1,721,053 research outputs found
The development of the Enclosure Method in an Anisotropic Background and the Strong Unique Continuation for the Elasticity with Residual Stress
No full textThe prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in anesthetized dogs
No full text一、 研究目的 本研究之目的為調查犬隻在全身麻醉下進行各式外科手術時之胃食道逆流生率，並分析影響逆流發生的危險因子、 研究程序 於台灣大學生農學院附設動物醫院外科，隨機收集100隻進行非消化道手術科程序及全身麻醉之犬隻的連續食道酸鹼值。所有的犬隻在手術前皆禁食1220個小時。若犬隻本身有慢性消化道或長期服用影響消化道運動相關的藥，皆不納入研究。 術前給藥由各麻醉師根據犬隻的生理狀況及手術程序來設計。所有的犬隻都用propofol作為導入麻醉，以isoflurane維持麻醉。在麻醉穩定後，由一名熟食道酸鹼測量儀之人員將酸鹼探頭經口置入食道遠端之固定位置，測量食酸鹼值。所有的犬隻在麻醉中皆有完善的生理監控及紀錄。最後將所收集的資用統計方法分析，評估影響胃食道逆流相關之風險因子。 、 結果00隻狗中有35隻狗發生總共44次逆流。導入麻醉時Propofol的用量以及醉時間的長短與胃食道逆流的風險呈現正相關，並有54%的逆流是發生在導入後20分鐘內。年齡、體重、品種、性別、胖瘦、ASA級別、手術的類型/姿勢、和術前給藥等與胃食道逆流之發生在統計上沒有顯著的關係。另外，在本研究中的鹼性逆流率遠高於過去其他犬隻的文獻，但在其中3隻發生鹼性逆流的狗的食道液體，只有一隻狗的bilirubin(代表有12指腸逆流)呈現陽性反應，其餘兩隻皆呈現陰性反應。、 結論ropofol與胃食道逆流之發生有劑量效應(dose-dependent)。無論麻醉時間長都有胃食道逆流的風險，所以即使是短暫的麻醉，也不可忽略逆流重要性。過去認為是診斷胃食道逆流的黃金標準—食道酸檢測定，在鹼性逆流的認定標準上尚有瑕疵，未來可能還需要更多的研究來調整其定義。Objective To investigate the incidence and risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux in anesthetized dogs undergoing various surgical procedures. nimals A total of 100 dogs, 6.9 ± 4.5 years old, weighing 10.8 ± 9.6 kgethods The study group was dogs presenting to the National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital for non-gastrointestinal procedures and surgeries requiring general anesthesia. Dogs with chronic gastrointestinal diseases or being persistently treated with drugs known to affect gastric motility/physiology and the tone of gastroesophageal sphincter were excluded.he premedication protocol was designed by anesthetists according to the physical status and the nature surgical procedure. All dogs were induced with propofol to achieve endotracheal intubation. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Esophageal pH probe was placed during anesthesia. The gastroesophageal reflux was defined as the esophageal pH value under 4.0 or increasing above 7.5.esults Thirty-five dogs experienced gastroesophageal reflux during anesthesia, with a total of 44 episodes. The dosage of induction propofol and the duration of anesthesia had positive correlation with the risk of gastroesophageal reflux. The incidence of alkaline reflux was much higher than previously reported. In 3 episodes of alkaline reflux, only 1 showed bilirubin positive.onclusions and Clinical relevance The risk of gastroesophageal reflux associating with induced propofol is dose-dependent. And all dogs have risk of reflux regardless of the length of anesthesia. Although measuring esophageal pH is the gold standard in diagnosing gastroesophageal reflux, esophageal secretion may contribute to false positive interpretation of alkaline reflux.目錄 i次 iii次 iv文摘要 v文摘要 vii二章 文獻探討 2一節 胃食道逆流、反流及嘔吐之定義 2二節 胃食道逆流之病理生理學 3、 食道及下食道括約肌之解剖構造及生理學 3、下食道括約肌之神經調控 5、下食道括約肌之化學受器調控 6、胃食道逆流之發生 8、胃食道逆流與食道炎及食道狹窄之關係 9、胃食道逆流與吸入性肺炎之關係 12三節 胃食道逆流之流行病學 14四節 胃食道逆流之診斷 19、食道酸鹼測定 19、 其他方式 20五節 食道炎和食道狹窄的診斷及治療 22、食道炎及食道狹窄之臨床症狀 22、食道炎及食道狹窄之診斷方式 22、食道炎及食道狹窄之治療 24-1 藥物治療 24-2 外科治療 27六節 影響麻醉中胃食道逆流發生之因子 30、藥物 30、手術類型 31、手術姿勢 32、麻醉時間 34、年紀 35、品種 35、性別 37、胃內的酸鹼值 38、胃內容量與禁食時間 38、其他 39七節 麻醉中胃食道逆流之預防及處置 41、預防麻醉中胃食道逆流及肺吸入之方式 41、麻醉中發生逆流之處理 44考文獻 46三章 麻醉中犬隻之胃食道逆流 55錄 1 所有犬隻的連續變項之平均及中間數 73錄 2 有胃食道逆流(GER)及無GER病患連續變項之比較 74錄 4 本研究犬隻品種分布情形 76錄 5 GER開始發生的時間點 78錄 6 性別分布 79錄 7 手術內容 80錄 8 手術類型之比較 82錄 9 手術姿勢 83錄 10 麻醉前給藥 84錄 11 麻醉風險 87錄 12 犬隻胖瘦與GER之分布 88錄 13 犬隻發生反流之情形 89錄 14 與GER發生風險相關之因子 90錄 15 GER之存活分析(Cox regression) 9
Studies on isoflavone conjugates and related hydrolyzing nzyme in soybeans
No full text大豆異黃酮為植物雌激素重要來源之ㄧ。目前已有不少研究指出大豆異黃酮具有保健生理活性功效。異黃酮素主要有12種衍生物，於大豆中含量最高的為malonylglucosides形式之異黃酮，其次為β-glucosides形式之異黃酮，然而此兩類結構並非人體所能吸收之結構，若能將此類異黃酮轉換成人體較易吸收利用之aglyocnoes，則可提高大豆異黃酮的利用性。據本研究室先前關於大豆異黃酮之研究中發現，凍乾大豆粉於40℃熱反應，malonylglucosides含量會明顯減少，而aglycones含量則有上升的趨勢，因此推測大豆中存在著可水解malonylglucosides之相關酵素，因而著手進行對大豆異黃酮相關水解酵素之研究。進行相關水解酵素之研究，需製備可供酵素作用之異黃酮素為反應基質，因此本論文亦包括精製純化malonylglucosides與glucosides等兩類異黃酮素的方法。研究第一部分為isoflavone malonylglucosidess及isoflavone glucosides之分離純化。結果發現，將大豆粉以60%甲醇萃取大豆異黃酮，將其濃縮去除溶劑後通過HP-20疏水性管柱，水洗去除雜質，然後以40%甲醇洗出malonylglucosides部份；接著改以70%甲醇洗出殘餘malonylglucosides及glucosdies，於95℃下加熱迴流8小時，使malonylglucosides全部轉變成glucosides，即得isoflavone glucosides。一方面，本研究初步試驗結果發現β-glucosidase存在於豆渣(okara)中。將分離洗淨之豆渣以3% NaCl(aq)萃取、將萃取物以UF濃縮、以50-60%丙酮沉澱、經DTT(1,4-Dithioerythritol)還原後進行CM-Sepharose CL-6B陽離子交換層析及膠體過濾而得純化之β-glucosidase。此β-glucosidase之分子量為67kD之monomer，最適溫度為45℃，最適pH為4.5；溫度穩定性佳，於70℃加熱1小時仍有85%之酵素活性，而pH穩定性以接近pH 6.0的情況最好。在醣類與金屬離子抑制方面， 1 mM Hg2+能完全抑制此酵素之活性。此純化之β-glucosidase可將glucosides全部轉換為algycones，對malonylglucosides則沒有作用。顯示此酵素為對glucosides具有專一性之酵素。Soybean isoflavones, a kind of phytoestrogen, have been reported to possess a variety of physiological activities and a potential health benefit. Malonylglucoside is the most abundant isoflavone derivatives in soybeans, and glucoisde is the second abundant group. However, aglycones were reported as the most easily absorbed among the various isoflavone derivatives. Therefore, malonylglucosides and glucosides were desired to be converted to aglycones before consumption.ccording to our previous studies on soybean isoflavones, we found that the content of malonylglucosides were decreased and aglycones were increased obviously when ground soybean suspension incubated at 40℃. This result suggested that the enzyme existing in soybean could hydrolyze malonylglucosides. Consequently, the aim of this study was to investigate the isoflavone-related hydrolyzing enzymes.n this study, isolation and purification of isoflavones was also carried out to prepare the substrates for enzyme reactions. Isoflavones in soybeans were extracted with 60% methanol. After removing methanol by cacuum evaporation , the aqueous was applied to a HP-20 column, After washing with water, the counn was eluted with 40% methanol solution to recover malonylglucosides. Afterwards, the residual malonylglucosides and glucosides were eluted with 70% methanol solution, followed by heating at 95℃ for 8 hour to convert malonylglucosides to glucosides completely.-glucosidase discovered in okara was extracted with 3% sodium choloride solution, followed by subjecting to UF concentration, precipitation with 50-60% acetone , DTT reduction, cation exchange absorption and gel filtration. The β-glucosidase was estimated to be a monomer with a mass of 67kD. The optimum temperature was 45℃, and the optimum pH was 4.5. Thermal stability was measured at 40-70℃. The enzyme maintained its activity by 85% at 70℃. It was relatively stable at pH 6.0. The enzyme activity was completely inhibited by 1 mM Hg+. The purified β-glucosidase could completely convert glucosides to their corresponding aglycones. While it could not catalyze the hydrolysis of malonylglucosides. The result indicated that the β-glucosidase from soybean okara was specific to glucosides but not to malonylglucosides.口試委員會審定書 i謝 ii文摘要 iii文摘要 iv一章、研究動機 1二章、文獻整理 2、大豆 2、大豆簡介 2、大豆之一般組成分 3、大豆之機能性成分 5. 黃豆蛋白質 5. 豆清蛋白 5. 大豆卵磷脂 5. 植物固醇 6. 大豆異黃酮 8、異黃酮之生理活性 10、異黃酮於人體內的吸收與代謝 10、異黃酮的生物利用率 13、異黃酮素之生理功效 17. 抗氧化能力 17. 抗癌作用 17. 改善更年期婦女之不適症狀 18. 預防心血管疾病 18amp;#21442;、熱處理加工對大豆異黃酮的影響 19、大豆中的酵素 22、異黃酮之分離純化方法 28三章、材料與方法 35、實驗架構 35、實驗材料與器材 35amp;#21442;、實驗方法 37、大豆異黃酮之精製純化 37. 大豆之前處理 37. 大豆中異黃酮之萃取 37. 大豆異黃酮之分離 37、大豆異黃酮之含量分析 38、大豆異黃酮含量計算方式 40、大豆中β-glucosidase之研究 42. 大豆之前處理 42. 大豆中β-glucosidase之純化步驟 42. β-glucosidase之最適溫度及最適pH 44. β-glucosidase之溫度與pH 穩定性 45. 金屬離子、醣類及化合物對β-glucosidase之影響 45. β-glucosidase與大豆異黃酮素之反應 46四章、結果與討論 47、大豆中含有異黃酮相關水解酵素之探討 47、大豆異黃酮之分離 49amp;#21442;、大豆中β-glucosidase之研究 57、β-glucosidase之純化 57、β-glucosidase之特性 68. 最適溫度及pH 68. 溫度及pH穩定性 68. 金屬離子、醣類及EDTA對於β-glucosidase活性的影響 69. β-glucosidase與大豆異黃酮之反應 70五章、結論 78六章、參考文獻 79目錄2.1植物固醇之結構 72.2大豆中異黃酮之化學結構式 92.3異黃酮代謝物與雌激素代謝物化學結構式之比較 112.4異黃酮之代謝物排泄途徑及腸道微生物之影響 122.5大豆食品中genistein化學形式之轉換 142.6人體對異黃酮之吸收代謝簡要圖示 162.7加工溫度對大豆異黃酮化合物的影響 202.8加熱對豆漿中大豆異黃酮化合物轉換的影響 212.9雞豆中之花黃素異黃酮與雞豆異黃酮之共軛反應以及推測可能之代謝反應 262.10雞豆中異黃酮共軛物酵素調控示意圖 272.11由大豆產物中萃取及分離出異黃酮之流程圖 302.12由葛根中萃取及分離出異黃酮之流程圖 313.1實驗架構圖 353.2大豆異黃酮HPLC分析之流洗梯度 394.1 40℃熱處理對大豆均質液中異黃酮轉換之影響 484.2大豆粉60%甲醇粗萃物之HPLC分析圖譜 504.3通過HP-20管柱之40%甲醇洗出液HPLC分析圖譜 514.4通過HP-20管柱70%甲醇水溶液洗出部分之HPLC分析 524.5通過HP-20管柱之70%甲醇流出液於95℃加熱8小時後HPLC分析圖譜 534.6 Malonylglucosides產物 564.7 Glucosides產物 564.8不同鹽濃度對酵素活性之影響 594.9各丙酮沉澱中蛋白質之β-glucosidase酵素活性之相對含量 604.10未還原之β-glucosidase之CM-Sepharose CL-6B陽離子交換層析圖譜 614.11未還原之β-glucosidase之膠體過濾層析圖譜 624.12還原之β-glucosidase之CM-Sepharose CL-6B陽離子交換層析圖譜 634.13還原之β-glucosidase之膠體過濾層析圖譜 644.14電泳分析 654.15溫度對β-glucosidase活性之影響 714.16 pH對β-glucosidase活性之影響 724.17 β-glucosidase對溫度之穩定性 734.18 β-glucosidase對pH之穩定性 744.19 β-glucosidase與glucosides反應前後之HPLC圖譜 764.20 β-glucosidase與malonylglucosides反應前後之HPLC圖譜 77目錄2.1黃豆之一般組成分及礦物質含量 42.2各類大豆食品中異黃酮之含量 243.1本研究計算大豆異黃酮含量所採用之RRF與分子量 414.1大豆異黃酮粗萃液及其HP-20管柱區分中之異黃酮含量 544.2大豆異黃酮分離純化之效果 554.3未還原之β-glucosidase純化表 664.4還原之β-glucosidase純化表 674.5各種金屬離子、醣類及EDTA對β-glucosidase酵素活性之影響 7
The Mechanism of Cannabidiol-Mediated Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Human Monocytes The Mechanism of Cannabidiol-Mediated Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Human Monocytes The Mechanism of Cannabidiol-Mediated Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Human Monocytes
No full text大麻二酚為一萃取自Cannabis sativa不具有中樞活性的天然生物鹼，具有抗發炎及免疫調節等藥理作用。目前已知大麻二酚對於多種癌化細胞及初代淋巴球、胸腺細胞以及單核球等具有促進凋亡的作用，且和氧化壓力有關。本研究目的為進一步探討大麻二酚造成人類單核球氧化性壓力以及引起細胞凋亡的機制。與先前報告結果一致，大麻二酚對於新鮮分離出的人類單核球具有凋亡效果，且具有時間與濃度相關性。時間相關性的實驗結果顯示，在給予大麻二酚後1-2小時會造成細胞內活性氧化物的增加。進一步比較後發現，在給予細胞大麻二酚5分鐘即造成粒線體膜電位去極化，且在15分鐘後造成粒線體內膜中心磷脂（cardiolipin）的氧化。大麻二酚也會造成粒線體中的細胞色素c（cytochrome c）釋放至細胞質，更加證明粒線體為大麻二酚的首要標的。除此之外，共軛膠顯微影像顯示，細胞內的氧化物螢光探針2’,7’-dichlorofluorescein與粒線體的螢光探針MitoTracker位置重和。流式細胞儀分析顯示，粒線體中鈣黃綠素（calcein）的螢光強度明顯減弱，證實大麻二酚會引起粒線體滲透性轉變。大麻二酚引起的凋亡和粒線體膜電位下降受到粒線體滲透性孔（mitochondrial permeability transition pore, MPTP）抑制劑環孢靈（cyclosporine A）的回復，但不受到鈣調去磷酸酶（calcineurin）抑制劑FK506的影響。另外，環孢靈也可抑制大麻二酚引起的粒線體心磷脂氧化和粒線體滲透性的轉變。綜合上述，大麻二酚引起人類周邊血液單核球的氧化性壓力和凋亡作用為粒線體所媒介，且為粒線體滲透性孔依賴性機制。Cannabidiol (CBD), the major non-psychotropic cannabinoid contained in the plant Cannabis sativa, possesses a number of promising pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammation and immunomodulation. CBD is known to induce apoptosis in both transformed and primary immune cells, including lymphocytes, thymocytes and monocytes, through oxidative stress-related mechanisms. The objective of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanisms for CBD-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in monocytes. Consistent with previous results, exposure of freshly isolated human monocytes to CBD induced apoptosis in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Time-course analyses revealed the induction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) at 1-2 h post CBD exposure. By comparison, CBD rapidly elicited the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential within 5 min, and the oxidation of cardiolipin, a major lipid component of the mitochondrial inner membrane, within 15 min of exposure. CBD also induced the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol, confirming that mitochondria are targeted by CBD. Furthermore, results from confocal microscopy demonstrated that the intracellular ROS measured by 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescein co-localized with the mitochondrial probe MitoTracker in CBD-treated monocytes. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that CBD induced the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) as evidenced by a marked decrease in the mitochondrial fluorescence of calcein. CBD-mediated apoptosis and mitochondrial depolarization were significantly attenuated in the presence of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP pore) inhibitor cyclosporin A, but not affected by the calcineurin inhibitor FK506. Cyclosporin A also prevented cardiolipin oxidation and MPT induced by CBD. Taken together, the present study suggests that CBD may act at the level of mitochondria to initiate oxidative stress and apoptosis via MPTP-dependent mechanisms in human peripheral monocytes
Understanding Digital Divide: the Process of the Elderly Acquiring Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Skills
No full text本研究描述老年人獲取資訊與通訊科技（ICT）技能的歷程，從中探討老年人學習與使用ICT的障礙和助力，並重新思考年齡數位落差的問題，藉此來回答以下問題：（1）影響老年人獲取ICT技能的因素為何？（2）老年人獲取ICT的技能歷程有何特徵？（3）不同老年人獲取ICT技能歷程的特徵中，老年人遭遇到哪些障礙？可得的助力又為何？（4）從老年人獲取ICT技能歷程的特徵來思考，年齡數位落差該如何消弭？
透過質性研究法的田野研究，研究者參與圖書館與社區大學所辦理的老年人電腦課程，以參與式觀察法和訪談法蒐集資料。除了將觀察資料進行描述與分析外，研究者依學習動機與課後可取得的社會支援，分類所訪問的22位學員，將受訪學員分成「被動-部分支援型」、「適應-部分支援型」、「主動-部分支援型」、「被動-豐富支援型」、「適應-豐富支援型」、「主動-豐富支援型」六種類型。每一個類型選擇資訊量豐富或具有代表性的個案，加以描述其獲取ICT技能的過程，並分析該類型的經驗與特徵。
本研究的主要結論為：「老年」的客觀條件、ICT對能力的要求，以及ICT預設的價值，造成老年人獲取ICT技能的困難，而充分且即時的社會支援則有助於老年人跨越障礙。回顧數位落差的問題，應關注在「如何做」的過程，而非單純的設備與課程的輸入，必須先瞭解老年人的興趣與需求，以及可取得的社會支援，再藉由適當的課程設計、家庭以外的社會支援發展，來協助老年人獲取ICT技能。This study explores the process of the elderly acquiring information and communication technology (ICT) skills. Its aim was to explore the success and problems of such endeavors and to rethink the age-related digital divide issue. This study attempts to answer the following questions: 1) What are the effect factors on the process of acquiring ICT skills? 2) What are the characters of the process of the elderly acquiring ICT skills? 3) What are the barriers and helps during the process of the elderly acquiring ICT skills? 4) How can the age-related digital divide be reduced in terms of the characters of the ICT skill acquisition process for the elderly?
The data was gathered by observing and interviewing elderly participants in ICT classes held by municipal public libraries and community colleges. In addition to analyzing the data of each case, the study categorizes 22 interviewees’ data into six types according to their learning motivation and the availability of social support: the passive-less-support, the adapted-less-support, the active-less-support, the passive- supported, the adapted-supported and the active-supported type. In every type, one or two cases with comprehensive information or particular representativeness were chosen and the learning experiences as well as relevant character traits of them were described.
The study concludes that the three factors, age-related issues, the necessity of acquiring specific skills for ICT usage and the pre-adjustments in ICT specifically set for younger people create barriers for the acquisition of ICT skills for older people. However, full and instant social support may help older people bridge the barriers. Moreover, with particular regard to the digital divide, those who provide elderly service should not only concern with the delivery of contents and resources, but thoroughly reconsider the methods instead. Understanding the interests and needs of older people as well as assessing the available social supports may help the elderly acquire ICT skills more successfully. Thus devising suitable curricula and securing social support outside the family can therefore also be crucial.目 錄
誌謝……………………………………………………………… i
中文摘要………………………………………………………… iii
英文摘要…………………………………………………………… iv
第一章 緒論……………………………………………………… 1
第一節 問題陳述………………………………………………… 1
第二節 研究問題與目的………………………………………… 6
第三節 名詞解釋……………………………………………………7
第四節 研究限制……………………………………………………8
第二章 文獻回顧………………………………………………… 9
第一節 數位落差的意涵………………………………………… 9
第二節 老年人與數位落差……………………………………… 21
第三節 老年人獲取ICT技能的相關文獻回顧…………………… 31
第三章 研究設計與實施………………………………………… 41
第一節 研究取向………………………………………………… 41
第二節 研究設計與方法………………………………………… 43
第三節 研究流程與實施………………………………………… 47
第四章 場域與對象的描述與分析……………………………… 52
第一節 課程設計架構與內容…………………………………… 52
第二節 課程學員與受訪學員之組成與互動描述…………………57
第五章 研究結果之描述與分析………………………………… 61
第一節 影響老年人獲取ICT技能的因素………………………… 61
第二節 個案描述與分析………………………………………… 90
第三節 老年人獲取ICT技能的障礙與助力……………………… 138
第四節 年齡數位落差的消弭…………………………………… 146
第六章 綜合分析與討論………………………………………… 151
第一節 綜合討論………………………………………………… 151
第二節 現有ICT使用之侷限……………………………………… 155
第三節 圖書館學員與社大學員的差異………………………… 159
第七章 結論與建議……………………………………………… 162
第一節 結論……………………………………………………… 162
第二節 建議……………………………………………………… 167
第三節 未來研究方向…………………………………………… 171
參考文獻…………………………………………………………… 174
附錄：訪談大綱…………………………………………………… 180
圖 目 錄
圖1-1：88、90、92、94、96年度各年齡層曾經上網比例…… 2
圖1-2：93-95年度各年齡層曾經上網比例……………………… 3
圖1-3：老年人與ICT的關係簡圖………………………………… 5
圖2-1：各年齡層使用ICT的比例………………………………… 25
圖3-1：研究流程圖…………………………………………………48
表 目 錄
表2-1：各學者數位落差內涵比較表…………………………… 17
表2-2：40歲以上網路使用人口資訊應用比例與整體比較表… 27
表2-3：“A Nation Online”與「九十五年數位落差調查報告」在資訊應用（網路行為）指標比較表………………………………… 30
表3-1：圖書館電腦班與社大電腦班比較表…………………… 44
表4-1：社大基礎班與進階班課程比較表……………………… 55
表4-2：圖書館各分館課程比較表…………………………………56
表4-3：圖書館電腦班受訪學員基本資料表…………………… 59
表4-4：社大基礎班受訪學員基本資料表……………………… 59
表4-5：社大進階班受訪學員基本資料表……………………… 59
表5-1：老年人獲取ICT技能歷程分析架構表…………………… 91
表5-2：六大類型特徵簡表……………………………………… 14
Study on the Transcription Regulation of Breast Cancer Amplified Sequence 2 (BCAS2) by p53 Tumor Suppressor
No full text新穎分子BCAS2已被發現在乳癌細胞株MCF7及MDA-MB-231，以及一些乳癌患者之臨床組織切片中，發現有基因放大或過度表現的的現象，並可能與乳癌細胞的侵襲性和遠端轉移有關。在本實驗室的研究中，發現默化BCAS2會導致MCF7細胞發生細胞凋亡，且細胞聚落形成能力降低。並發現BCAS2可以和抑癌蛋白p53結合，阻礙p53對下游目標基因如p21的轉錄活化，因此是一個p53的負向調控分子。53為細胞中最重要的抑癌分子之一，約有百分之五十以上的癌症被發現含有突變的p53，其餘大多數亦與p53的調控或訊息傳導途徑相關。p53由其轉錄調控因子的功能，辨認特定的DNA序列並與之結合，並影響目標基因的轉錄活化或抑制；或是藉由其下游基因間接調控其他基因。p53下游的基因在細胞週期、細胞凋亡、老化等細胞重要反應上，都扮演相當重要的角色。本研究中，我們發現BCAS2可受到p53的轉錄壓抑作用。在胚胎腎細胞株293T、乳癌細胞株MCF7及肺癌細胞株H1299中皆可觀察到p53的活化或大量表現，將導致BCAS2蛋白質表現量降低的現象。後續實驗則發現p53可壓抑BCAS2基因啟動子的活性，以及其mRNA的表現。染色質免疫沉澱分析的結果則說明p53可結合至BCAS2啟動子上。然而對於p53乃辨認BCAS2啟動子中哪一段序列做為結合位，目前仍尚未釐清。研究證明BCAS2是抑癌蛋白p53下游進行轉錄抑制的目標基因之一，然而先前研究中BCAS2亦為p53的負向調控因子，因此在BCAS2與p53之間存在著相互抑制的互動關係。在細胞處於正常環境下，BCAS2可以抑制p53的活性，使細胞得以正常地生長分裂；BCAS2的過量表現甚至可能是癌細胞中，p53無法正常作用的原因之一。然而一旦p53受到活化，則可以抑制BCAS2的表現，且此壓抑作用可使p53活性更加增強，形成正回饋的效果。未來可以此機制，作為癌症治療的目標之一；且BCAS2與p53之間的互動，也可以成為未來研究p53與負向調控因子之間的模式之一。A novel protein named BCAS2 has been reported overexpressed or gene amplified in breast cancer cell lines MCF7 and MDA-MB-231, as well as some of the clinical breast cancer samples. Overexpression of BCAS2 may associate with gaining of invasiveness and metastasis ability in breast cancer cells. Previous studies of our lab showed that silencing BCAS2 expression cause apoptosis in MCF7, and the colony-forming ability was dampened. BCAS2 was found to physically interact with the tumor suppressor p53.The interaction blocked the ability of p53 to transcribe target genes such as p21. Thus, we identified BCAS2 as a negative regulator of p53.53 is one of the most crucial tumor suppressors in cells. It was reported that p53 mutations occurred in more than fifty percent of human cancers, and most of the rest were associated with the regulation or signaling pathways of p53. As a transcription regulator, p53 can recognize and bind to a specific DNA sequence and therefore activate or repress the transcription activity of its target genes. Some indirect regulation can be achieved through its downstream pathway. The target genes of p53 participate in many central cellular events such as cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and cell senescence. n this study, we demonstrated that p53 can transcriptionally repress BCAS2 expression. Overexpression or activation of p53 cause the decrease of protein expression of BCAS2 in human embryonic kidney cell 293T, the breast cancer cell line MCF7 and also the lung cancer cell line H1299. Further analysis showed the promoter activity of BCAS2 gene could be repressed by p53, followed by the decrease of mRNA expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was performed to verified that p53 associated with BCAS2 promoter. However, it has not yet been clarified which region within BCAS2 promoter could interact with p53.n this report we identified BCAS2 as one of the target gene of p53-mediated transcription repression. We have also shown that BCAS2 can negatively regulate the activity of p53 previously. Taking together, there might exist a reciprocal inhibition between p53 and BCAS2. Cells under normal condition can grow and proliferate normally in result of p53 inactivation by BCAS2 negative regulator. Moreover, overexpression of BCAS2 might therefore promote tumor progression. Nevertheless, once p53 is activated, it can repress BCAS2 expression, thus elevate its own activity. This mechanism can be a tumor therapeutic target in the future, as well as a model to investigate the relationship between p53 and some of its negative regulators.誌謝 文摘要 文摘要 論 癌基因與抑癌基因 1癌基因p53：結構與功能 353的活化及對下游基因調控之機制 453對目標基因之轉錄抑制 653與下游基因的相互調控 7CAS2：文獻回顧 8CAS2對p53的負向調控 10究目的 12料及方法 14果 53可降低BCAS2蛋白表現 2753可降低BCAS2的mRNA表現 2853可抑制BCAS2啟動子的活化 30制p53可恢復BCAS2表現 3253可與BCAS2啟動子結合 32找啟動子上可能的p53結合位 33論 36考文獻 43附錄 4
Dual-Mode Low-Complexity Codebook Searching Algorithm and Architecture Design for LTE/LTE-Advanced Systems
No full textLTE與LTE-Advanced系統具有頻譜使用率高、傳送頻帶大以及網絡部署與管理成本低廉等優勢，並採用多輸入多輸出（Multiple-Input Multiple-Output, MIMO）和正交分頻多工（Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM）兩項關鍵技術，可以提供大頻寬、成本低的無線通訊傳輸，為未來第四代行動通訊的主要規範。在MIMO系統中，接收端的天線會接收到每個傳送天線的訊號，天線之間會互相干擾，接收端需要透過複雜的檢測技術來恢復數據。然而，在行動通訊系統的下行傳輸中，由於受限於接收端手機的尺寸與功耗等，各種複雜的檢測技術難以實用，因此會利用預前編碼（Precoding）技術，使傳送端可以預先知道通道狀態資訊(Channel State Information, CSI)，再依據通道狀態來調整訊號發射策略，能夠有效抑制多天線之間的干擾，在相同錯誤率的情況下可提升4dB左右的效能，並能簡化接收端手機處理的複雜度。
在行動通訊系統中，通道環境變化較快，一般是採用僅需回傳少量碼字的碼簿(Codebook)機制為預前編碼技術。雖然碼簿機制可以大大節省回傳的資訊量，但是主要問題在於需要搜尋碼簿裡最佳的預前編碼器作為回饋的指標。在碼簿搜尋方面已有多篇論文討論與研究[13][14][22]-[24]，但其提出的方法複雜度過高，無法適用於通道快速變化的行動通訊系統，並且實作於手機所需硬體成本過高，因此如何有效率且快速地從碼簿中選出適當的預前編碼矩陣來做預編碼為重要的議題。
針對上述議題，本論文將開發出同時支援LTE與LTE-Advanced雙模低複雜度碼簿搜尋器。我們利用碼簿之間的關聯性與巢狀特性來提出一個低複雜度分群以快速傅利葉轉換(Fast Fourier Transform; FFT)為基準的演算法。根據複雜度分析，本論文提出的方法相對於目前文獻可減少約56%的運算複雜度並且沒有任何系統效能的損失。最後，本論文利用TSMC 90 nm製程來實現出雙模低複雜度碼簿搜尋器，此碼簿搜尋器的面積為2.2 mm2，等效邏輯閘數目為547.6K，操作頻率為125MHz。LTE (Long Term Evolution) and LTE-A (LTE-Advanced) systems are dominant standards in future mobile communication systems. LTE and LTE-A systems utilize multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) technique, which can resist multipath interference and improve the spectrum efficiency. The main concern is the interferences among all transmit and receive antennas. The closed-loop scheme, i.e. precoding, is proved to be about 4dB better performance [28] compared with the open-loop solution, which also reduces the overall power consumption.
Codebook is a useful precoding technique for limited feedback systems because only few bits are required to feedback. Several codebook selection criteria for linear receivers have been proposed in [13][14][22]-[24]; nevertheless, these selection criteria are computationally intensive and most of them are not feasible for aperiodic feedback reporting in LTE and LTE-A systems. On account of the limited processing hardware and feedback delay constraints, low-complexity transceivers with efficient codebook selection scheme should be considered.
In this thesis, the low-complexity codebook searching engine is proposed for LTE and LTE-A systems. The properties and mutual correlations of the LTE and LTE-A codebooks are analyzed and then a low-complexity grouping FFT-based codebook searching algorithm is proposed. Since the proposed algorithm is an algorithmic transformation, there is no performance loss. The proposed schemes have significant effect of reducing the number of multiplications by 56%, compared with the low-complexity cofactor scheme [26]. At last, a dual-mode low-complexity codebook searching engine with TSMC 90 nm is implemented. The IP size is 2.2 mm2 and the equivalent gate count is 547.6K. The operating frequency is 125MHz
Insufficiency of double-strand break repair in cells with short telomeres
No full text端粒(telomere)的存在能夠維持染色體的穩定性，而端粒的複製則仰賴端粒酵素的活性。缺乏端粒酵素活性的哺乳類癌細胞或酵母菌細胞可藉由ALT (Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres)的重組方式來維持端粒長度。本研究發現由缺乏端粒酵素的酵母菌細胞衍生而來的type I 存活者對於DNA的傷害有高度敏感性。藉由比較野生型和typeI存活者之突變率的實驗，我們認為此現象並不是由於基因的改變而發生。另一方面，利用端粒PCR及TRF (Telomere Restriction Fragment)分析法來追蹤缺乏端粒酵素的酵母菌從孢子形成到存活者出現的過程，我們發現端粒的長度和存活者的敏感度有密切的關係。此外本實驗也發現type I 對於雙股DNA斷裂的敏感性必須仰賴MEC1基因的存在，顯示此現象可能來自於檢查點持續地被啟動及其所造成的延滯的細胞週期。先前的研究指出在缺乏端粒酵素的酵母菌中，縮短且失去正常功能的端粒會引發相似於DNA損傷的反應。為了進一步釐清此現象是否因為縮短的端粒將細胞中的修復蛋白質凝聚至染色體末端而造成染色體其他位置的斷裂無法有效被修復，我們利用染色質免疫沉澱法來觀察同源性重組機制中的Rad51蛋白質在野生型和type I存活者中與單一DSB (double-strand break)結合的能力。結果顯示此能力在type I存活者相較於野生型，確實有下降的現象。Telomere maintenance is required for chromosome stability, and telomeres are typically replicated by the action of telomereas. In both mammalian tumor and yeast cells that lack telomerase, telomeres are maintained by an alternative (ALT) recombination mechanism. Here we demonstrated that the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae type I survivors derived from telomerase-minus cells were hypersensitive to DNA-damaging agents. Tests on mutation rates showed no difference between type I survivors and WT cells, indicating that no specific genetic alterations might be responsible for the sensitive phenotype. On the other hand, telomere PCR and spot assays which tracked the sensitivity of telomerase-minus cells from spore to survivors suggested a correlation between telomere length and bleomycin sensitivity. We further discovered that this sensitivity is MEC1 dependent and probably results from the persistent checkpoint activation and prolonged cell cycle arrest. Previous studies have reported that short dysfunctional telomeres can induce a DNA damage response in S. cerevisiae in the absence of telomerase. Our analyses of the HR protein (Rad51p) binding efficiency at DSB sites by quantitative chromatin IP suggest that the sensitive phenotype might correlate with less efficient recruitment of repair proteins to the bona-fide DSB induced by exogenoues DNA-damaging agents when eroded telomeres give signal of break sites as well.口試委員會審書………………………………………………….….......i 謝………………………………………………………………………ii文摘要………………………………………………………………...iiibstract…………………………………………………………………ivbbreviations……………………………………………………………vable of contents………………………………………………………..vi. Introduction…………………………………………………………..1. Aims………………………………………………...………………...12. Materials and Methods……………………………………………..13. Results………………………………………………………………..23. Discussion……………………………………………………………35. Figures……………………………………………………………….39. Tables………………………………………………………………52eference……………………………………………………………….54ppendix………………………………………………………………..6
Distributions of Metal Levels in the Blood of Preschool Children in Taiwan and the Relevant Affecting Factors
No full text人體血液中的金屬元素濃度，可用來當作人體受到環境金屬暴露的生物指標。本研究目的在於建立臺灣學齡前孩童血中金屬濃度之常模，並探討主要的影響因素，做為日後有害金屬暴露防治的參考。
本研究收樣期間自2011年4月到2011年11月，以行政等級為單位做分層抽樣，隨機選取了全台44個區、市、鎮、鄉，依序邀請其轄內幼稚園參與本計劃，最後共有85所幼稚園同意參與本計畫。所有幼稚園受邀孩童家長會先被告知研究目的與流程，並請其同意後簽署參與計畫同意書。問卷資料由幼稚園老師協助孩童家長完成，血液樣本則由小兒科護士或醫生至幼稚園進行採樣。總共收集932個血液樣本，儲存於4℃冰箱，後以感應耦合電漿質譜儀進行18種金屬元素的分析，包括鈹(Be)、鉛(Pb)、鍶(Sr)、鉬(Mo)、鎘(Cd)、銻(Sb)、銫(Cs)、鈾(U)、釩(V)、錳(Mn)、鈷(Co)、銅(Cu)、鋅(Zn)、砷(As)、硒(Se)、銣(Rb)、錫(Sn)、汞(Hg)等元素。
若以各血中金屬濃度平均值正負兩個標準差範圍內為常模，本研究結果顯示臺灣地區學齡前孩童血中金屬濃度常模分布範圍分別為：鉛0.774~4.47 μg/dL、鈹<1.47μg/L、鍶7.75~38.0 μg/L、鉬<2.47 μg/L、鎘<0.340 μg/L、銻1.49~6.24 μg/L、銫0.752 ~4.12μg/L、鈾<0.0170 μg/L、釩<0.674μg/L、錳6.00~22.1 μg/L、鈷0.0481~0.917μg/L、銅674~1397 μg/L、鋅2623~6315 μg/L、砷0.745~11.4 μg/L、硒79.7~154 μg/L、銣1140~3059μg/L、錫<1.44 μg/L、汞1.04~17.7 μg/L。
以北、中、南、東、離島等地理區域別來看，研究個案血中18 種金屬濃度除了鎘和銻之外，其他金屬濃度都呈現與研究個案居住之地理區域有顯著差異(p<0.025)。其中血中鉛和錫濃度都是離島區域最高，而血中鈹、鉬、銫、錳、砷、銣、汞等金屬濃度都是東部區域最高，血中鍶濃度是中部區域最高，血中釩、鈷、銅、鋅、硒等金屬濃度都是南部區域最高。血中鉛、錳、鋅、銣、汞等金屬濃度都是居住在北部區域的研究個案最低，而血中鈹、鍶、銫、釩、銅、硒等金屬濃度都是離島區域最低，血中鈷、錫等金屬濃度則是東部區域最低，血中砷濃度則是南部區域最低。
全台灣學齡前孩童血中鉛濃度分布曲線呈現右偏，血中鉛值最多分布在1~2μg/dL 之間。與美國4 到7 歲孩童比較，台灣學齡前孩童血中鉛的累積分佈圖形與美國2003-2004 年和2005-2006 年最為類似；預期再過4 至6 年，台灣學齡前孩童血中鉛可以更接近美國當代的學齡前孩童血中鉛濃度分布。
本研究發現家中是否燒香拜拜，與孩童血中的砷、汞、鉛濃度有正相關。特別是家中燒香拜拜的頻率，與孩童的血中鉛濃度有劑量效應關係，顯示燒香拜拜可能是孩童的鉛暴露來源之一。研究個案居住地附近是否有工廠與其血中鉛濃度呈正相關。血中銻濃度則與居住地附近是否常聞到異味呈正相關。血中鉛與家庭平均月收入呈負相關，而血中鍶與錫都與父親教育程度呈現負相關。這些金屬都是在製造業或工業會使用到的材料，像是錫常被使用於金屬零件的焊接、電鍍上，因此父母的職業暴露可能間接導致孩童的金屬暴露。
此外，以2 μg/dL 和3 μg/dL 為高低血鉛濃度之切分點的羅吉斯回歸模式分析結果顯示，主要的顯著影響因素是孩童家庭背景資料相關的變項。以4 或5μg/dL 為高低血鉛濃度之切分點的羅吉斯回歸模式分析結果則顯示主要的顯著影響因素是與父親職業與居住環境相關的變項。以衛生單位的角度來看，考量台灣孩童血中鉛常模值分布範圍，以及有限的行政資源，孩童血中鉛警戒值可訂在5μg/dL，以便能針對少部分高血中鉛濃度孩童進行重點式鉛暴露防治工作。
相較於傳統較高濃度、有明顯汙染源的有害金屬暴露環境，現今的有害金屬暴露已轉變為來源不明確之多金屬元素低濃度暴露為主，常以低社經地位、低教育程度、文化差異等健康不平等因素反映出高金屬暴露族群，顯示未來的金屬暴露防治應多著眼於這些社會上的弱勢族群。Biological monitoring of metals in blood is important in characterizing human’s exposure to metals. The aim of this study was set to establish the norm of metal levels in blood of the preschool children in Taiwan as well as to explore their determinants in order to set forth the benchmarks for further toxic metal exposure prevention.
Stratum random sampling was adopted based on administrative area and in total 44 districts, cities, towns, and villages were selected. Within these areas, after being invited in sequence, 85 kindergartens agreed to participate in this study. All the parents of children of the participating kindergarten were informed the study goals and processes, and asked to sign a statement of consent once they agreed to take part in this study. Questionnaires were administrated through help of the kindergarten teachers, while blood samples were collected by pediatric nurses or doctors. From April to October 2011, in total, 932 blood samples were collected from the volunteering kindergarten children, and stored in tubes with heparin at 4℃ until laboratory analysis with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for 18 trace metals, including beryllium, lead, strontium, molybdenum, cadmium, antimony, cesium, uranium, vanadium, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, rubidium, tin, mercury.
As being defined as mean plus/minus two times the standard deviation, the norms of metal levels in blood of preschool children were set as 0.774 to 4.47 μg/dL for lead, less than 1.47μg/L for beryllium, 7.75 to 38.0 μg/L for strontium, less than 2.47μg/L for molybdenum, less than 0.340μg/L for cadmium, 1.49 to 6.24 μg/L for antimony, 0.752 to 4.12 μg/L for cesium, less than 0.0170 μg/L for uranium, less than 0.674 μg/L for vanadium, 6.00 to 22.1μg/L for manganese, 0.0481 to 0.917 μg/L for cobalt, 674 to 1397 μg/L for copper, 2623 to 6315 μg/L for zinc, 0.745 to 11.4 μg/L for arsenic, 79.7 to 154 μg/L for selenium, 1140 to 3059 μg/L for rubidium, less than 1.44 μg/L for tin and 1.04 to 17.7 μg/L for mercury, respectively.
Except for cadmium and antimony, levels of all study metals in children’s blood were significantly different among geographical zones, i.e. northern, central, southern, eastern Taiwan, and off-shore islands (p<0.025). The highest levels of lead and tin in children’s blood were found in off-shore islands; the highest levels of beryllium, molybdenum, cesium, manganese, arsenic, rubidium and mercury were found in eastern Taiwan; the highest level of strontium was found in central Taiwan; the highest levels of vanadium, cobalt, copper, zinc and selenium were found in southern Taiwan. The lowest levels of lead, manganese, zinc, rubidium and mercury in children’s blood were found in northern Taiwan; the lowest levels of beryllium, strontium, cesium, vanadium, copper and selenium were found in off-shore islands; the lowest levels of cobalt and tin in children’s blood were found in eastern Taiwan; the lowest level of arsenic was found in southern Taiwan.
The distribution of blood lead level of the preschool children in Taiwan was skewed to right with most blood lead levels ranging from 1 to 2 μg/dL. Such a distribution was similar to the findings in the surveys on American children aged 4-7 years in 2003-2004 and 2005-2006, respectively. It is expected that the blood lead level distribution of the preschool children in Taiwan will get close to the contemporary blood lead level of same age children of the United States in the upcoming four to six years.
It was found that incense burning at home was associated with arsenic, mercury and lead levels in children’s blood samples. Especially, there was a dose-response relationship between frequency of incense burning at home and lead level in children’s blood samples, indicating incense burning probably a lead exposure source for children. Besides, factories located in the vicinity of the study subject’s residence is positively correlated with lead level in children’s blood samples; smell of odor in the vicinity of study subject’s residence was also positively correlated with antimony level in children’s blood samples. Lead level in children’s blood samples was negatively correlated to family income, and blood strontium and tin levels in children’s blood samples were also negatively correlated to parental education levels. These relevant metals are generally used in the manufacturing industry, implying parental occupational exposure could indirectly lead to children’s metal exposure.
With different cut-points applied in categoring high-low blood lead level groups, results of logistic regression model showed that the major variables for high blood lead level group were demographic related factors as cut-point set at 2 or 3 μg/dL, while the major affecting factors for high blood lead level group were parental occupation and general living environmental related factors as cut-point set at 4 or 5 μg/dL. Therefore, from the viewpoint of health administration, considering the norm of blood lead level of preschool children and limited administrative resources, the alert for blood lead level of preschool children could be set at 5 μg/dL, in order to launch lead exposure prevention by focusing on the small part of children with relatively high level of lead in blood.
As compared to the traditional hazardous metal exposure environment with conspicuous pollution sources and high levels of pollutant contents, the hazardous metal exposure nowadays becomes low level multi-elements exposure with obscure sources, and was reflected by low social economic status, low educational level and culture heritage. This phenomenon suggested that the exposure prevention for hazardous metals in the future should focus on the disadvantaged minority
Predicting Success Factors of Taiwan Cinema: An Empirical Study of Taiwan Cinema from 2008 to 2013
No full text2008 年《海角七號》顛覆台灣電影的長期的頹勢,創下全台灣首輪戲院 5.3 億元 的票房紀錄,也為台灣電影市場帶來新風潮,2008 年至 2013 年共有 12 部國片創下全 台灣破億元的票房佳績。近年來有國內多針對特定幾部國片進行質性研究、或研究美 國電影票房,國外的票房研究亦行之有年,但較少針對近年國片進行全面性的量化票 房研究。
本研究試圖找出 2008 年至 2013 年國片中,在相同規模的情況下,探討國片票房 破億元的成功因素為何,希望能對未來的國片票房進行預測。研究方法結合量化與質 化分析,量化部分使用「逐步迴歸分析」,將國片相關變項分為「票房與上映前之變 項」與「票房與上映後之變項」兩類。研究結果發現,票房與上映前之變項中,「卡 司─導演」與「本土題材」為關鍵變項;票房與上映後之變項中,「上映第一週」、 「上映第二週」、「上映第三週後」的新聞報導及「上映天數」為關鍵因素。
質化分析則針對量化無法涵蓋的部分─新聞報導內容研究與口碑效應影響加以 討論。結果發現新聞較常報導具有話題性的內容,其中演員最能帶來話題性;上映前 的新聞以演員相關的報導最多,上映後則以演員與票房的報導為主要主題。口碑效應 探討中,使用每週票房趨勢圖分析,發現《海角七號》、《那些年,我們一起追的女 孩》、《痞子英雄首部曲:全面開戰》、《陣頭》、《BBS 鄉民的正義》、《逆光飛 翔》、《大尾鱸鰻》、《總舖師》等八部片具有口碑效應,但只有《海角七號》與《陣頭》兩部片與每週新聞數量的趨勢吻合,其他皆存在些許變異性。The movie “Cape No. 7” in 2008 has set the record of Taiwan Cinema, and changed the declining tendency of Taiwanese films. From 2008 to 2013, there have been 12 Taiwan Cinema with box-office over a hundred million NT dollars. Although there have been former researches on Taiwan Cinema using qualitative research method, and a few researches analyzing the success factors of Hollywood motion pictures in Taiwan, there has not been comprehensive research on the box-office of Taiwan Cinema with quantitative research method.
This research uses both quantitative and qualitative research method, in order to target the success factors of Taiwan Cinema from 2008 to 2013. In the quantitative research section, we separate the factors into “Before Exhibition” and “After Exhibition”, and run the Stepwise Regression respectively. The study shows the factors of “Director” and “Local Subject” are significance in the “Before Exhibition” part, and that the factors of the numbers of news reported “First Week of Exhibition”, “Second Week of Exhibition”, “After Three Weeks of Exhibition”, and “Total Days of Exhibition” are significance in the “After Exhibition” part.
In the qualitative research section, we look into the relation between box-office, the content of relative news about Taiwan Cinema, and the word-of-mouth effect. We conclude that the news about films tend to focus mainly on the actors and the box-office after exhibition. In Word-of-mouth effect section we use the Trend Chart by weekly box-office to understand the trend, and find out that there are 8 motion pictures fitting in the definition of word-of-mouth. The trend of “Cape No. 7” and “Din Tao: Leader of the Parade” are also in accordance with the numbers of the news by week.目錄
致謝 ii
中文摘要 iii
英文摘要 iv
目錄 v
表目錄 vii
圖目錄 viii
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究目的 3
第二章 文獻回顧 4
第一節 電影產業概論 4
第二節 電影行銷 8
第三節 口碑效應 14
第四節 2008年至2013年台灣電影市場 17
第五節 近年國片研究 20
第三章 研究方法 23
第一節 結合量化與質性研究 23
第二節 研究資料範圍 24
第四章 量化分析 31
第一節 量化分析之目的 31
第二節 變項探討 32
第三節 迴歸分析 40
第四節 上映前之變項量化結果探討 44
第五節 上映後之變項量化結果探討 52
第五章 延伸探討 59
第一節 新聞報導內容研究 59
第二節 口碑效應影響 71
第六章 結論與建議 84
第一節 研究發現 84
第二節 研究限制與未來研究方向 86
參考文獻 88
附錄一：國產電影片本國電影片及外國電影片之認定基準 94
附錄二：卡司問卷調查與結果 9
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