14,269 research outputs found
Integrated Management of European Cherry Fruit Fly Rhagoletis cerasi (L.): Situation in Switzerland and Europe
No full textAbstract: The European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (L.) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a highly destructive pest. The low tolerance for damaged fruit requires preventive insecticide treatments for a marketable crop. The phase-out of old insecticides threatens cherry production throughout the European Union (EU). Consequently, new management techniques and tools are needed. With the increasing number of dwarf tree orchards covered against rain to avoid fruit splitting, crop netting has become a viable, cost-effective method of cherry fruit fly control. Recently, a biocontrol method using the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana has been developed for organic agriculture. However, for most situations, there is still a lack of efficient and environmentally sound insecticides to control this pest. This review summarizes the literature from over one hundred years of research on R. cerasi with focus on the biology and history of cherry fruit fly control as well as on antagonists and potential biocontrol organisms. We will present the situation of cherry fruit fly regulation in different European countries, give recommendations for cherry fruit fly control, show gaps in knowledge and identify future research opportunities
What makes a cherry red?: an investigation into flavonoid pathway regulation in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) fruit.
No full textColour is an important fruit quality indicator because many consumers make their selections based primarily on this trait. Inheritance of colour has been studied within sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) populations and as a result fruit colour is thought to be determined by three genetic factors. A flesh colour factor (F) and the major skin colour factor (A) are the main determinants of fruit colour, where red pigmentation is incompletely dominant over yellow. A third factor, the minor skin colour factor (B), can produce blush skin but is epistatically masked by a dominant A allele. The pigments that colour fruit are known as anthocyanins, synthesised via the transcriptionally regulated flavonoid pathway, which also synthesizes the related secondary metabolites, condensed tannins and flavonols. In other fruit and flower species, mutations in flavonoid pathway or regulatory genes can lead to non-functional alleles that explain the inheritance of colour. However the genes encoding the genetic colour factors are not known in sweet cherry. Therefore, this research has endeavoured to study the cherry flavonoid pathway and its transcriptional regulation, with a view to determining the genetic differences responsible for yellow, blush, red and black cultivars. To achieve this aim, genes encoding flavonoid pathway enzymes and putative regulators of flavonoid synthesis were isolated from the red sweet cherry cultivar ‘Lapins’. PaMYBA1, an R2R3-MYB factor, possessing a high degree of sequence similarity with characterised anthocyanin regulators and conserved C-terminal motifs common within this type of protein, was identified. Functional characterisation of PaMYBA1 demonstrated its ability to activate transcription from the promoters of chalcone synthase (MdCHS), which encodes an enzyme that performs the first committed step in the synthesis of flavonoids, and the anthocyanin biosynthetic gene UDP-glycosyl:flavonoid-3-O-glycosyltransferase (MdUFGT). Furthermore, correlation between anthocyanin accumulation and the expression profile of PaMYBA1 in developing ‘Lapins’ fruit and light-treated blush-skinned ‘Ranier’ fruit suggest that PaMYBA1 might be an important colour factor. Transcript analysis revealed that PaMYBA1 is necessary for the production of colour in cherries; PaMYBA1 is not expressed in the solid yellow fruit of ‘Yellow Glass’ that lacks anthocyanins. However, similar levels of expression of PaMYBA1 in blush, red and black sweet cherry fruit indicate that there are additional factors that contribute to differences in colour intensity. The intense colour and increased flavonoid levels of the black sweet cherry ‘Sam’, compared with the blush and red fruits tested, correlated with a large increase in the expression of the putative tannin regulator PaMYBPA1 in this cultivar. In a functional assay, PaMYBPA1 could trans-activate not only the promoters of the tannin genes anthocyanidin reductase (VvANR) and leucaonthocyanidin reductase (VvLAR), but also of MdCHS and MdUFGT. Therefore, it is possible that PaMYBPA1 could regulate both tannin and anthocyanin synthesis, particularly when expressed at high levels. Taking into consideration the expression of flavonoid pathway genes in different sweet cherry cultivars and tissues, and under different environmental conditions, together with published scientific observations of the genetic factors contributing to fruit colour, we have developed a working model for flavonoid pathway regulation in sweet cherry fruit. Aspects of the model remain to be determined, such as the involvement of two additional anthocyanin-type MYB factors PaMYBA2 and PaMYBA3 in fruit pigmentation. However, it provides a general understanding of differences in the activity of the flavonoid pathway between sweet cherry cultivars, and moves us closer to knowing the identity of the inherited factors that determine skin and flesh colour in sweet cherry fruit.Thesis (Ph.D) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 201
Characterisation of the Latvian and Swedish Sweet and Sour Cherry Genetic Resources
No full textA wide diversity of cherry varieties are collected in the Latvian and Swedish genetic resources collections, which consists of landraces and selections of local breeders, adapted to the local climate and growing conditions (winter hardy and disease resistant) as well as germplasm that results from years of scientific exchange and co-operation with the world’s leading plant research institutes. The introduction of this material into the breeding programs is largely dependent on the level of characterization. The genetic diversity and internal structure of Latvian and Swedish sweet and sour cherry genetic resources collections has been investigated using phenotypical characterization and evaluation in combination with SSR and self-incompatibility gene specific molecular markers. Phenotypical and molecular characterization revealed high phenotypic and genetic diversity of analysed germplasm as well as the relatedness of Baltic and Scandinavian sweet and especially sour cherry landraces which indicates a possible common historical origin. Local Baltic-Scandinavian cherry varieties were also differentiated from other cherry germplasm by the frequency of self-incompatibility alleles detected using gene specific molecular markers. Self-incompatibility allele information gained from this study will be also useful in breeding programmes for the planning of crosses and conservation of alleles. The use of different characterization methods of cherry genetic resources also facilitated methodological observations, applicable to cherry germplasm characterization. It was concluded that thorough evaluation of genetic diversity and internal structure of cherry genetic resources collections should include both phenotypic and molecular characterization. The information of genetic relatedness revealed by SSR markers did not show direct correspondence with the relatedness information detected by phenotypic characterization, regardless of the number of analysed markers. Therefore a sufficient preliminary description of cherry genetic resources and discovery of internal genetic relatedness of germplasm could be obtained by using phenotypic description in combination with a small set of highly polymorphic SSR markers in combination with available gene specific markers
New sour cherry cultivars from Dresden-Pillnitz
No full textSour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) breeding has a long tradition in Germany. The main breeding goals are fruit quality, high productivity, self-compatibility, disease tolerance to brown rot (Monilinia laxa), leaf spot (Blumeriella jaapii), tolerance to spring frost and suitability for mechanical harvest. The result of several crossing series has been the selection of eight sour cherry cultivars. 'Korund', 'Karneol', 'Morina', 'Safir' and 'Topas' have been adopted into commercial fruit production. Two new cultivars, 'Jade' and 'Achat', were accorded protection under Plant Breeders' Rights (PBR) in 2004, and PBR has been applied for the newest cultivar Rubellit
Dispersal of Rhagoletis cerasi in commercial cherry orchards: Efficacy of soil covering nets for cherry fruit fly control
No full textDemand for organic cherries offers producers a premium price to improve their commercial viability. Organic standards require that producers find alternatives to pesticides. Soil treatments to control the European cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis cerasi (L.)(Diptera: Tephrididae) appear to be an attractive option. However, soil treatments can only be effective if the migration of flies is low, because mature flies may migrate from near-by trees for oviposition. To examine the general potential of soil treatments and to understand the dispersal and flight behaviour of R. cerasi within orchards, experiments using netting to cover the soil were conducted in two orchards with different pest pressure during two years. The netting reduced flight activity by 77% and fruit infestation by 91%. The data showed that the flies have a dispersal of less than 5 m within orchards, which is very low. The low thresholds for tolerance for infested fruit in the fresh market creates a strong economic incentive for control, therefore, soil covering is a promising strategy for controlling R. cerasi in commercial orchards
SUPPLY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM ALTERNATIVES FOR THE TART CHERRY INDUSTRY
No full textTwo interrelated supply problems facing the tart cherry industry are long-run cyclical patterns in industry productive capacity and substantial annual supply fluctuations. Following the termination of a federal marketing order in effect for 14 years, the industry has considered a number of other supply management options. None have been adopted on a broad industry basis. Recent proposals involved formation of a multi-state supply management cooperative and use of a state marketing order in Michigan. Annual supply management alternatives include reserve pool, market allocation, and non-harvest. An orchard removal incentive program was proposed to reduce industry productive capacity.Agribusiness,
Interspecific hybridization – an important source for sweet and sour cherry breeding
No full textThe limited of genetic diversity in cherry cultivars has reduced the adaptability to changing growing and climatic conditions of these species. Interspecific hybridizations have been used in many fruit breeding programs to increase the genetic diversity and to introduce new traits in fruit crops. In sour cherry, Prunus cerasus, the first interspecific crosses with P. maackii and P. fruticosa were released by I. V. Michurin in Russia and L. Kerr in Canada in the first half of the 20th century to increase the winter hardness of sour cherries. Various interspecific crosses and backcrosses have been carried out in the cherry breeding program at Dresden-Pillnitz during the last 20 years. In sweet cherry, P. avium, crosses with P. canescens, P. armeniaca, and P. tomentosa have been made, and in sour cherry with P. maackii, P. padus, P. serotina, and P. spinosa. The objectives of this breeding program are obtain of genotypes with new fruit and tree characteristics and with a higher level of resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The diploid Prunus species P. canescens, the tetraploid species P. maackii, and P. serotina are promising resistance donors for cherry breeding. For F1 progenies from crosses between sweet cherry and apricot showed a high tolerance of flowers to spring frost was observed and they had interesting fruit characteristics such as size, firmness and shelf-life in the first growing years. The material will be characterized in further studies. Interesting genotypes will be used for breeding process
Effect of postharvest display conditions on cherry stem quality
No full textThe appearance of cherry stems greatly influences consumer perception of cherry quality, where green stems are often used as indicators of overall cherry fruit freshness. In a series of storage trials with a range of cherry cultivars ('Sweetheart', 'Stella', 'Sweet Georgia'), we examined the effect of different storage temperatures (5 or 20°C) and display relative humidities (70 and 100%RH) on stem browning and water loss. The results showed that water loss from the stems was strongly affected by all storage factors. As expected, according to the vapour pressures of the different treatments, water loss from the stems was greatest in the high temperature (20°C) and low humidity storage (70%). The treatments with the lowest water loss from the stems were the low temperature storage (5°C) with high relative humidity (100%). The overall 'freshness' of the stems was significantly affected by all storage factors and is a better indication of stem acceptability. A linear relationship between stem diameter and water loss was determined with each cultivar, with over 85% of the variance in the data accounted by each relationship. In conclusion, the results clearly demonstrate the importance of temperature and relative humidity during the retail display of cherries
Dr. Kevin Cherry – Faculty Author Interview
No full textDr. Kevin Cherry, Assistant Professor of Political Science,discusses his new book, Plato, Aristotle, and the Purpose of Politics, published recently by Cambridge University Press. In this book, he compares the views of Plato and Aristotle about the practice, study and the purpose of politics
Identification pathogenecity of monilia fructicola on apple (malus pumila mill.), sour cherry (prunus cerasus l.) and examination the effect of preharvest treatment on sour cherry
No full textAmong continental fruit species sour cherry is in seventh place in the world. Most of the producers
are from Russia, Poland, Turkey, Ukraine, United States, Serbia and Hungary. About 70% of the
total world production comes from Europe, while Asia has with 20% and finally North America
gives remaining 10%. The most common cultivars are Ljubskaja, Vladimirskaja, Ostheim,
Schattenmorelle, Újfehértói fürtös, Érdi bőtermő, Montmorency and Oblačinska, while dominant
rootstocks are mahaleb and mazzard seedlings (KESEROVIĆ et al., 2014). In Hungary sour cherry
breeding has been started 64 years ago. The main goal was to get new self-fertile, disease resistant
or tolerant varieties with excellent fruit quality and to extend the harvest period. As results of the
Hungarian breeding work 21 sour cherry varieties were registered into the “Hungarian List of
Variety” in 2014. (APOSTOL-SZŰGYIS, 2014). Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.), has gained
growing interest in recent years due to the envisaged health benefits associated with a regular
intake of anthocyanins and related polyphenolic compounds (ERCISLI, 2014).
Apple (Malus pumila Mill.) is a valuable product both as commercial and also from nutritional
points of view. If we compare other fruits, apple has the largest number of varieties. Around 1200
varieties are produced in the whole world (HUNGARIAN FRUIT AND VEGETABLE
PRODUCT COUNCIL, 2013).
Several methods exist to control, avoid decay and fungal diseases. The most common diseases
which causing damage of the commercial and backyard plantings of the sour cherry and apple are
brown rot, black knot, and leaf spot. Those diseases do not infect at the same time but they are
presented as regular sequences based on the environmental conditions and the development or
phrenology of the host. (SHARON, 2003).Institute of Food ScienceMSc/M
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