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Variability of the v. cava caudalis and its tributaries in some laboratory animals. II. The laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus v. alba).
Full text linkDuplication of the v. renalis was found in 11 of the regions examined (18.3%), when it was more frequent on the right side. A v. capsularis was found in 35 regions (58.3%), usually as a single vein. There were 1-3 vv. suprarenales (but mostly two; on the right they usually joined the v. cava caudalis and on the left the v. renalis sinistra). A v. spermatica was present on the right side in every case, but on the left side in 11 cases only; in one case it was duplicated. In the rat, the v. spermatica was rather thin; if absent, it was replaced by the v. deferentialis. In nine cases (60.0%) the v. uterina cranialis dextra opened into the v. cava caudalis, while in 12 cases (80.0%) the left vein opened into the v. renalis sinistra. A v. uterina media, draining blood from the caudal third of the cornu uteri, was found in only five cases (16.7%). The v. uterina caudalis drained blood from the corpus and cervix uteri. The v. ovarica was a constant finding; it was mostly joined by the v. lumbalis--and on the left side by the v. phrenica sinistra. In males, the vv. lumbales occurred mostly as a pair of veins lying just below the vv. renales. In females, they were present on both sides. As a rule, the v. iliolumbalis occurred as a single vein on both sides. The v. cava caudalis originated at the level of the transition between the lumbar and the sacral spine, usually at the confluence of the two vv. iliacae communes, which in 14 cases (46.7%) were joined by the v. sacralis mediana. Duplication of the v. cava caudalis was found in only one case (a female). Comparison of the morphology of the v. cava caudalis and its tributaries in the rat and the guinea pig showed more slight differences between the two species
Some comment on new "collagen bodies" described in human auricular skin.
No full textThe authors evaluate thè new finding of "collagcn bodies" described by Heine in thè human auricular
skin. The used morphologlcal melhods without ultrastructural examination are not sufflcient lo
prove thè existence of this structure. In addition, thè comparison of thè new "collagen bodies" with
Rufflni sensore is quite iiiadcquate. Finally thè autonomous fibers "innervating" thè bodies are not
proved and represent only a presumption. It is thè authors' opinion that it is not necessary to look for
new sensory structures in thè human auricular skin, as thè existing sensore in this region are able to
explain thè transfer of impulses to different levels of thè CN
Variability of the v. cava caudalis and its tributaries in some laboratory animals. I. The guinea pig (Cavia aperea f. porcellus).
Full text linkThe authors studied variability of the v. caudalis and its tributaries in 30 guinea pigs (Cavia aperea f. porcellus--15 males and 15 females) after injecting the relevant venous system with blue-dyed latex. Since the largest lobe of the guinea pig's liver (the lobus sinister) is situated on the left, the right kidney lies further cranially than the left one. In males, as a rule, the right v. renalis opens into the v. cava caudalis further cranially than the left one. The number of vv. renales showed no sex-related differences, although in 17 regions (i.e. in 29%) there was more than one. The increase most often concerned the v. renalis dextra (the ratio in relation to the left vein was 15:2). The tributaries of the vv. renales are the v. spermatica or v. uterina cranialis a v. lumbalis and a v. or vv. suprarenales. There are usually two tributaries, (the commonest of which is the v. spermatica or v. uterina cranialis) on both the right and the left side, though somewhat more frequently on the left (23:19). Blood is drained from the surface or capsule of the kidney relatively often (in 75% of the cases) by the capsularis, which is the most frequent tributary of the v. spermatica or v. uterina cranialis of the corresponding side. Vv. suprarenales (1-4) are a constant finding on both sides. In males they open more often into the v. cava caudalis and in both sexes they also open into the v. renalis and v. lumbalis. The v. spermatica dextra opened into the v. renalis dextra in 10 cases and the v. spermatica sinistra into the v. renalis sinistra in 12 cases. The v. uterina cranialis dextra was a tributary of the v. renalis dextra in eight cases and the v. uterina cranialis sinistra joined the v. renalis sinistra in 13 cases. Drainage into the v. renalis can thus be regarded as the norm in both sexes and on both sides. The v. uterina caudalis leads from the corpus and cervix uteri and joins the v. uterina cranialis. It has a regular incidence and caudally it is most often a tributary of the v. iliaca communis. The v. ovarica is a constant tributary of the v. uterina cranialis; it is usually joined by several vv. lumbales or v. v. capsulares.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS
Origin of the v. portae and variability of its tributaries in laboratory animals. V. The golden (Syrian) hamster (Mesocricetus auratus).
Full text linkThe authors studied the origin and variability of the v. portae in 30 adult golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) of both sexes after injecting blue-dyed latex into their portal bed. In 16 cases (53.3%) the v. portae was formed from three tributaries and in 11 cases (36.7%) from four. The v. mesenterica cranialis was the only constant tributary, the v. lienalis was a tributary in 28 cases (93.3%) and the other most frequent tributaries were the v. gastroduodenalis and the v. pancreaticoduodenalis cranialis. In one case there was an anastomosis between the v. portae and the v. cava caudalis. In 25 cases (83.3%) the v. gastrica sinistra joined the v. lienalis, in four (13.3%) it was an independent tributary of the v. portae and in one case (3.3%) it was duplicated. A v. cardiaca was found in 25 cases (83.3%), when it was most frequently a tributary of the v. gastroepiploica sinistra and v. gastrica sinistra. In one case only it was an independent tributary of the v. portae. A v. pylorica was observed in 29 cases (96.7%), usually (in 17 cases--56.7%) as a tributary of the v. gastroepiploica dextra; in three cases it was an independent tributary of the v. portae (10.0%). A v. pancreaticoduodenalis cranialis was formed in 28 cases (93.3%). In 12 cases (40.0%), together with the v. gastroepiploica dextra, it was a tributary of the v. gastroduodenalis and in eight cases (26.7%) it was an independent tributary of the v. portae. In two cases (6.7%) the two vv. pancreaticoduodenales united to form v. pancreaticoduodenalis communis. In three cases (10.0%) this vein was duplicated and in one case it was triplicated. A v. gastroepiploica dextra was found in 26 cases (86.7%) and a v. gastroepiploica sinistra in 22 (73.3%). Both veins occurred simultaneously in 19 cases (63.3%). In no case, however, was there a continuous venous arc along the curvatura major ventriculi. A v. lienalis was present in 28 cases (93.3%). It was absent in two cases (6.7%), in which it was replaced by inter-organ anastomoses with the stomach and pancreas. In 19 cases (63.3%), the v. gastroepiploica sinistra and v. gastrica sinistra were both its main tributaries and in five cases (16.7%) its main tributary was the v. gastrica sinistra. In one case the v. lienalis was duplicated. Inter-organ anastomoses were formed in all 30 cases (100%). They occurred between the spleen and the stomach in 27 cases (90%) and between the spleen and the pancreas in 28 cases (93.3%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS
Ramification of the a. mesenterica cranialis and its variability in the guinea pig (Cavia aperea f. porcellus).
Full text linkThe authors studied ramification of the a. mesenterica cranialis and its variability in 30 guinea pigs (Cavia aperea f. porcellus) after injecting red-dyed latex into their arterial bed. In every case, this artery arose from the truncus hepato-mesentericus, which in turn was a branch of a thick arterial truncus coeliaco-mesentericus. After leaving its site of origin, the a. mesenterica cranialis formed a long arc whose convexity was directed leftwards and caudally. Its first branch was most frequently (18 cases-60%) the a. colica media. In seven cases (23.3%) this artery arose together with the a. pancreaticoduodenalis caudalis from the same site. The a. pancreaticoduodenalis caudalis was the first branch of the a. mesenterica cranialis in two cases only (6.7%). In 18 cases (69%) the a. pancreaticoduodenalis caudalis was the second branch of the a. mesenterica cranialis and in seven cases (23.3%) it arose from the same site as the a. colica media. It supplied the caudal part of the pancreas and the duodenum as far as the flexura duodenojejunalis, where it formed an anastomosis with the first a. jejunalis. In every case, the ileum, caecum and colon were supplied by a thick a. ileocaecocolica, which after giving off the last a. jejunalis, formed a continuation of the trunk of the a. mesenterica cranialis. Near the ileocaecal junction it divided into a r. ileacus, rr. caecales, a r. prae--and retrocaecalis and a r. colicus. The caecum was further fed by thick r1. caecales which usually branched from the middle segment of the a. mesenterica cranialis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS
Morphological basis of peripheral cold-action (cooling) in acupuncture.
No full textThe thermosensors in thè skin and thè deep
body tissues are diviiled into tvvo groups: specific
and non-specific thermosensors. The
speciflc thermosensors include thè simple
sensory nerve formations (SNF —"free nerve
eridings") and aborizations. They are locar.ed
in thè epiclermis, epitheliurn and deep tissues.
The non-specific thermosensors for
cooling, determined to date, aie Ruttmi SNF,
some muscle spindles, Merkel complexes
and some Heibst and Pacinian corpuscles.
The "secondary" ability of slowly adapting
mechanosensors is made possible by thè
presente of thin nerve fibers(up lo lOum). In
some Ilfibst (birds) and Pacinian corpuscles
(mammals) with rapid adaptation this ability
cari be explaincd by presence of thin accessory
nerve fibcrs. These fibers were also
found in some Meissner, glomerular, simple
lamellar and Golgi-Mazzonj corpuscles. The
aulhors thercfore suspected non-specific
thermosensors for cold in ìhese corpuscles,
too. Information on cooling is importarli for
thè survival o( wann bloodcd animals. The
presence of complicated mechanosensors is
not necessary for different kinds of stimuli
perception since thè sirnple SNF and aborizations
serve thè different modalities. The
peripheral morphological basis of ear acupuncture
can also be explained in this way
A contribution to the problem of thermosensors in skeletal muscles.
No full textThe authors is approaching two different issues as following: thè action of thè cold on acupuncture
points and thè thermoperception and thermosensors in skeletal muscles. Around thè perimysium
(muscular connectif tissue) a located thè so-called "free nerve ending" are formed mainly by nerve
flbers of groups II, III and IV. Some of them are polymodal, others form a group of specific thermosensors.
Also thè actual morphological findings divide "free" nerve endings into several structurally
different groups, supporting thus thè view of relative specificity of peripheral sensors. According
to these findings thè group II of afferent nerve fibers is missing in some muscle's spindles. The
authors express thè view that thè presence of thè group II of nerve's fibers might be responsible also
for cold perception. The sensitivity of some mechanosensors to temperature may be a result of their
differentiation as temperature's informers. Those informations are of great importance for thè thermoregulatory
center and are not necessary connected with subjective feeling
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