120 research outputs found
A deep dive into joined-up offshore energy in the North Sea
No full textTransforming the North Sea into Europe’s offshore energy powerhouse will require integrated thinking to deliver an integrated system. Juul Kusters and Jan Wiegner outline a sea of opportunities
A deep dive into joined-up offshore energy in the North Sea
No full textTransforming the North Sea into Europe’s offshore energy powerhouse will require integrated thinking to deliver an integrated system. Juul Kusters and Jan Wiegner outline a sea of opportunities
A deep dive into joined-up offshore energy in the North Sea
No full textTransforming the North Sea into Europe’s offshore energy powerhouse will require integrated thinking to deliver an integrated system. Juul Kusters and Jan Wiegner outline a sea of opportunities
A deep dive into joined-up offshore energy in the North Sea
No full textTransforming the North Sea into Europe’s offshore energy powerhouse will require integrated thinking to deliver an integrated system. Juul Kusters and Jan Wiegner outline a sea of opportunities
A deep dive into joined-up offshore energy in the North Sea
No full textTransforming the North Sea into Europe’s offshore energy powerhouse will require integrated thinking to deliver an integrated system. Juul Kusters and Jan Wiegner outline a sea of opportunities
A deep dive into joined-up offshore energy in the North Sea
No full textTransforming the North Sea into Europe’s offshore energy powerhouse will require integrated thinking to deliver an integrated system. Juul Kusters and Jan Wiegner outline a sea of opportunities
A deep dive into joined-up offshore energy in the North Sea
No full textTransforming the North Sea into Europe’s offshore energy powerhouse will require integrated thinking to deliver an integrated system. Juul Kusters and Jan Wiegner outline a sea of opportunities
A deep dive into joined-up offshore energy in the North Sea
No full textTransforming the North Sea into Europe’s offshore energy powerhouse will require integrated thinking to deliver an integrated system. Juul Kusters and Jan Wiegner outline a sea of opportunities
A comparison of the electrical characteristics, liquid composition, and toxicant emissions of JUUL USA and JUUL UK e-cigarettes
Get PDFIn 2018, JUUL entered the UK market, where EU regulations limit liquid nicotine concentration to 20 mg/mL, approximately one-third the level of JUUL products sold in the USA. We hypothesized that JUUL’s UK product was engineered to deliver greater electrical power and boost liquid vaporization such that the net nicotine delivery rate was similar to the US version. We compared electrical characteristics, liquid composition, and aerosol emissions of JUUL devices procured in the USA and the UK. Study outcomes included electrical power, total and freebase nicotine, propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin ratio, carbonyls, and reactive oxygen species. Liquids and aerosols were analyzed by GCMS, HPLC, and fluorescence. Compared to the US version, JUUL UK had approximately one-third the liquid nicotine concentration in the liquid (5.4 vs. 1.6 wt.%) and aerosol (4.7 and 1.3 wt.%). Other than nicotine concentration and yield, we found no differences in any other study outcome, including electrical power. Currently, JUUL UK emits nicotine at a far lower rate than the US product, offering an opportunity to study how this factor impacts user behavior, JUUL uptake, and other population-level outcomes across the two markets. © 2020, The Author(s)
Characteristics and toxicant emissions of JUUL electronic cigarettes
Get PDFIntroduction JUUL is an electronic cigarette (ECIG) with a compact form factor. It is prefilled with a liquid that is advertised to contain a high concentration of nicotine salt. JUUL commands 50% of the US ECIG market share, and its wide popularity with underage users has triggered unprecedented actions by the US FDA. Apart from its nicotine salt-containing liquid and compact form, a salient advertised design feature is a control circuit that limits the heating coil temperature, presumably reducing unwanted toxicants. In this study, several tobacco-flavoured JUUL devices were reverse engineered, and their aerosol emissions were studied. Methods Total nicotine and its partitioning (freebase and protonated), propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin (PG/VG) ratio, and carbonyls were quantified by gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The temperature control functionality of JUUL was investigated using a temperature-controlled bath in which the coil was submerged. Results The liquid nicotine concentration was found to be 69 mg/mL, and the liquid and aerosol PG/VG ratio was found to be 30/70. In 15 puffs, JUUL emitted 2.05 (0.08) mg of nicotine, overwhelmingly in the protonated form. Carbonyl yields were significantly lower than those reported for combustible cigarettes, but similar to other closed-system ECIG devices. The heating coil resistance was 1.6 (0.66) Ohm, while the maximum power delivered by the JUUL device was 8.1 W. The control circuit limited the peak operating temperature to approximately 215C. Conclusions JUUL emits a high-nicotine concentration aerosol predominantly in the protonated form. JUUL's nicotine-normalised formaldehyde and total aldehyde yields are lower than other previously studied ECIGs and combustible cigarettes. © 2019 Author(s)
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