747 research outputs found
Alternative electrical energy sources for Maine
No full textPrepared for the Central Maine Power Company
Summary report.--Appendix A. Glaser, C. and Ruane, M. Conversion of biomass.--Appendix B. Jones, W. J. [et al.]. Conservation.--Appendix C. Waterflow, A. Geothermal energy conversion.--Appendix D. Ruane, M. Ocean thermal energy conversion.--Appendix E. Jones, W. J. Fuel cells.--Appendix F. Geary, J. and Jones, W. J. Solar energy conversion.--Appendix G. Ruane, M. Conversion of solid wastes.--Appendix H. Ruane, M. Storage of energy.--Appendix I. Mays, J. Wave energy conversion.--Appendix J. Mays, J. Ocean and riverine current energy conversion.--Appendix K. Labuszewski, T. Wind energy conversion.--Appendix L. Gruhl, J. Environmental impacts
Stegonotus melanolabiatus Ruane 2017
No full textStegonotus melanolabiatus Ruane et al., 2017:18 Taxonomic status. Valid. Synonyms. None. Original name. Stegonotus melanolabiatus Ruane et al., 2017:18. The species name is a descriptive adjective formed from the Greek melano and the Latin labia, meaning dark lips. It was selected to highlight the presence of dark coloration on the labial scales. The species description was presented in English. Type specimens. Holotype: AMS R115343 (Fig. 33 A–E, Table 1; Ruane et al. 2017: Fig. 7), an adult male. Paratypes: AMS R 122906 (Fig. 33 F–H), an adult male. AMS R115361 (Fig. 33 I–K), unsexed. Our own examination of this specimen ascertained by the presence of follicles that it is a female. AMS 115320 (Fig. 33 L–N), unsexed. Our own examination of this specimen ascertained by the presence of the m. retractor penis magnus that it is a male. Type localities. Holotype: Doido, Chimbu [now Simbu] Province, Papua New Guinea, elev. 1300 m (ca. 6.5500°S, 144.83°E). Paratypes: AMS R 122906, Waro, Southern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea, elev. 550 m (ca. 6.5333°S, 143.18°E); AMS R115361 and R115320, Noru, Simbu Province, Papua New Guinea, elev. 1150 m (ca. 6.5833°S, 144.65°E). Collection. All type specimens were collected by Stephen C. Donnellan (South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia) and Kenneth P. Aplin (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA) in April and May 1984. Key characteristics of the type specimens. (1) Holotype, AMS R115343: 615 (600) mm SVL + 192 (215) mm TL = 807 (815) mm TTL. V ♂ = 197 (200), SC ♂ = 92 (93), SCR ♂ = 0.32 (0.32), D = 17-17-15 (17-17- 15), SL E = 3+4 (3+4), SL = 7 (7), IL = 8 (8), IL G = 5 (5). (2) Paratype, AMS R 122906: 485 (510) mm SVL + 195 (205) mm TL = 680 (715) mm TTL. V ♂ = 186 (190), SC ♂ = 96 (100), SCR ♂ = 0.34 (0.34), D = O-15-O (15-15-15), SL E = O (3+4), SL = 7 (7), IL = 8 (8), IL G = O (5). (3) Paratype, AMS R115361: 630 (652) mm SVL + 210 (222) mm TL = 840 (874) mm TTL. V ♀ = 186 (191), SC ♀ = 89 (89), SCR ♀ = 0.32 (0.32), D = O- 17-O (17-17-15), SL E = O (3+4), SL = 7 (7), IL = 8 (8), IL G = O (5). (4) Paratype, AMS R115320: 648 (638) mm SVL + 235 (243) mm TL = 883 (881) mm TTL. V ♂ = 192 (194), SC ♂ = 94 (95), SCR ♂ = 0.33 (0.33), D = O-17-O (17-17-15), SL E = O (3+4), SL = 7 (7), IL = 8 (8), IL G = O (5). Key characteristics of the species. According to their specimen list, Ruane et al. (2017: Appendix) included ten specimens of S. melanolabiatus in their analysis. These included specimens from a locality in the recently (2012) formed Hela Province (1 ♀, 1 ♂; erroneously listed as from Southern Highlands Province), Simbu Province (2 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂) and Southern Highlands Province (2 ♀♀, 1 ♂). We have examined all of these specimens personally, and while there is general agreement between our data sets, there are three noteworthy differences (those of Ruane et al. are shown in parentheses). Our data show AMS R115360 with 15-15-15 (17-17-15) dorsals, AMS R 122360 with 17-17-15 (15-15-15) dorsals, and AMS R115321 with 7 (8) supralabials and 8 (9) infralabials. The data for supra- and infralabials is readily verified on our photographs of the specimens and is used for the following calculations. The two other data discrepancies are omitted because of their incongruence. Characteristics include V ♀ = 180–191 (184 ± 4.3), V ♂ = 190–201 (196 ± 4.7); SC ♀ = 89–100 (96 ± 4.9), SC ♂ = 93–100 (95 ± 3.3); SCR ♀ = 0.34, SCR ♂ = 0.33; D = 17-17-15 (n = 6, 75%) or 15-15-15 (n = 2, 25%); SL E = 3+4 (100%); SL = 7 (100%); IL = 8 (100%); IL G = 5. Based on the numbers of ventral scales, there appears to be some sexual dimorphism in that character, with females generally possessing a number of ventrals in the 180s (V mean = 184, only one female with V = 191), whereas males have ventral numbers in the 190s or higher (V mean = 196, two males with V ḵ 200). There does not appear to be any sexual dimorphism in the number of subcaudal scales. Comment. Ruane et al. (2017) considered S. melanolabiatus to be a member of their S. diehli complex.Published as part of Kaiser, Christine M., Kaiser, Hinrich & O'Shea, Mark, 2018, The taxonomic history of Indo-Papuan groundsnakes, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Colubridae), with some taxonomic revisions and the designation of a neotype for S. parvus (Meyer, 1874), pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4512 (1) on page 58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4512.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/260757
Stegonotus iridis Ruane 2017
No full text<i>Stegonotus iridis</i> Ruane <i>et al</i>., 2017:8 <p> <b>Taxonomic status.</b> Valid.</p> <p> <b>Synonyms.</b> None.</p> <p> <b>Original name.</b> <i>Stegonotus iridis</i> Ruane <i>et al</i>., 2017:8. The species epithet comes from the Latin for rainbow, in reference to “the high level of iridescence shown both dorsally and ventrally by this species.” The species description was presented in English.</p> <p> <b>Type specimens.</b> Holotype: MZB Ophi.3306 (Fig. 31 A–E; Ruane <i>et al</i>. 2017: Fig. 5), an adult male (Table 1). Paratypes: SAMA R70466, an adult male. MZB Ophi.3305 (Fig. 31 L–N), an adult male. MZB Ophi.3303 (Fig. 31 I–K), listed as possibly female. MZB Ophi.3311, an adult male. MZB Ophi.3302 (Fig. 31 F–H), an adult male.</p> <p> <b>Type localities.</b> All type specimens were collected in Raja Ampat Regency, West Papua Province, Indonesia. Holotype: Warinkabom, Batanta Island, elev. 50 m (ca. 0.8369°S, 130.72°E). Paratypes: SAMA R70466, Waire Camp, Batanta Island, elev. 25 m (ca. 0.8397°S, 130.53°E); MZB Ophi. 3303, Yakut Camp, Batanta Island, elevation 55 m (ca. 0.8958°S, 130.64°E); MZB Ophi. 3302, 3311, Waibya, Salawati Island, elev. 75 m (ca. 0.9564°S, 130.78°E); MZB Ophi. 3305, Urbinasopen, Waigeo Island, elev. 45 m (ca. 0.3372°S, 131.26°E).</p> <p>19. The original description states that TL represents 22% of TTL in the holotype. This means that SVL represents 78%, and TL can be calculated as 221 mm. We applied the same calculation to the paratype.</p> <p> 20. This value was established right at the neck, and we confirmed this count. However, within one head length posteriorly, the number of dorsal scale rows reduces to 17. The author noted that this reduction occurred “before level of twelfth ventral.” The same generally applies to species of <i>Stegonotus</i>, with the possible exception of <i>S. muelleri</i>.</p> <p> <b>Collection.</b> All type specimens were collected by Stephen Richards (South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia), Burhan Tjaturadi (Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia), and Keliopas Krey (University of Papua, Manokwari, Indonesian New Guinea) in June 2005.</p> <p> <b>Key characteristics of the type specimens.</b> (1) Holotype, MZB Ophi.3306: 713 mm SVL + 238 mm TL = 951 mm TTL. V ♂ = 201, SC ♂ = 88, SCR ♂ = 0.30, D = 17-17-15, SL E = 4+5, SL = 8, IL = 10, IL G = 5. (2) Paratype, SAMA R70466: 675 mm SVL + 190+ mm TL = 865+ mm TTL. V ♂ = 204, SC ♂ = O, SCR ♂ = O, D = O-19-O, SL E = O, SL = 8, IL = 10, IL G = O. (3) Paratype, MZB Ophi.3305: 790 mm SVL + 235 mm TL = 1025 mm TTL. V ♂ = 198, SC ♂ = 78, SCR ♂ = 0.28, D = O-17-O, SL E = O, SL = “8/9?”, IL = 10, IL G = O. (4) Paratype, MZB Ophi.3303: 870 mm SVL + 265+ mm TL = 1135+ mm TTL. V ? = 203, SC ? = O, SCR ? = O, D = O-19-O, SL E = O, SL = 8, IL = 10, IL G = O. (5) Paratype, MZB Ophi.3311: 682 mm SVL + 213 mm TL = 985 mm TTL. V ♂ = 204, SC ♂ = 85, SCR ♂ = 0.29, D = O-17-O, SL E = O, SL = 8, IL = 9, IL G = O. (6) Paratype, MZB Ophi.3302: 778 mm SVL + 240 mm TL = 1018 mm TTL. V ♂ = 205, SC ♂ = 85, SCR ♂ = 0.29, D = O-19-O, SL E = O, SL = 8, IL = 9, IL G = O.</p> <p> <b>Key characteristics of the species.</b> According to their specimen list, Ruane <i>et al</i>. (2017: Appendix) included seven specimens of <i>S. iridis</i> in their analysis. Of these, three (one unsexed, 2 ♂♂) were collected on Batanta, three (3 ♂♂) on Salawati, and one male on Waigeo. Characteristics include V ♂ = 198–211 (204 ± 4.4); SC ♂ = 78–88 (84 ± 3.7); SCR ♂ = 0.29; D = 17-19-15 (n = 5, 71%) or 17-17-15 (n = 2, 29%); SL E most likely 4+5; SL = 8 (100%); IL = 9 (n = 2, 29%) or 10 (n = 5, 71%); IL G most likely 5.</p> <p> <b>Comment.</b> In their description of <i>S. iridis</i>, Ruane <i>et al</i>. (2017) listed one specimen as possibly female. For the purposes of our discussion, we considered it unsexed and omitted it from parts of the analysis where sexual dimorphism could play a role (i.e., for values of V, SC, and SCR).</p>Published as part of <i>Kaiser, Christine M., Kaiser, Hinrich & O'Shea, Mark, 2018, The taxonomic history of Indo-Papuan groundsnakes, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Colubridae), with some taxonomic revisions and the designation of a neotype for S. parvus (Meyer, 1874), pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4512 (1)</i> on pages 54-56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4512.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/2607575">http://zenodo.org/record/2607575</a>
Stegonotus admiraltiensis Ruane 2017
No full text<i>Stegonotus admiraltiensis</i> Ruane <i>et al</i>., 2017:21 <p> <b>Taxonomic status.</b> Valid.</p> <p> <b>Synonyms.</b> None.</p> <p> <b>Original name.</b> <i>Stegonotus admiraltiensis</i> Ruane <i>et al</i>., 2017:21. The species name references the Admiralty Islands of Manus Province, Papua New Guinea, where the species is thought to be endemic. The description was presented in English.</p> <p> <b>Type specimens.</b> Holotype: LSUMZ 93598 (Ruane <i>et al</i>. 2017: Fig. 8), an adult male (Table 1). Paratypes: LSUMZ 93597, 93599–600 (all paratypes unsexed).</p> <p> <b>Type localities.</b> All type specimens were collected in Manus Province, Papua New Guinea. Holotype: Penchal Village, Rambutyo Island, elev. 58 m (ca. 2.3283°S, 147.77°E). Paratypes: LSUMZ 93597, Peyon Village, Los Negros Island, elev. 10 m (ca. 2.0327°S, 147.43°E); LSUMZ 93599–600, northeast of Penchal Village, Rambutyo Island, elev. 100 m (ca. 2.3405°S, 147.79°E).</p> <p> <b>Collection.</b> All type specimens were collected by Christopher C. Austin (Louisiana Museum of Natural History, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA) between 29 August and 3 September 2001.</p> <p> <b>Key characteristics of the type specimens.</b> (1) Holotype, LSUMZ 93598: 658 mm SVL + 185 mm TL = 843 mm TTL. V ♂ = 208, SC ♂ = 98, SCR ♂ = 0.32, D = 17-19-15, SL E = 4+5, SL = 8, IL = 10, IL G = 6. (2) Paratype, LSUMZ 93597: 560 mm SVL + 174 mm TL = 734 mm TTL. V ? = 214, SC ? = 94, SCR ? = 0.31, D = O-17-O, SL E = x, SL = 8, IL = 10, IL G = O. (3) Paratype, LSUMZ 93599: 646 mm SVL + 190 mm TL = 836 mm TTL. V ? = 206, SC ? = 93, SCR ? = 0.31, D = O-17-O, SL E = O, SL = 8, IL = 9, IL G = O. (4) Paratype, LSUMZ 93600: 598 mm SVL + 110+ mm TL = 708+ mm TTL. V ? = 202, SC ? = O, SCR ? = O, D = O-19-O, SL E = O, SL = 8, IL = 10, IL G = O.</p> <p> <b>Key characteristics of the species.</b> According to their specimen list, Ruane <i>et al</i>. (2017: Appendix) included four specimens of <i>S. admiraltiensis</i> in their analysis. Of these, one male and two unsexed specimens were collected on Rambutyo, and one unsexed specimen on Los Negros. Given that most of the specimens were not sexed, it is not possible to draw conclusions regarding the distribution of characteristics by sex or about the presence of sexual dimorphism. The characteristics we list here are therefore somewhat limited in their overall description of the species. We consider <i>S. admiraltiensis</i> to be a species with a relatively high ventral scale count (V> 200) with a relatively high number of subcaudal scales (SC> 90; SCR> 0.30). The dorsal count of 17-19-15 is unique among the species of <i>Stegonotus</i>, and its occurrence in a species that also presents dorsal counts of O-17-O (most likely 17-17-15) is unusual. The SL E is most likely 4+5 for the species given that this character tends not to be rarely variable in <i>Stegonotus</i> species. The number of supralabials was eight for all specimens, and among infralabials three specimens had IL = 10, whereas one had SL = 9. Based on the ventral view of the holotype, the sixth infralabial scale barely touches the anterior genial, and we wonder whether this character can be consistently scored as IL G = 6 across all specimens. If so, then this is another unique characteristics of <i>S. admiraltiensis</i> among the species of <i>Stegonotus</i>.</p> <p> <b>Comment.</b> Ruane <i>et al.</i> (2017) compared <i>S. admiraltiensis</i> to <i>S. modestus</i> and <i>S. parvus</i> at length, but without the benefit of having examined the holotype of the former or using the original description of the latter (characteristics of <i>S. admiraltiensis</i> in parentheses): <i>S. modestus</i> has a light neck band (absent), a subcaudal count <90 (> 90), SL E = 3+4 (4+5), and IL G = 4 (6). <i>Stegonotus parvus</i> has a ventral count <180 (> 200), SL E = 3+4 (4+5), and IL G = 4 (6). Furthermore, Ruane <i>et al</i>. (2017) referenced two additional Manus specimens but did not include them in their analysis. We have examined an additional 38 specimens from the Admiralty Islands, which include 15-15-15 (n = 3), 17-17-15 (n = 30), and 17-19-17 (n = 5) dorsal counts, with SL E = 3+4 (n = 16) or 4+5 (n = 20), with subcaudal counts that differ from <i>S. admiraltiensis</i> as defined above. Two specimens have aberrant counts of SL E, with 3+4 on one side of the head and 4+5 on the other. It therefore appears to us as if <i>S. admiraltiensis</i> is not the only species of <i>Stegonotus</i> present in the Admiralty Islands and further research will be needed to ascertain the taxonomy of groundsnakes there.</p> <p> <b> Specimen Type SCR SubC Species Synonym Sex SVL TL TTL V SC Dorsals SCE SL IL ILG Number Status (%) Condition</b> BMNH <i>heterurus</i> LT M 393 89 482 179 80 31 single 17-17-15 3 +4 7 9 4 1946.1.14.95 MZB <i>iridis</i> HT M 713 238 951 201 88 30 paired 17-19-15 4 + 5 8 10 10 Ophi.3306 MSNG <i>keyensis</i> HT M 651 164 815 200 73 27 paired 17-17-15 4 +5 8 9 5 7521 RMNH <i>lividus</i> LT F 444 123 567 197 67 25 paired 17-17-15 3 +4 7 9 4 RENA.325A AMS <i>melanolabiatus</i> HT M 615 192 807 197 92 32 paired 17-17-15 3 +4 7 8 8 R115343 RMNH <i>modestus</i> HT M 656 158 814 200 83 29 paired 17-17-15 3 +4 7 8 4 RENA.324 BMNH <i>modestus greineri</i> HT M 552 162 714 206 86 29 paired 17-17-15 3 +4 7 8 4 1946.1.13.74 BMNH <i>modestus holochrous</i> HT M 537 182 719 195 83 30 paired 17-17-15 3 +4 7 8 4 1946.1.11.40 RMNH <i>modestus rosenbergii</i> HT M 582 178 760 203 80 28 paired 17-17-15 3 +4 7 9 4 RENA.4066 MNHN <i>muelleri</i> HT F 1006 302 1308 217 97 31 paired 17-17-15 4 +5 8 9 4 848 ZMB 9R <i>muelleri samarensis</i> HT M O O O 236 98 29 paired 17-17-15 4 + 5 10 4 4294 8L MTKD <i>parvus</i> ST c O O O O 177 100 36 paired O-17-O 3+ 4 7 O O 876A MTKD <i>parvus</i> ST c O O O O O O O O O 3+4 O O O 876B RMNH <i>parvus</i> NT F 217 75 292 173 87 33 paired 17-17-15 3 +4 7 8 4 RENA.46844 NMW 164 <i>poechi</i> HT F 860 O 200 55+ O paired 19-19-17 4 +5+ 6 9 10 4 23406 + BMNH <i>reticulatus</i> LT F 880 238 1118 201 78 28 paired 17-17-15 4 +5 8 9 4 1946.1.14.87 NMBA <i>sutteri</i> HT M 567 144 711 230 83 27 single 21-21-19 3 +4+ 5 9 10 5 14872 a MTKD 573 is definitely a type specimen of <i>Lycodon magnus</i> Meyer, 1874, which was destroyed in 1945. b ZMB 8794 may be a syntype of <i>L. magnus</i>, but its status is inconclusive at this time. c MTKD 876A and 876B were destroyed in 1945. Values given are from the original description by Meyer (1874).</p>Published as part of <i>Kaiser, Christine M., Kaiser, Hinrich & O'Shea, Mark, 2018, The taxonomic history of Indo-Papuan groundsnakes, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Colubridae), with some taxonomic revisions and the designation of a neotype for S. parvus (Meyer, 1874), pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4512 (1)</i> on pages 60-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4512.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/2607575">http://zenodo.org/record/2607575</a>
Map showing sampling, and estimated full ranges of three tropical milksnakes, <i>Lampropeltis polyzona</i> (red), <i>L</i>. <i>abnorma</i> (yellow), and <i>L</i>. <i>micropholis</i> (pink).
No full text<p>Ranges of all species are based on Ruane <i>et al</i>. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0128543#pone.0128543.ref062" target="_blank">62</a>].</p
Protestant minorities in European states and nations
No full textEurope’s traditional ethnic minorities and the conflicts over their place in the state and nation are the focus of continuing comparative research. In contrast, little attention is paid to Europe’s older religious conflicts, in particular those that stem from the reformation. Yet for long religiously informed conflict was the principal source of internal state division and the major perceived threat to state stability and security. This paper looks at the institutional changes and cultural renegotiations which allowed traditional religious oppositions, rivalries and conflicts to fade in most contemporary European societies. It concludes that neither modernisation, democratisation nor secularisation were enough to resolve deep-set tensions. The long-term resolutions involved a restructuring of polity and nation in a way consistent with minority, as well as majority culture. In the past – as perhaps also in the present - such opportunities were rare and demanded choice, strategy and political fortune.Not applicableti SB. 28/7/1
Map showing sampling, and estimated full ranges of three temperate milksnakes, <i>Lampropeltis triangulum</i> (blue), <i>L</i>. <i>gentilis</i> (green), and <i>L</i>. <i>elapsoides</i> (purple).
No full text<p>The extent of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the last glacial maximum is shown by the grey dotted line (adapted from Pielou [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0128543#pone.0128543.ref085" target="_blank">85</a>]). Ranges of all species are based on Ruane <i>et al</i>. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0128543#pone.0128543.ref062" target="_blank">62</a>]</p
Explaining settlement in Northern Ireland: power, perception and path dependence
No full textThis paper criticizes four typical explanations of settlement of internal conflicts, showing that they fail to give an adequate explanation of the 1998 settlement in Northern Ireland. Instead of inductively searching for recurrent proximate factors or proceeding deductively by applying general theoretical models to settlement processes, it suggests that it may be more fruitful to search for underlying path dependent processes which regulate how the factors highlighted in the other approaches function.ethnic conflict, settlement processes, path dependence, Northern Ireland, Good Friday Agreement, temporality, power stalemate
Isolation of Streptococcus agalactiae and an aquatic birnavirus from doctor fish Garra rufa L.
No full textPeer-reviewed. © N.M. Ruane et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Background
The doctor fish, Garra rufa, has become increasingly popular as a treatment for skin disorders and for pedicures in recent years. Despite this there is very little information available regarding the welfare of these fish and the range of potential pathogens they may carry. In this study, a group of fish suffering from post-transport mortalities were examined and the isolated pathogens identified.
Findings
Group B Streptococcus agalactiae was isolated from kidney swabs of the fish and found to be resistant to a number of antibiotics. In addition to this, a fish virus belonging to the aquabirnavirus group, serogroup C was isolated for the first time in Ireland. However, no clinical signs of disease typical of bacterial or viral infections were observed in any fish examined.
Conclusions
As no clinical signs of disease attributable to either of the pathogens identified were found it was concluded that the mortalities were most likely due to transport related stress exacerbated by the presence of the pathogens. Further work is required to assess the suitability of current transport strategies and to examine the potential risk associated with the transport of live ornamental fish
Entry on difficult export markets by Chinese domestic firms: the role of foreign export spillovers
No full textIn this study, we explore how the intensity of foreign export spillovers in China varies depending on the difficulty of entry on export markets. We rely on different proxies to define what a "difficult" country is and we find that the presence of surrounding foreign exporting firms helps domestic ones to start exporting, especially when destination countries are difficult. While on average exposure to foreign exporters is associated with a 10% increase of the probability that domestic firms from the same province start exporting the year after, the figure is around 50% higher when the targeted destination country is identified as difficult. Our results are consistent with the idea that exposure to foreign exporters helps to reduce the fixed cost of creating new trade linkages. Our finding hence suggests that the increasing presence of foreign exporting firms in China might contribute to the diversification of Chinese domestic firms' exports towards more difficult and previously inaccessible destinations.
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