303 research outputs found
Phytochemistry of Three Ecuadorian Lamiaceae: <i>Lepechinia heteromorpha</i> (Briq.) Epling, <i>Lepechinia radula</i> (Benth.) Epling and <i>Lepechinia paniculata</i> (Kunth) Epling
No full textIn this research, the leaves of Lepechinia heteromorpha (Briq.) Epling, Lepechinia radula (Benth.) Epling and Lepechinia paniculata (Kunth) Epling have been collected in order to perform a phytochemical study. The first species was distilled to obtain a novel essential oil (EO), while the others were submitted to ethyl acetate extraction and secondary metabolite isolation. The chemical composition of the EO from L. heteromorpha has been investigated by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Gas Chromatography with Retention Indices (GC(RI)), identifying 25 constituents. A major compound, (−)-ledol (21.2%), and a minor compound, (−)-caryophyllene oxide (1.0%), were isolated from the EO and their structures confirmed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Other major constituents of the EO were viridiflorene (27.3%), (E,E)-α-farnesene (1.4%), spirolepechinene and (E)-β-caryophyllene (7.1% each), allo-aromadendrene (6.1%), camphor (1.7%), limonene (1.3%) and β-phellandrene (4.6%). The enantiomeric composition of the EO monoterpene fraction was also studied, determining the enantiomeric excess and distribution of α-pinene, limonene, β-phellandrene and camphor. The ethyl acetate extract of L. radula and L. paniculata were fractionated by column chromatography. Spathulenol, angustanoic acid E and 5-hydroxy-4′,7-dimethoxy flavone were isolated from L. radula extract; ledol, guaiol and (−)-carnosol were found in L. paniculata.</i
Composición fitoquímica de la Satureja brevicalyx Epling
No full textIntroduction: Epling brevicalyx savory grows in the southern Andes of Peru (Ayacucho, Apurimac, Cuzco and Puno), between altitudes of 3300-3800 m, within the chemical composition of the essential oil of Satureja brevicalyx can find several constituents as mentonas, pulegonas, linalool. Traditionally it has been used as a digestive, against gastritis, flatulence and antispasmodic.Objective: To identify the chemical composition of the ethanol extract, hexane / ethanol and the aqueous brevicalyx Satureja Epling for secondary metabolites that are of interest in biological therapeutics.M e t h o d s : T h e l e a v e s w e r e e x u d e d a n d dehydrated at room temperature, obtaining a greenish dry powder which underwent successive extractions with solvents of increasing polarity. To the obtained extracts phytochemicals identification assays.R e s u l t s : T h e p h y t o c h e m i c a l s c r e e n i n g , conducted at the ethanolic extracts, hexane / aqueous ethanol and the leaves, showed the existence of several families of secondary metabolites of biological and pharmacological interest, among which stand out for their significant presence of quinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins.Conclusions: According to the presence of secondary metabolites in the leaves of Satureja brevicalyx Epling and pharmacological effects reported for the essential oil of the species, it would be important to conduct further studies to serve as evidence to support its traditional use taking into account the efficacy and safety of this plant.
Satureja brevicalyx Epling crece en la parte sur andina del Perú (Ayacucho, Apurimac, Cuzco y Puno), entre las altitudes de 3300-3800 msnm, dentro de la composición química del aceite e s e n c i a l d e S a t u r e j a b r e v i c a l y x p o d e m o s encontrar varios constituyentes como mentonas, pulegonas, linalol. Tradicionalmente se ha usado como digestivo, contra la gastritis, flatulencia y antiespasmódica.OBJETIVO:Identificar la composición química del extracto etanólico,Hexano/etanol y acuoso de la Satureja brevicalyx Epling para conocer los metabolitos secundarios que sean de interés biológico en la terapeútica. MÉTODOS:Las hojas fueron exudadas y deshidratadas a temperatura ambiente, obteniéndose un polvo seco de color verdoso al cual se sometieron a extracciones sucessivas com solventes de polaridad creciente. A los extractos obtenidos se realizaron ensayos fitoquímicos de identificación. RESULTADOS:El tamizaje fitoquímico ,efectuado a los extractos etanólico, hexano/etanol y acuoso de la hojas,demostró la existencia de varias familias de meta bolitos secundarios de interés biológico y farmacológico, entre los que se destacan, por su significativa presencia las, quinonas, flavonoides, alcaloides ,fenoles , taninos. CONCLUSIONES : De acuerdo a la presencia de los metabolitos secundarios presentes en las hojas de la Satureja brevicalyx Epling , así como los efec tos farmacológicos reportados para el aceite esencial de la especie, sería importante efectuar nuevos estudios que sirvan como evidencias para avalar su empleo tradicional teniendo en cuenta la eficacia y seguridad de esta planta
Phytochemicals of minthostachys diffusa epling and their health-promoting bioactivities
No full textThe genus Minthostachys belonging to the Lamiaceae family, and is an important South American mint genus used commonly in folk medicine as an aroma in cooking. The phytochemical-rich samples of the aerial parts of Minthostachys diffusa Epling. were tested for pharmacological and health-promoting bioactivities using in vitro chemical and enzymatic assays. A range of radical scavenging activities of the samples against biological radicals such as nitric oxide and superoxide anion and against synthetic 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals, the ferric reducing antioxidant power and the lipid peroxidation inhibition were determined and ranked using the 'relative antioxidant capacity index' (RACI). The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest RACI of +1.12. Analysis of the various fractions' inhibitory ability against enzymes involved in diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), and against enzymes associated with Parkinson's or Alzheimer's diseases (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase) also suggested that the ethyl acetate fraction was the most active. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction showed more than 30 polyphenolic compounds, including triterpenes. The inhibitory cholinesterase effects of the triterpenes identified from M. diffusa were further analysed by in silico docking of these compounds into 3D-structures of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. This is the first study on pharmacological activities and phytochemical profiling of the aerial parts of M. diffusa, showing that this plant, normally used as food in South America, is also rich in health-promoting phytochemicals
Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Lepechinia radula Benth Epling from Ecuador: the essential oil.
No full textThe essential oil (EO) from the aerial parts of Lepechinia radula Benth Epling (Lamiaceae) from Ecuador was obtained by hydrodistillation. The chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC/FID) analysis. Thirty-four compounds accounting to 93.4% of the total oil were identified. The main constituents of the essential oil were ?-3-carene (19.9%), ?-pinene (17.0%), (E)-?-caryophyllene (9.7%) and (E-E)-?-farnesene (9.4%). In order to determine antimicrobial activity of the essential oils, broth microdilution method was used. The essential oil of L. radula possessed strong antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum (ATCC� 28188) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (ATCC� 28185)
Pycnanthemum virginianum B. L. Rob. & Fernald
No full textSatureja virginiana Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 567. 1753. "Habitat in Virginia." RCN: 4154. Replaced synonym of: Thymus virginicus L. (1774), nom. illeg. Type not designated. Original material: Herb. Clifford: 305, Clinopodium 3 (BM); Clayton 141 (BM); Herb. Linn. No. 744.21 (LINN); [icon] in Hermann, Parad. Bat.: 218. 1698; [icon] in Boccone, Mus. Piante Rar. Sicilia: 161, t. 115. 1697; [icon] in Morison, Pl. Hist. Univ. 3: 371, s. 11, t. 7, f. 8. 1699; [icon] in Plukenet, Phytographia: t. 54, f. 2. 1691; Almag. Bot.: 110. 1696. Current name: Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) B.L. Rob. & Fernald (Lamiaceae). Note: Epling (in J. Bot. 67: 7. 1929) reviewed the original elements for the name and described as “standard” the Clifford sheet. This and most other elements are identifiable with the species sometimes known as Pycnanthemum linifolium Pursh. However, 744.21 (LINN) is identifiable as the closely related P. lanceolatum Pursh, and Grant & Epling (in Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 20: 221. 1943) reversed the usage adopted by Epling, interpreting the Linnaean name instead via 744.21 (LINN) in the sense of P. lanceolatum. However, they did not designate a type. The name appears to remain untypified.Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part S), pp. 806-877 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 818, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.29197
Salvia dugesiana Epling 1939
No full text<i>Salvia dugesiana</i> Epling (1939: 343) <p> <b>Type:—</b> MEXICO. Guanajuato. Montagnes pierreuses, 1894, <i>A. Dugès 226</i> (lectotype GH (barcode 00001614); here designated).</p> <p>Perennial herb to subshrub, 0.6–1.5 m tall; stem densely pilose and covered with light amber glandular dots, also with some glandular-capitate hairs along young branches. Leaves with petiole (1.4–) 2.5–5 cm long, pubescent as the stems; leaf blade ovate to ovate-lanceolate, (4.4–)8–14 × (2.1–) 4–8.3 cm, apex acute, base short cuneate to oblique, margin crenate to serrate, sparsely pilose above, moderately pilose beneath with the hairs mainly along the veins, and with translucent amber glandular dots. Inflorescence in racemes 7.8–17(–27) cm long, with 3–8(–10) floral nodes, each one (4–)6–12(–18)-flowered, the lowermost 2.2–2.7 cm apart from each other; flora axis densely covered with pilose and glandular-capitate hairs, puberulent and with light amber glandular dots. Floral bracts deciduous, usually red, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3.7–10 × 1.7–6 mm, apex caudate, base truncate, margin entire, outer surface pilose and covered with light amber glandular dots; occasionally the lowermost floral bracts seem to be reduced leaves, reaching 13–22 × (6.2–) 9–12 mm, and with serrate margin in the lower half portion. Flowers with pedicel 6.2–10 mm long, hirtellous with glandular-capitate hairs. Calyx red, hirtellous with glandular-capitate hairs and covered with amber glandular dots, internally short hispidulous with antrorse hairs, 10–16 × 3.8–5.2(–7) mm, lips acuminate and then long caudate, upper one 7-veined and entire. Corolla red, short pilose and with some tiny glandular-capitate hairs in the lips, tube 20–26 × 6.3–8.7 mm, slightly ventricose, not invaginated near the base and internally epapillate; upper lip 7–10.3 mm long; lower lip 6–11 × 5–8 mm, incurve-concave. Stamens included; filament 3–5 mm long; connective 17–22 mm long, ornated with a ventral cleft with short acute teeth at its extremes; theca 3.2–3.5 mm long; staminodes filiform, 0.9–1 mm long, placed above and behind filament insertion in corolla basal third. Gynobasic horn 1.3–2.6 mm long; style 24–36(–40) mm long, scarcely short pilose, upper stigmatic branch arcuate and longer, the lower one acute at the apex. Immature mericarp ovoid, 3–4 × 1.8–2 mm, mature ones not seen.</p> <p> <b>Phenology:—</b> The plant was found in full bloom in mid-August and with immature fruits, so it is very probable that blooming extends from late June to at least late November; and fruits should be maturing from late August to November as well.</p> <p> <b>Distribution, habitat and ecology:—</b> <i>Salvia dugesiana</i> is known exclusively from the locality near Cueva de Santa Regina in Huanímaro, southwestern Guanajuato, very close to the boundaries with Michoacan state (Fig. 1). It inhabits in shady ravines with tropical deciduous forest with the trees <i>Agonandra racemosa</i> (de Candolle 1825: 41) Standley (1920: 506) and <i>Heliocarpus terebenthinaceus</i> (de Candolle 1813: 114) Hochreutiner (1914: 125) as dominant, and <i>Euphorbia tanquahuete</i> Sessé & Mociño (1894: 122) and <i>Ipomoea murucoides</i> Roemer & Schultes (1819: 248) at the upper edges of the ravine. It shares habitat also with the herbs and shrubs <i>Dioscorea</i> Linnaeus (1753: 1032) sp., <i>Euphorbia graminea</i> Jacquin (1763: 151), <i>Jaltomata procumbens</i> (Cavanilles 1791: 53) Gentry (1973: 287), <i>Justicia candicans</i> (Nees 1847: 396) Benson in Benson & Darrow (1981: 218), <i>J. caudata</i> Gray (1886: 405) and <i>Schizocarpum parviflorum</i> Robinson & Greenman (1894: 386).</p> <p> <b>Etymology:—</b> The species was name in honor of its first collector, Alfred Dugès. The prolific field work done by Dugès is recognized by a total of 55 species dedicated to him, including fungi, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates (Ríos-Muñoz <i>et al.</i> 2018). There are still 10 flowering plants species retaining the epithets <i>dugesii</i> or <i>dugesiana</i> in their accepted names, and the monotypic genus <i>Dugesia</i> Gray (1882: 215) of the Asteraceae.</p> <p> <b>Additional specimens examined:—</b> MEXICO. Guanajuato. Guanajuato, 1880, <i>A. Dugès</i> s.n. (GH!); mpio. Huanímaro, Cueva de Santa Regina, cañada junto a la vereda de ascenso, 1.7–1.8 km al N de Huanímaro, 20º22.99’N 101º30.22’W, 1830 m, 30 August 2023, <i>J. G. González-Gallegos, B. Y. Bedolla-García, L. Ruacho-González, J. Noriega-Villa, M. H. Sandoval-Ortega & S. Ruiz 2926</i> (CIIDIR!, IBUG!, IEB!, MEXU!, XAL!).</p> <p> <b>Discussion:—</b> <i>Salvia dugesiana</i> was originally placed in <i>Salvia</i> sect. <i>Secundae</i> (Bentham 1848: 331) Epling (1939: 342), a group made up of South American species (except <i>S. dugesiana</i>). Epling (1939) pointed out that the assignment was provisional until more material with mature corollas could be observed, and indeed, the current examination of floral characters reveals a better match with sect. <i>Holwaya</i> Ramamoorthy (1984: 323), equivalent partially to the Mexican species recognized by Epling as part of sect. <i>Nobiles</i> (Bentham 1848: 328) Epling (1939: 280). <i>Salvia</i> sect. <i>Holwaya</i> was coined to embrace the Mexican species previously placed in sect. <i>Cardinales</i> Epling (1939: 295) but left out of this when Ramamoorthy (1984) synonymized the type species, <i>S. cardinalis</i> Kunth (1817: 301), with <i>S. fulgens</i> Cavanilles (1791: 15), which is the type of sect. <i>Fulgentes</i> Epling (1939: 273); hence, merging both sections into one, but leaving the former species of sect. <i>Cardinales</i>, not morphologically cohesive with <i>S. cardinalis</i>, out. The new section suffered an additional arrangement due to the transfer of the Mexican species formerly in sect. <i>Nobiles</i> by dos Santos (1991), who justified it supported on morphological evidence to circumscribe the section only to South American species.</p> <p> According to the current delimitation of the section and based on the combination of characters of the former section <i>Cardinales</i> and Mexican species of <i>Nobiles</i>, <i>Salvia</i> sect. <i>Holwaya</i> includes herbs and suffrutescent herbs, with simple or branched hairs, ovate leaves, acuminate at apex, mostly rounded to cordate/subcordate at base, floral axis with many flowers, bracts early deciduous, large, 5 or 7-veined upper calyx lip, brightly red, pink to magenta colored, showy red corolla, tube papillate or epapillate near the base, frequently invaginate and ventricose, stamens included, connective ornated with a tooth, and pilose style (Epling 1939, Ramamoorthy 1984, González-Gallegos & Aguilar-Santelises, Bedolla-García & Zamudio 2017). It is currently made up of 10 species: <i>S. adenophora</i> Fernald (1900: 538), <i>S. disjuncta</i> Fernald (1900: 533), <i>S. gesneriiflora</i> Lindley & Paxton (1853: 49), <i>S. guevarae</i> Bedolla & Zamudio (2017: 6), <i>S. holwayi</i> Blake (1920: 113), <i>S. karwinskii</i> Bentham (1833: 725), <i>S. involucrata</i> Cavanilles (1793: 3), <i>S. stolonifera</i> Bentham (1840: 70), <i>S. wagneriana</i> Polakowski (1875: 591), <i>S. tilantongensis</i> González-Gallegos & Aguilar-Santelises (2014: 13). However, it is necessary to wait for the progress of phylogenetic studies to definitively locate the species; now, most of the sequenced species of the <i>Holwaya</i> section are nested in the <i>Fulgentes</i> clade (Fragoso <i>et al.</i> 2018). This clade groups members of the sections <i>Fulgentes, Holwaya,</i> and <i>Flocculosae</i> (Epling 1935: 77) Epling (1939:153); in the near future, it is possible that it will be recognized as a monophyletic group.</p> <p> Among the species of sect. <i>Holwaya</i>, <i>Salvia dugesiana</i> is morphologically most similar to <i>S. karwinskii</i>, particularly with regard to the appearance of the leaves, inflorescence size, number of the flowers per floral node, presence of glandular-capitate hairs along floral axis and calyx, upper lip acuminate and then long caudate, and corolla tube slightly ventricose. <i>Salvia dugesiana</i> differs by having stems and leaves moderately pilose with simple hairs (<i>vs.</i> tomentose with dendritic hairs), lacking bracteoles additional to floral bracts, corolla tube not invaginated (<i>vs.</i> invaginated) and internally epapillate (<i>vs.</i> papillate) (see Table 1 and Fig. 2 for more details; Epling 1939, Klitgaard 2012, Martínez-Gordillo <i>et al.</i> 2019). Furthermore, if <i>S. karwinskii</i> is discarded due to its indumentum with branched hairs, <i>S. dugesiana</i> groups with a set of three Mexican shrubby <i>Salvia</i> surpassing 80 cm tall, having petioles and leaf blades longer than 10 mm and 25 mm, respectively, calyces longer than 11 mm, 5 or 7-veined upper calyx lip, corolla tube ventricose, 20 mm long or longer, epapillate inside, and included stamens: <i>S. guevarae</i>, <i>S. gesneriiflora</i> and <i>S. tilantongensis</i>; all in fact, members of sect. <i>Holwaya</i>. Considering these three species, <i>S. dugesiana</i> is most similar to <i>S. guevarae</i> due to the corolla tube shorter than 3 cm long, and relatively small corolla lips (upper 7–10.3 mm long, lower 6–12 mm long, <i>vs.</i> 16–25 mm long and 12–27 mm long). <i>Salvia dugesiana</i> can be set apart from <i>S. guevarae</i> by means of the cuneate to oblique leaf base (<i>vs.</i> slightly truncate, rounded to cordate), caudate calyx lobes (<i>vs.</i> short acuminate), narrower corolla tube (6.3–8.7 mm <i>vs.</i> 9–13 mm long) and filiform staminodes (<i>vs.</i> claviform) (Fig. 2). Besides, <i>S. guevarae</i> grows in temperate forest rather than in tropical, including pine-oak and cloud montane forests and has not been recorded in Guanajuato but in Hidalgo, Querétaro and San Luis Potosí.</p> <p> Alfred Dugès contributed greatly to documenting the Mexican biodiversity thanks to his extensive collections, mainly in the central area of the country, a territory known as El Bajío Region. Unfortunately, most of his samples lack a precise description of the locality or even a simple reference to a town or geographical accident that could be located. The above makes difficult to trace and have an idea of his exploration itineraries, and that is why there was no clue about where to look for <i>S. dugesiana</i>, what in turn promoted taxonomic turmoil that made botanists to hesitate on the recognition of this species. Proof of the later is that the species was overlooked in floristic inventories in Guanajuato (Carranza-González 2005, Zamudio & Galván-Villanueva 2011), or even in a global checklist of vascular plants in Mexico (Villaseñor 2014). However, the rediscovery of a population of the species makes clear that this deserve to be recognized, being a distinctive species within salvias with red corollas, a taxon that should be added to the list of those taxa restricted to the biogeographical province of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (Rzedowski 2020). It is worth noting that <i>S. dugesiana</i> is not the only reported case of a species described based on Dugès specimens and lost for over 100 years; <i>Pachyphytum brevifolium</i> Rose in Britton & Rose (1905: 12) represents an additional example, a plant rediscovered a couple decades ago by Pérez-Calix & Glass (1999) in surrounding areas to the capital city of the state, Guanajuato.</p> <p> The rediscovery of <i>S. dugesiana</i> was possible only to the fortunate event that the iNaturalist (known as Naturalista in Mexico) user <i>betootero</i> (Roberto Otero Zaragoza) uploaded and observation of the plant, which triggered our attention in its possible identity as this long-forgotten species. This is especially true considering the lack of information commented before, as well as the morphological characters of <i>S. dugesiana</i> and similarity with species of cloud montane, pine-oak and oak forests, what suggested that the species should be found also in that kind of vegetation and not in tropical dry forests. However, there are no elements to ensure that the population in Huanímaro corresponds to the type locality of the species. In the literature and different sources consulted in search of additional information that could clarify some of the localities visited by Dugès, the direct mentions to any geographical name are scarce (Bean 1892, Biodiversity Heritage Library 2023a, 2023 b, Harvard University & Libraries 2023, IBdata v· 2023, SEINet 2023, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History 2023). The only localities extracted from that sources and which undoubtedly were visited by Dugès in El Bajío Region and adjacent areas are: Guadalajara in Jalisco state; Cuitzeo, Morelia, Tangancícuaro and Tengüecho in Michoacán state; Campo Santo de [graveyard of] San Sebastián (most probably the one in the city León), Hacienda de Tupátaro, Moroleón, Pénjamo, Santa Rosa mountains, Silao, Tarandacuao and Yuriria lake in Guanajuato state, as well as the capital city with the same name (referring a couple of specific points in the surroundings of the city, or between this and Santa Rosa, Presa de la Olla and San Nicolás Mountain). Of all the listed localities the closest one to Huanímaro is Pénjamo, about 24 km straight line distance (Fig. 2), and being historically a bigger settlement than Huanímaro at the foot of a more massive mountain, it is highly probable that Dugès collected the original material in that mountains. Hence, future botanical exploration in that range might result in additional populations of <i>S. dugesiana</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>González-Gallegos, Jesús Guadalupe & Bedolla-García, Brenda Y., 2023, Rediscovery of Salvia dugesiana (Lamiaceae) in Guanajuato, Mexico, after 129 years, pp. 1-12 in Phytotaxa 629 (1)</i> on pages 3-7, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.629.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10254830">http://zenodo.org/record/10254830</a>
Separation and Identification of Antioxidants and Aldose Reductase Inhibitors in <i>Lepechinia meyenii</i> (Walp.) Epling
No full textWe previously reported that Lepechinia meyenii (Walp.) Epling has antioxidant and aldose reductase (AR) inhibitory activities. In this study, L. meyenii was extracted in a 50% MeOH and CH2Cl2/MeOH system. The active extracts of MeOH and 50% MeOH were subjected to fractionation, followed by separation using high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) and preparative HPLC. Separation and identification revealed the presence of caffeic acid, hesperidin, rosmarinic acid, diosmin, methyl rosmarinate, diosmetin, and butyl rosmarinate. Of these, rosmarinic acid, methyl rosmarinate, and butyl rosmarinate possessed remarkable antioxidant and AR inhibitory activities. The other compounds were less active. In particular, rosmarinic acid is the key contributor to the antioxidant and AR inhibitory activities of L. meyenii; it is rich in the MeOH extract (333.84 mg/g) and 50% MeOH extract (135.41 mg/g) of L. meyenii and is especially abundant in the EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions (373.71–804.07 mg/g) of the MeOH and 50% MeOH extracts. The results clarified the basis of antioxidant and AR inhibitory activity of L. meyenii, adding scientific evidence supporting its traditional use as an anti-diabetic herbal medicine. The HSCCC separation method established in this study can be used for the preparative separation of rosmarinic acid from natural products
Salvia alata Epling 1960
No full textSalvia alata Epling (1960: 147). Fig. 1 Type:— PERU. Prov. La Libertad. Santiago de Chuco, Cachicadan, rocky slopes, 2740 m, 12 May 1952, N . Angulo 1684 (Holotype: LA in UC!). Suffruticose subshrubs, erect, 2–4 m tall; stems fistulose, surface densely hirsute to glabrescent, with copper-colored glandular-capitate hairs. Leaves membranaceous, with densely hirsute petioles 3–10.8 cm long; leaf blades ovatelanceolate or ovate, (8–)10–25 × 6.5–13.5 cm, apex acute, margin crenate or crenulate, base rounded, cordate or truncate, in large leaves slightly asymmetric, upper surface sparsely hirsute, lower surface densely hirtellous on the veins, with clear sessile-globose glands. Inflorescences densely crowded, terminal, racemose, 20–40 cm long, peduncles ca. 10 cm long; with 8–20 flowers per verticillaster, verticillasters 1.5–2.5(–5) cm apart, rachis densely hirsute with coppercolored or purple glandular trichomes. Bracts commonly caducous at anthesis, green or pinkish, ovate, 1.2–3 × 0.8–2.5 cm, apex acuminate, margin repand or entire, ciliate. Flowers with pedicels 0.7–2 cm long, hirsute. Calyx purple or green with purplish lobes, 1.4–1.75 cm long, base glandular-pilose, lobes hirtellous to glabrous; calyx tube cylindrical, arcuate, 1–1.3 cm long; upper lobe 5-veined, obtuse, 4.5–6.5 mm long, lower lobes acute, 3–6 mm long. Corolla fuchsia or deep purple with white nectar guides, 1.6–2.8 cm long; corolla tube epapillate, cylindrical, arcuate, 1.2–2 cm long; upper lip straight, emarginate, 0.6–1 cm long, lower lip reflexed, 4-lobate, 0.8–1.8 cm long. Stamens exserted; filaments 0.5–1.6 cm long, white, glabrous; connectives 3–5.5 cm long, white, straight, glabrate, lacking teeth; thecae yellow; staminodes 2, filiform. Style white, exserted, 4.5–6.5 cm long, glabrous, bilobate; lobes complanate, upper lobe shorter than the lower lobe; nectar gland deltoid, trilobate, ventral surface with sessile glands, 4–5.5 mm long. Mericarps oblong, complanate, winged, 4.5–5.5 mm long, black, glabrous, apex deltoid. Distribution, habitat and phenology: — Salvia alata is distributed in Ecuador and Peru, where it inhabits montane forests at elevations of 2560–3224 m. Flowering occurs from August to April. Additional specimens examined: — ECUADOR. Azuay: cantón Santa Isabel, parroquia Shaglli, 6.2 km al NE de Cebadas, vía Hornillos-Cebadas, 3224 m, 25 April 2018, 3º2’6.81”S 79º26’13.03”W, 3224 m, I . Fragoso-Martínez et al. 770 (QCNE!). “ Lacha ”, 3200 m, August 1913, L . Sodiro s.n., (QPLS!). PERU. Áncash: Prov. Huaraz, Baños de Chaucos, 2560 m, January 1944, C . Sanderman, 4638 (K!).Published as part of Fragoso-Martínez, Itzi, Martínez-Gordillo, Martha, Uría, Rolando, Salazar, Gerardo A., Peñafiel, Marcia, Tobar, Francisco & Montesinos, Kabir, 2021, Notes on Salvia subgenus Calosphace section Macrostachyae (Lamiaceae) from Ecuador with a new record, pp. 71-79 in Phytotaxa 521 (2) on page 74, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.521.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/553353
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(Vol. 08, 2005-12) A Revision of the Teucrium Cubense (Lamiaceae) Complex
No full textIn 1946 the Teucrium cubense complex was treated as having four subspecies by McClintock and Epling. In the present account these have been treated as distinct species: Teucrium cordobense, T. cubense, T. depressum, and T. laevigatum. An additional species, T. coahuilanum, is described from north-central Mexico, this previously recognized as a North American populational element of T. laevigatum.Billie L. Turner Plant Resources Cente
Flavonoids and triterpenoids from Salvia blepharophylla Brandegee ex Epling
No full textVerschiedene Salvia-Arten wurden seit langer Zeit in der Volksmedizin benutzt [1]. Aus dem etanolischen Extract der Blätter von Salvia blepharophylla Brandegee ex Epling isolierten wir durch SC an Sephadex®LH-20 und DCC-Chromatographie acht Flavonoide (1-8) und eine Triterpenverbindung (9).
UV- und 1NMR-Daten von 1 (Experimenteller Teil) wiesen auf eine 5,6,3',4'-Tetrahydroxy-7-methoxyflavonstruktur (Pedalitin) hin [2,3]. Die Anwesenheit von Resonanzsignalen im 13C-NMR-Spektrum, deren chemische Verschiebungen mit denen der C-Atome 2, 3, 4 und denen vom Ring B von Luteolin bzw. 8, 9, 10 von Salvigenin und 5, 6 von Scutellarein eng korrelierbar waren und von einem Signal bei = 56,2 ppm, das mit einer 7-Methoxygruppe übereinstimmte [4], bestätigte die Struktur 1.
Die Anwesenheit von Resonanzsignalen im 13C-NMR-Spektrum von 2, deren chemische Verschiebungen mit denen der C-Atome des Rings A von 1 bzw. 2, 3, 4 und denen des Rings B von Diosmetin [5] eng korrelierbar waren, wies auf eine 5, 6, 3'-Trihydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavonstruktur (Nuchensin) hin. Dieser Befund wurde von dem UV- und 1NMR-Spektren bestätigt, die mit den Literaturdaten von Nuchensin übereinstimmten [3].
Die saure Totalhydrolyse von 3 lieferte Quercetin, L-Rhamnose und Galaktose. Aufgrund der UV-, 1NMR- und 13C-NMR-Daten wurde die Verbindung als Quercetin-3-O-L--rhamnopyranosyl(16)galactopyranosid identifiziert[6].
Das UV-Spektrum von 4 ließ ein Rhamnetin-3-O-gycosid vermuten [7]. Durch die saure Totalhydrolyse, die Glucose und Rhamnetin lieferte, wurde 4 als Rhamnetin-3-O-glucosid identifiziert.
Die UV-Spektren von 5 und 6 waren typisch für Apigenin-C-glycoside [7]. Aufgrund der 1NMR- und 13C-NMR-Daten wurden 5 als 8-C--D-Glucopyranosylapigenin (Vitexin) und 6 als 6-C--D-Glucopyranosyl-8-C--L-Arabinopyranosylapigenin (Schaftosid) identifiziert [8-11].
Bei direktem Vergleich mit Testsubstanzen (DC,UV,IR) ergaben sich folgende Identitäten: 7 mit Quercetin-3-O- -D-Glucopyranosid (Isoquercitrin); 8 mit Quercetin-3-O- -D-Glucuronopyranosid (Miquelianin) und 9 mit Ursolsäure.
Obwohl die Flavone die charakteristischen Flavonoidverbindungen der Labiaten sind, wurden 1 und 2 bisher in der Gattung Salvia noch nicht gefunden
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