demands to describe the semantic structure of the sentence of more specific languages according to the same general functional structure, and its functioning consistent patterns and peculiarities in various conditions of creating texts.Layered semantic functional grammar can be a good assistance to simultaneous and written translation as well. Naturally, comprehensive bilingual dictionaries are necessary as well as the semantic typological and comparative grammars of two analogical languages used in translating that define the differences of the languages compared – from typological to functioning in various styles up to pragmatic peculiarities, especially nowadays it is a matter of great relevance to present the comparative grammar handbooks and stylistics (in a broad sense) in the English and Lithuanian languages.Straipsnyje dar kartą pabrėžiama, kokį poveikį gali daryti vertimai tai kalbai, į kurią verčiami įvairūs tekstai. Aptariami naujos vadinamosios Amsterdamo funkcinės natūraliosios kalbos vartotojo funkcinės gramatikos principai, kurie galėtų būti gera atrama kuriant gretinamuosius dviejų kalbų aprašus; ypač reikalinga išsami anglų-lietuvių kalbų gramatika ir stilistika, derinamos ir su pragmatikos poreikiais
Некоторые конструкции отглагольных существительных с родительным падежом
No full textВ статье описывается, как разные лексические и грамматические факторы определяют структуру и семантику конструкции отглагольных абстрактов с родительным падежом в литовском языке. За основу исследования принимаются следующие NgNv трансформации: → NnV (отражает субъектную конструкцию), → VNa (может отражать объектную, объектно-субъектную и обстоятельственную конструкции), → NnV или VNa и → VNg (те и другие трансформации могут отражать объектную, субъектную, их же - как омонимические конструкции, иногда - обстоятельственные). Решающими факторами для субъективных конструкций являются неконкретность значения и интранзитивная валентность главного члена, а также агентивность адъюнкта; для объектной конструкции - транзитивная валентность главного члена и объектная валентность адъюнкта
Semantizuota funkcinė gramatika ir vertimo problemos
Get PDFThe paper deals with one problem of translation – how and what harmful effect can be made to the target language, (in this case to the Lithuanian language) by poor translations of texts from the second language (i.e. the English language). How scientific researches can be useful?At present the new semantic functional grammar is the most productive of so called Amsterdam school which declares as being the part of theoretical activity of natural language users, explaining and making forms of language models. The background of the two parts “The Theory of Functional Grammar” (Part L, 1989, Part II, 1997) by S. Dik was the theoretical basis for this functional grammar. Its theory was supplemented by A. Siewierska (1991) and the issue “Functional Grammar Studies” and other magazines had developed the ideas for more than twenty years.The most important features of functional grammar: 3) defined layered semantic structure of a sentence, showing the three levels (layers) of semantic predicates and attendant semantic roles, involving semantic predicate and the category of semantics of all possible satellites, 2) invoking speaking activities and their semantic environment and pragmatic functions related to semantics, 3) defining that layered semantic abstracting principles and opportunities to introduce them in particular metalanguage, 4) highlighting the common peculiarities of realization of semantic structures and expressing them in various particular languages.Displacing all these, a successful computer modelling and programming can be expected (it has been already used practically). This situation demands to describe the semantic structure of the sentence of more specific languages according to the same general functional structure, and its functioning consistent patterns and peculiarities in various conditions of creating texts.Layered semantic functional grammar can be a good assistance to simultaneous and written translation as well. Naturally, comprehensive bilingual dictionaries are necessary as well as the semantic typological and comparative grammars of two analogical languages used in translating that define the differences of the languages compared – from typological to functioning in various styles up to pragmatic peculiarities, especially nowadays it is a matter of great relevance to present the comparative grammar handbooks and stylistics (in a broad sense) in the English and Lithuanian languages.Straipsnyje dar kartą pabrėžiama, kokį poveikį gali daryti vertimai tai kalbai, į kurią verčiami įvairūs tekstai. Aptariami naujos vadinamosios Amsterdamo funkcinės natūraliosios kalbos vartotojo funkcinės gramatikos principai, kurie galėtų būti gera atrama kuriant gretinamuosius dviejų kalbų aprašus; ypač reikalinga išsami anglų-lietuvių kalbų gramatika ir stilistika, derinamos ir su pragmatikos poreikiais
Neglected Lithuanian Grammar of 1938 by Lazauskas
No full textStraipsnyje trumpai pristatomas pedagogo, vadovėlių autoriaus, redaktoriaus Juozo Lazausko (1892–1970) gyvenimas ir darbai, aptarta kūrybinė veikla (J. Lazauskas yra paskelbęs apie 40 įvairios tematikos straipsnių ir 8 atskirus leidinius). Straipsnio tikslas – supažindinti su nepagrįstai pamirštu lituanistikai svarbiausiu Lazausko darbu – „Lietuvių kalbos gramatika“ (1938 m.) ir jos atskiromis dalimis. Lazausko „Lietuvių kalbos gramatika“ kaip vadovėlis pradžios mokyklos V–VI skyriui, skirta gabiausiems anų laikų keturis skyrius baigusiems mokiniams, turi nemaža naujovių, savito dalykų išdėstymo, laikosi griežto metodinio modelio. Didžiausios naujovės: apibendrintos žinios apie kalbą, raštą, apie kalbos giminingumą, pradžios mokyklos vadovėlyje bendrinės kalbos sąvokos diegimas, daiktavardžių linksniavimo tipai pagal gimines, kalbos dalių pateikimas du kartus – apibendrintai ir konkrečiai; skiriama netiesioginė nuosaka, dalyvių aprašas atkeltas prieš asmenuojamąsias formas; sintaksėje pabrėžtinai laikomasi žodžių grupių atskiros sąvokos, iškeliamas sakinio branduolys, laikantis užsibrėžto modelio, dalyvių, padalyvių ir pusdalyvių vartosena mažai ką keičiant pakartojama du ar tris kartus. Lazauskas vadovėlyje apibendrino savo didelę pedagoginę patirtį ir tas kalbos žinias, kurias išdėstė atskiruose anksčiau skelbtuose straipsniuose. Tai įdomus tarpukario Lietuvos gramatikos aprašo paieškų darbas ir kartu turiningas aukštesnės pakopos mokyklai skirtas vadovėlis, parašytas paprasta, tarsi pasakojimo forma. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Aprašymas; Fonetika; Kalbos dalis; Lietuvių kalbos gramatika; Metodika; Morfologija; Sakinys; Sintaksė; Terminologija; Vadovėlis; Žodis; Description; Description of Lithuanian grammar; Methodics; Morphology; Part of speech; Phonetics; Sentence; Syntax; Terminology; Textbook; Wor
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