1,721,643 research outputs found
I fondi strutturali e di investimento europei e le politiche di coesione in Italia: alcune considerazioni sugli snodi e le criticità del sistema
Full text linkIl dibattito sull’utilità e l’efficacia della politica di coesione europea si è fatto negli ultimi anni particolarmente acceso. La crisi economica e la politica dell’austerity che ne è derivata hanno acuito le spinte nazionalistiche interne agli Stati membri, innescando una forte critica sull’operato delle istituzioni dell’Unione europea e sulla loro reale capacità di realizzare gli obiettivi della convergenza dei territori più poveri del continente.
In tale contesto, la ricerca propone di analizzare il complesso e articolato meccanismo di funzionamento dei fondi strutturali e di investimento europei (c.d. fondi SIE) e di verificare come si traducono e realizzano in concreto le politiche di coesione in Italia.
In particolare, tale lavoro ― dopo una breve introduzione teorica sulla genesi della politica di coesione e sulla sua dimensione tipica di governance multilivello ― si pone l’obiettivo di evidenziare gli snodi fondamentali e le criticità più rilevanti della gestione di tali risorse, avendo come focus la chiusura del ciclo programmazione 2007-2013 e l’andamento del ciclo di programmazione 2014-2020.
Lo studio prende poi in esame i principi fondamentali che governano la politica regionale (concentrazione, partenariato, programmazione, addizionalità e condizionalità), al fine di vagliarne caratteristiche e peculiarità.
Inoltre, l’analisi si sofferma su alcune recenti indagini relative all’impatto della politica di coesione, per verificare gli effetti che, nel corso del tempo, tale politica ha prodotto sui territori interessati.
Infine, la ricerca si concentra sul negoziato in corso che sta definendo gli obiettivi e le priorità della futura politica strutturale europea per il periodo di programmazione 2021-2027, per comprendere quali siano i presupposti sui cui si sta costruendo la futura politica di coesione post 2020.
La ricerca, in chiave critica, pone l’accento sulla necessità di semplificare e migliorare i meccanismi che regolano il funzionamento della programmazione sia a livello europeo che nazionale.
Il rinnovamento e il rilancio della politica strutturale dell’Unione europea ― soprattutto per un Paese come l’Italia che presenta forti differenziali di sviluppo al suo interno ― appare essenziale per imboccare un percorso sostenibile di crescita nel lungo periodo.
Tuttavia una riforma della politica di coesione potrebbe da sola non essere sufficiente.
Nel caso dell’Italia l’ingente debito pubblico, la debole crescita, l’elevata pressione fiscale, i bassi livelli di occupazione, le riforme mancate ecc. sono alcuni dei principali fattori che riducono notevolmente le chances di realizzare un’efficace coesione e convergenza delle regioni in maggiore difficoltà di sviluppo.
Inoltre sullo sfondo appare sempre più urgente la condivisione di un nuovo patto europeo, che al di là delle visioni nazionalistiche o della politica del rigore sostenuta da alcuni degli Stati membri, tracci una rotta certa sul futuro dell’Unione e, in particolare, sulla sua architettura costituzionale, sulla sua mission istituzionale e sul suo ruolo internazionale.In recent years, the debate on the usefulness and the effectiveness of the European cohesion policy has become increasingly heated. The austerity policy deriving from the economic crisis has exacerbated rampant nationalism within the Member States. It triggered strong criticism regarding the actions of the European Union institutions and their real capacity to achieve the objectives of convergence of the poorest territories of the continent.
In this context, this paper proposes to analyze the complex and articulated mechanism of the operation of the European structural and investment funds (so called ESIF funds) and to understand how the cohesion policies are translated and implemented concretely in Italy.
First, a brief theoretical introduction on the genesis of cohesion policy and its traditional dimension of multi-level governance is presented. Then, the key elements and the most significant criticalities in the management of these resources are analyzed, keeping in mind the closure of the 2007-2013 programming cycle and the progress of the 2014-2020 programming cycle.
The study then examines the fundamental principles that govern regional policy (concentration, partnership, planning, additionality and conditionality), in order to evaluate its characteristics and peculiarities.
Furthermore, the analysis focuses on some recent investigations related to the effects of cohesion policy, over time, on the territories concerned.
Finally, the research focuses on the ongoing negotiation which is defining the objectives and priorities of the future European structural policy for the 2021-2027 programming period in order to understand what are the prerequisites on which the future post-2020 cohesion policy is being built.
The research critically evaluates the necessity to simplify and improve the mechanisms which regulate the functioning of the programming cycle both at European and national level.
The renewal and revival of the European structural policy appear essential in order to take a sustainable path of growth, in the long term. This is especially true for a country such as Italy with strong development disparities within it.
However, a reform of the cohesion policy alone might not be enough.
In the case of Italy, the huge public debt, weak growth, high tax burden, low employment levels, missed reforms, etc. are some of the main factors that considerably reduce the chances of achieving an effective cohesion and convergence of the least-developed regions.
Furthermore, a new European pact appears ever more imperative. This new pact should go beyond the nationalistic visions or the austerity policies supported by some Member States. It should also give a clear picture about the future of the EU and, in particular, its constitutional architecture, its institutional mission and its international role
The right therapy for neurological disorders: From randomized trials to clinical practice
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A community study outlines how to prevent Parkinson's disease motor complications in the clinic
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis descriptive epidemiology: The origin of geographic difference
Full text linkAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) epidemiology has rapidly developed in the last 30 years alongside the evolving changes in concepts in the field of clinical ALS and also due to the recent proposals of new classification system for motor neuron diseases. Many of these changes in the clinical scenario have been determined through the results of ALS population-based studies conducted in the last 20 years primarily in Europe. All the evidences converge to show that ALS risk is different across continents and ethnicities. In a European registry consortium named EURALS, ALS incident cases were drawn from a source population comprising almost 24 million people across Europe (ALS cases: 1028) and the estimated incidence was 2.2 per 100,000 person- years (py) for the general population. In contrast, other population-based studies have measured the lowest incidence in East Asia to be 0.89 per 100,000 py and in South Asia to be 0.79 per 100,000 py. A large part of Africa, Latin America and Asia does not have any population-based studies. The origin of geographic difference in ALS incidence is a matter of debate. Probably, this is partly due to genes (C9ORF72) and partly due to environmental risk factors. The rapid disappearance of ALS Foci in Guam, Kii, and West Guinea underline the importance of changes in lifestyle and environmental factors. The Global Burden of Disease, a project aiming to describe the burden of all diseases and injuries across all the countries of the world with a standardized protocol, has collected heterogeneous sources of data to estimate the burden of motor neuron diseases. The demographic changes related to increased expectation of life and the growth of the world population indicate that the load of motor neuron disease is rapidly moving toward 400 thousand prevalent cases. The burden is expected to shift toward Asia and Africa in the next decades for the rapid increase of expectation of life of countries with high demographic impact. (c) 2019 S. Karger AG, Base
Stroke epidemiology and COVID-19 pandemic
Full text linkPURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of this study was to describe the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the epidemiology, cause and clinical characteristics of incident stroke in different settings and populations. RECENT FINDINGS: Several studies have shown that there are three main themes in the epidemiology of stroke during the COVID-19 pandemic: COVID-19 seems to be associated with stroke in a significant number of patients. This association has been reported in several clinical series, mainly from China. There is a consistent trend towards a decreased number of hospital admissions of stroke patients during the pandemic. There are no population-based data available on incident stroke in individuals with COVID-19. SUMMARY: In this review, we report on increased rates and severe prognosis of ischemic stroke among individuals with COVID-19, probably explained by hypercoagulability and inflammation, documented since the early phase of disease.We confirm the presence of falling rates of new ischemic stroke admissions in hospitals, probably due to social consequences of the pandemic: fear to be infected or not adequately treated in the hospital. This phenomenon is restricted to mild stroke and transient ischemic attacks.Short and long-term consequences of this trend of new strokes in the pandemic need to be evaluated
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