195,483 research outputs found
Kyoto and the COPs: Lessons Learned and Looking Ahead
No full textThis is the post-refereed, pre-print version of this article. The published version of this article is published by Brill (Martinus Nijhoff) in Hague Yearbook of International Law vol. 23, ISBN 9789004206809, pp. 17-90.This article argues that the Kyoto Protocol to the 1992 Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was doomed to fail ab initio because it systematically misunderstood the nature of climate change as a policy issue between 1985 and 2009. It explains why this is the case by analyzing the Kyoto Protocol’s shortcomings and deficiencies. Moving the climate change agenda forward multilaterally among the 195 parties to the UNFCCC is proving to be a serious challenge. The lack of progress in UNFCCC negotiations in recent years, especially the failure to obtain an international agreement on emissions limitations targets and timetables by all major developed and developing country emitters, has led many to question whether the UNFCCC is, in fact, the best and most effective forum for mobilizing a global response to climate change. The current approach to negotiating a comprehensive, universal, and legally binding global agreement on climate change is unlikely to succeed. The near-disaster 2009 Conference of the Parties-15 in Copenhagen empirically demonstrated that the UN machinery is incapable of moving forward fast enough to produce a global climate deal. Moreover, international climate policy, as it has been understood and practiced by many governments of the world under the Kyoto Protocol approach, has failed to produce any discernable real world reductions in emissions of greenhouse gases since the mid 1990s. Part 2 is devoted to the main legal, structural, and policy responses to climate change by providing an analysis of most Conferences of the Parties. Part 3 provides then an analysis of the Kyoto Protocol. Part 4 then analyzes the position of the three main players in climate change: the U.S., China, and the European Union. The article concludes with some recommendations for the future
Leal brothers. L-R Valentin, Pete, Leo
No full textLeal brothers; L-R: Valentin, Pete, Leo; all in unifor
Joe Leal, Leo Leal, Diego Garcia, Dianne Leal
No full textL-R: Joe Leal, Leo Leal (in uniform), Diego Garcia; Dianne Leal in front. Leo and Joe are Valentin's brothers; Diego is Margaret Leal's (Valentin's sister) son. Dianne is Valentin's daughter. Standing in front of car
Proliferation of regional trade agreements: Complementing or supplanting multilateralism?
No full textWith the creation of the World Trade OrganiZation (JVTO) in 1995, the pyramidal design of the international trading system placed multilateralism at the top of the pyramid, regionalism/bilateralism in the middle, and the domestic trade and economic policies of WTO Member States at the bottom of the pyramid. This article questions whether this vertical structure is still the case today, given the tremendous proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs) in recent years and the fact that the WTO is losing its centrality in the international trading system. The thesis of this article is that the multilateral trading system\u27s single undertaking is no longer feasible, hence affirming RTA proliferation as the modus operandi for trade liberalization. This article also argues that RTA proliferation implies the erosion of the WTO law principle of non-discrimination, which endangers the multilateral trading system. RTAs can help countries integrate into the multilateral trading system, but are also a fundamental departure from the principle of non-discrimination. This raises the question of whether RTAs are a building block for further multilateral liberaliZation or a stumbling block. After an overview of RTAs, the article discusses the WTO rules that deal with RTAs (GATT Article XXIV, the Enabling Clause, and GATS Article V), the main trends identified in RTAs, the economic and political reasons why WTO Members engage in RTAs so frequently, as well as the positive and negative effects of regionalism on mulilateralism. By doing so, the article investigates whether it is RTAs or multilateralism that is the center of gravity of the international trading system, or whether we have a symbiosis between the two and, if not, how we can get there. The article concludes that the proliferation of RTAs implies the erosion of the principle of non-discrimination and wonders whether this means the beginning of the end of multilateralism. It also concludes that the single undertaking is no longer feasible and suggests variable geometry and sectoral agreements as the way forward in the multilateral trading system. Moreover, it concludes that bilateral and regional deals do not come close to matching the economic impact of agreeing to a global deal. Therefore, RTAs can complement but not supplant multilateralism
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Ohio State Officers for 1956. Miss Irma Leal, Miss Carmen, Itenry Benavides, Salvador Olalde, Mr. Garza (photograph)
No full textOhio State Officers for 1956. (R. to L.) Miss Irma Leal, Miss Carmen, Itenry Benavides, Salvador Olalde, Mr. Garza
"United we Stand, Divided we Fall - The European Community and its Member States in the WTO Forum: towards greater Cooperation on Issues of Shared Competence?"
No full textThe paper is divided into two parts: Chapter 2 explores the problem of the EC in its external trade relations on issues of shared competence with its Member States in a general way, while chapter 3 examines more specifically the EC and mixed agreements from a legal perspective. Here we have analyzed the legal implications of mixed agreements for third parties. The paper concludes that mixity makes life more difficult for everybody involved in any given international trade negotiation and thus gives some recommendations to simplify the complex issue of mixed agreements/shared competence
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Mario Leal, Raul Izaguirre, Joe Martinez, David Moreno, Carlos Salazar, “Bob” Sanchez, are present at a district I meeting in McAllen, Texas (photo copy)
No full text(L. to R.) Mario Leal, Raul Izaguirre, Joe Martinez, David Moreno, Carlos Salazar, “Bob” Sanchez, are present at a district I meeting in McAllen, Texas
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Mario Leal, Raul Izaguirre, Joe Martinez, David Moreno, Carlos Salazar, “Bob” Sanchez, are present at a district I meeting in McAllen, Texas (photograph)
No full text(L. to R.) Mario Leal, Raul Izaguirre, Joe Martinez, David Moreno, Carlos Salazar, “Bob” Sanchez, are present at a district I meeting in McAllen, Texas
International energy governance: Selected legal issues
No full text© Rafael Leal-Arcas, Andrew Filis and Ehab S. Abu Gosh 2014. All rights reserved. The legal aspects at the junction of interstate energy cooperation have become increasingly important in a world that is hungry for energy security. This book focuses on selected legal issues relating to international energy governance. International law as it stands today is not well equipped to handle international energy governance issues fully. This legal deficiency affects energy security negatively. If the currently fragmented and multi-layered international energy governance regime were streamlined for greater legal cohesiveness and international political and economic cooperation, it would promote energy security. Some chapters of the book take a broader view on interstate energy cooperation, such as energy transit, energy market liberalization and energy investment. Others focus on specific areas of such cooperation, such as trade and energy; trade, environment and energy; and energy exploration and maritime delimitation disputes. The book also presents an analysis of European Union energy governance and renewable energy
Arcas Swainson 1832
No full textArcas Swainson, 1832 Type species: Papilio imperialis Cramer The species currently placed in Arcas have been recognized as a distinct and widespread Neotropical group for more than a century (Godman & Salvin 1887 –1901; Draudt 1919 –1920). Nicolay (1971) first revised the genus, recognizing seven species. In the ensuing decades, other names were proposed, leading to the phylogenetic revision in Robbins et al. (2012) and the recognition of nine species. The study of Martins et al. (2018) identified ten synapomorphies for Arcas (Table 1, Fig. 8), but the emerald green ventral wings, long hindwing tails, and deep anal lobe cleft are conspicuous characterizing traits (Fig. 2 and 9). The genus can also be recognized by its male and female genitalic structures. The phylogenetic results in Martins et al. (2018) differ from those in Robbins et al. (2012) in the position where the genus is rooted. The grouping A. splendor + A. alleluia + A. gozmanyi was a monophyletic lineage previously, but because of the changed rooting, is now a paraphyletic group. Arcas imperialis (Cramer, 1775) (Papilio), type locality: Surinam actaeon (Fabricius, 1775) (Papilio), type locality:?, suppr. (ICZN, Op. 1058) venus (Fabricius, 1781) (Papilio), type locality: Surinam, repl. name oakesii (Butler, 1884) (Theritas), type locality: Colombia magnifica Austin & K. Johnson, 1995, type locality: Brazil (RO) Distribution and Habitat. Mexico to Argentina and southern Brazil in wet lowland forest up to about 1,000 m elevation. Arcas ducalis (Westwood, [1851] (Thecla), type locality: Brazil Distribution and Habitat. Brazil from RJ to RS in wet lower montane forest in the north and at lower elevations in the south. Arcas cypria (Geyer, 1837) (Theritas), type locality: Mexico (YUC) paphia (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865) (Pseudolycaena), type locality: Colombia publica (Röber, 1923) (Thecla), type locality: Colombia Distribution and Habitat. Mexico to Venezuela and Colombia in wet lowland forest. Arcas jivaro Nicolay, 1971, type locality: Ecuador Distribution and Habitat. Ecuador to Bolivia in wet lower montane forest. Arcas delphia Nicolay, 1971, type locality: Costa Rica katia Salazar, 2001, type locality: Colombia, nom. nud. katia K. Johnson & Salazar, 2002, type locality: Colombia Distribution and Habitat. Costa Rica to western Ecuador in wet lowland forest. Arcas tuneta (Hewitson, 1865) (Thecla), type locality: [Brazil (AM)] marginata Austin & K. Johnson, 1995, type locality: Brazil (RO) viriditas Austin & K. Johnson, 1995, type locality: Brazil (RO) arcadia Bálint, 2002, type locality: Brazil (SC) Distribution and Habitat. The Guianas to southern Brazil in wet lowland forest up to lower montane elevations. Arcas gozmanyi Bálint, 2006, type locality: Panama Distribution and Habitat. Costa Rica to western Ecuador in wet lower montane forest. Arcas splendor (H.H. Druce, 1907) (Thecla), type locality: Colombia nicolayi Salazar & Constantino, 1995, type locality: Colombia lecromi Salazar & Constantino, 1995, type locality: Colombia Distribution and Habitat. Colombia and Ecuador in montane forest (mapped in Robbins et al. 2012). Arcas alleluia Bálint, 2002, type locality: Peru Distribution and Habitat. Eastern Peru in montane forest.Published as part of Martins, Ananda Regina P., Duarte, Marcelo & Robbins, Robert K., 2019, Phylogenetic Classification of the Atlides Section of the Eumaeini (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae), pp. 119-134 in Zootaxa 4563 (1) on pages 125-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4563.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/260101
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