1,721,163 research outputs found
recensione Norma Myers e Julian Simon Scarsità o Abbondanza? Un dibattito tra ambiente ed economia
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L’etichetta climatica sui prodotti alimentari: un nuovo approccio dell’industria alimentare
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La società dematerializzata, la produzione e il consumo delle merci. un'analisi merceologica
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Environmental Impact and Material and Energy Balance of the Integrated Circuit Production Cycle
No full textThis paper analyzes the material and energy flow of the wafer processing production chain, which from silicon, leads to integrated circuits. These devices are used in the manufacturing of a wide variety of commodities and in the management of productive processes. It is observed that in order to obtain a wafer the following are necessary: between 0.8-1.1 kg of quartzite, 1.3-2.2 kg of carbonic materials (coke, woodchip etc.) more than 6.5 kg chemical products (acids and solvents), 40-60 kg of gases (mainly nitrogen), 3.5-6 m3 of water and an energy consumption of approximately 250-500 kWh (equal to 2-4.5 GJ of primary energy). The resulting wafer most widely used today is 200 millimetres in diameter, 50 grams in weight, from which it is possible to obtain 170-230 chips. The planning and production of the wafer (silicon semiconductor) has centred on the possibility of placing an ever-increasing number of transistors onto a chip. Once assembled, forming various integrated circuits, this chip allows the manufacture of increasingly smaller commodities with rapidly growing capabilities in performing function. The production cycle has remained constant during the last fifty years. However, with regards to energy and material flow, some technical innovations can be observed, which have allowed the reduction of particular inputs, such as the amount of MG-Si (Metallurgical Grade Silicon), electricity, water, or chemical substances, of which some are toxic and have a strong environmental impact
L'analisi del flusso dei materiali usati in Italia come indicatore della qualità delle merci
No full textTHE PES SCHEMES FOR A SUSTAINABLE USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES
No full textGenerally the flows of natural resources, goods and services (climate regulation, water and air quality etc.) from ecosystems are the natural capital of the economies. Among these flows the ecosystem services, which derive from interactions between the organisms and their function within the ecosystems, are critic and in decline. The need of knowing and assess these services to realize a suitable management it is clear indeed by the negative trends of health of the biodiversity of biomes.
It has been underlined the need for ecosystem accounting techniques to study the relationship between economic sectors and their dependence from ecosystem goods and services, as well as the impacts on the last ones.
Many countries are being developed payment programmes for ecosystem services (PES), even if there are many definitions and types for the PES.
As a consequence in the PES scheme it is possible to delineate many steps for their implementation. The first one is really to choose and clearly define the environmental goods and service and the second one has to be the identification of stakeholders involved in this programme. The following step is the economic evaluation of the specific ecosystem service and finally it has to carry out the relative “payment”, according to the type of economic and/or financial tools chosen. Each of these steps shows several issues and controversial aspects, due to many reasons.
This paper analyses definitions, scope, schemes and the main actors of the PES as tool to protect the natural capital
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