11,046 research outputs found
Molecular mechanisms of phage infection
No full textMolecular studies of the process of phage infection have laid the basis for much of our understanding of biology, from the mechanisms of DNA replication and transcription to the assembly of complex structures. This chapter provides a general overview and variety of examples of some of the principles involved in phage-host interactions at the molecular level. More detailed information about various specific phages and steps involved in these processes can be found in The Bacteriophages (Calendar 2005; 1988), the Encyclopedia of Virology (Granoff and Webster 1999) and Molecular Biology of Bacteriophage T4 (Karam, et al. 1994) as well as other books about individual phages and the exploding original literature and review articles in the field (Miller, et al. 2003b). Some areas, such as host recognition and the infection process, are explored in particular depth because of the paucity of reviews.Fil: Kutter, Elizabeth. The Evergreen State College; Estados UnidosFil: Raya, Raul Ricardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; ArgentinaFil: Carlson, Karin. Uppsala Universitet; Sueci
Basic phage biology
No full textAs discussed throughout this book, bacteriophages are viruses that only infect bacteria. They are like complex space ships (Fig. 1), each carrying its genome from one susceptible bacterial cell to another in which it can direct the production of more phages. Each phage particle (virion) contains its nucleic acid genome (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein or lipoprotein coat or capsid; the combined nucleic acid and capsid form the nucleocapsid. The target host for each phage is a specific group of bacteria. This group is often some subset of one species,1 but sometimes several related species can be infected by the same phage. Phages, like all viruses, are absolute parasites. While they carry all the information to direct their own reproduction in an appropriate host, they have no machinery for generating energy and no ribosomes for making proteins. They are the most abundant living entities on earth, found in very large numbers wherever their hosts live—in sewage and feces, in the soil, in deep thermal vents, and in natural bodies of water, as discussed in chapter 5. Their high level of specificity, long-term survivability, and ability to reproduce rapidly in appropriate hosts contribute to their maintaining a dynamic balance among the wide variety of bacterial species in any natural ecosystem. When no appropriate hosts are present, many phages can maintain their ability to infect for decades, unless damaged by external agents. Some phages have only a few thousand bases in their genome, while phage G, the largest sequenced to date, has 480,000 base pairs—as much as an average bacterium, though still lacking the genes for such essential bacterial machinery as ribosomes. Over 95% of the phages described in the literature to date belong to the Caudovirales (tailed phages; see chapter 4). Their virions are approximately half doublestranded DNA and half protein by mass, with icosahedral heads assembled from many copies of a specific protein or two; generally the corners are made up of pentamers of a protein, and the rest of each side is made up of hexamers of the same or a similar protein. The three main families are defined by their very distinct tail morphologies: 60% of the characterized phages are Siphoviridae, with long, flexible tails; 25% are Myoviridae, with double-layered, contractile tails; and 15% are Podoviridae, with short, stubby, tails. The latter may have some key infection proteins enclosed inside the head that can form a sort of extensible tail upon contact with the host, as shown most clearly for coliphage T7 (Molineux 2001). Archaea have their own set of infecting viruses, often called “archaephages.” Many of these have unusual, often pleiomorphic shapes that are unique to the Archaea, as discussed in chapter 4. However, many viruses identified to date for the Crenarchaeota kingdom of Archaea look like typical tailed bacteriophages (Prangishvili 2003); some of these are discussed in section 8.Fil: Guttman, Burton. The Evergreen State College; Estados UnidosFil: Raya, Raul Ricardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; Argentina. The Evergreen State College; Estados UnidosFil: Kutter, Elizabeth. The Evergreen State College; Estados Unido
Interview with Elizabeth Janeway, author
No full textAuthor of The Walsh Girls, Man's World, and Woman's Place, Elizabeth Janeway is interviewed by Milwaukee TV and radio moderator Winifred Ryhn and Claudine Shannon, assistant professor of Community Affairs at the University of Wisconsin-Extension. She explores how societal attitudes are shaped and how they have determined the traditional roles of men and women.GrayscaleSoun
Diary of Elizabeth Waties Allston Pringle, 1865
No full textRedex Film ProductsElizabeth Waties Allston Pringle (formerly Elizabeth Waties Allston) was born in 1845 on Pawley's Island, South Carolina to Robert F.W. Allston and Adele Petigru. The family home, a rice plantation of 630 slaves named Chicora Wood, was located on the Pee Dee River near Georgetown. Elizabeth married John Julius Pringle in 1870. Under the pen name Patience Pennington, she is the author of ""A Woman Rice Planter"" and ""Chronicles of Chicora Wood."" She died at her family home December 5, 1921. Her diaries include descriptions of trips to northeastern United States including New York City, New York, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Washington D.C. She also writes about day-to-day activities on the plantation and keeps ledgers of annual expenditures
Diary of Elizabeth Waties Allston Pringle, 1914
No full textRedex Film ProductsElizabeth Waties Allston Pringle (formerly Elizabeth Waties Allston) was born in 1845 on Pawley's Island, South Carolina to Robert F.W. Allston and Adele Petigru. The family home, a rice plantation of 630 slaves named Chicora Wood, was located on the Pee Dee River near Georgetown. Elizabeth married John Julius Pringle in 1870. Under the pen name Patience Pennington, she is the author of ""A Woman Rice Planter"" and ""Chronicles of Chicora Wood."" She died at her family home December 5, 1921. Her diaries include descriptions of trips to northeastern United States including New York City, New York, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Washington D.C. She also writes about day-to-day activities on the plantation and keeps ledgers of annual expenditures
Diary of Elizabeth Waties Allston Pringle, 1889
No full textRedex Film ProductsElizabeth Waties Allston Pringle (formerly Elizabeth Waties Allston) was born in 1845 on Pawley's Island, South Carolina to Robert F.W. Allston and Adele Petigru. The family home, a rice plantation of 630 slaves named Chicora Wood, was located on the Pee Dee River near Georgetown. Elizabeth married John Julius Pringle in 1870. Under the pen name Patience Pennington, she is the author of ""A Woman Rice Planter"" and ""Chronicles of Chicora Wood."" She died at her family home December 5, 1921. Her diaries include descriptions of trips to northeastern United States including New York City, New York, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Washington D.C. She also writes about day-to-day activities on the plantation and keeps ledgers of annual expenditures
Diary of Elizabeth Waties Allston Pringle, 1905
No full textRedex Film ProductsElizabeth Waties Allston Pringle (formerly Elizabeth Waties Allston) was born in 1845 on Pawley's Island, South Carolina to Robert F.W. Allston and Adele Petigru. The family home, a rice plantation of 630 slaves named Chicora Wood, was located on the Pee Dee River near Georgetown. Elizabeth married John Julius Pringle in 1870. Under the pen name Patience Pennington, she is the author of ""A Woman Rice Planter"" and ""Chronicles of Chicora Wood."" She died at her family home December 5, 1921. Her diaries include descriptions of trips to northeastern United States including New York City, New York, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Washington D.C. She also writes about day-to-day activities on the plantation and keeps ledgers of annual expenditures
Diary of Elizabeth Waties Allston Pringle, 1875
No full textRedex Film ProductsElizabeth Waties Allston Pringle (formerly Elizabeth Waties Allston) was born in 1845 on Pawley's Island, South Carolina to Robert F.W. Allston and Adele Petigru. The family home, a rice plantation of 630 slaves named Chicora Wood, was located on the Pee Dee River near Georgetown. Elizabeth married John Julius Pringle in 1870. Under the pen name Patience Pennington, she is the author of ""A Woman Rice Planter"" and ""Chronicles of Chicora Wood."" She died at her family home December 5, 1921. Her diaries include descriptions of trips to northeastern United States including New York City, New York, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Washington D.C. She also writes about day-to-day activities on the plantation and keeps ledgers of annual expenditures
Diary of Elizabeth Waties Allston Pringle, 1890
No full textRedex Film ProductsElizabeth Waties Allston Pringle (formerly Elizabeth Waties Allston) was born in 1845 on Pawley's Island, South Carolina to Robert F.W. Allston and Adele Petigru. The family home, a rice plantation of 630 slaves named Chicora Wood, was located on the Pee Dee River near Georgetown. Elizabeth married John Julius Pringle in 1870. Under the pen name Patience Pennington, she is the author of ""A Woman Rice Planter"" and ""Chronicles of Chicora Wood."" She died at her family home December 5, 1921. Her diaries include descriptions of trips to northeastern United States including New York City, New York, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Washington D.C. She also writes about day-to-day activities on the plantation and keeps ledgers of annual expenditures
Diary of Elizabeth Waties Allston Pringle, 1887
No full textRedex Film ProductsElizabeth Waties Allston Pringle (formerly Elizabeth Waties Allston) was born in 1845 on Pawley's Island, South Carolina to Robert F.W. Allston and Adele Petigru. The family home, a rice plantation of 630 slaves named Chicora Wood, was located on the Pee Dee River near Georgetown. Elizabeth married John Julius Pringle in 1870. Under the pen name Patience Pennington, she is the author of ""A Woman Rice Planter"" and ""Chronicles of Chicora Wood."" She died at her family home December 5, 1921. Her diaries include descriptions of trips to northeastern United States including New York City, New York, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Washington D.C. She also writes about day-to-day activities on the plantation and keeps ledgers of annual expenditures
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