125 research outputs found
Izvještaj sa 18. kongresa Mađunarodnog odbora za predosmanske i osmanske studije CIEPO-18 (International comittee od Pre-Ottoman and Ottoman studies) 25.-30. kolovoz 2008., Zagreb
Get PDFOttoman and Christian Treatment of the Prisoners of War : Example of South Adriatic from 1500. up to 1800.
No full textOvaj rad se bavi načinima tretiranja ratnih zarobljenika u kontekstu ranog novog vijeka i njihove razlike naspram robova. Autor istražuje ključne elemente koji ukazuju na razliku u tretmanu i sve većem angažmanu državne vlasti, da svoje podanike koji su pali u neprijateljsko zarobljeništvo nakon bitke ili pljačkaških pohoda na moru i kopnu, oslobodi i otkupi. U radu se obrazlažu sličnosti i razlike tretmana prema tim zarobljenicima, promjenu konfesije, mjestima i uvjetima u kojima su držani te mijenjanje njihova statusa kroz stoljeća. U radu se analiziraju temeljne razlike u gusarenju i piratstvu na području južnog Jadrana, njihova djelatnost u privređivanju i kako su ondašnje vlasti gledale na njih. Zatim, kršćanske i osmanske razbojničke grupe na graničnim područjima Bosne i Dalmacije, koji su maltretirali i odvodili civilno stanovništvo u ropstvo, međusobno zarobljavali jedni druge i tako razvili trgovinu ljudima na Jadranu. Analiziraju se svjedočanstva pojedinaca koji su pali u ropstvo i nekom srećom se izbavili te izrada komparativne analize odnosa Osmanlija i kršćana prema robovima i ratnim zarobljenicima. Autor nastoji prikazati opći stereotip prema Osmanskom Carstvu koji je uvriježen u zapadnoj historiografiji te znakovito prebacivanje krivnje za demografsko nazadovanje, dok su se podanici kršćanskih država istovremeno bavili istim djelatnostima.This paper deals with the treatment of prisoners of war in the context of the early modern period and the differences in their treatment compared to slaves. The author explores key elements that point to the difference in treatment and the increasing involvement of state authorities in freeing and ransoming their subjects who had fallen into enemy captivity after battles or raids at sea and on land. The paper explains the similarities and differences in the treatment of these captives, changes in religious affiliation, the places and conditions in which they were held, and the evolution of their status over the centuries. It analyzes the fundamental differences between piracy and privateering in the southern Adriatic, their role in the economy, and how contemporary authorities viewed them. Furthermore, it addresses Christian and Ottoman bandit groups in the border areas of Bosnia and Dalmatia, who harassed and abducted the civilian population into slavery, captured each other, and thus developed a human trafficking trade in the Adriatic. Testimonies of individuals who fell into slavery and were, by some luck, freed are also examined, alongside a comparative analysis of the attitudes of the Ottomans and Christians towards slaves and prisoners of war. The author seeks to present the common stereotype of the Ottoman Empire prevalent in Western historiography and the notable shifting of blame for demographic decline, while the subjects of Christian states were simultaneously engaged in the same activities
Medieval Perceptions of Islam
Get PDFMuslimanska osvajanja izazvala su osim vojnih reakcija, i duhovne reakcije kršćana. U članku autor preispituje obilježja tih reakcija, i svrstava ih u tri osnovna tipa: prvi odnos bio je potpuno neprijateljski, a u islamu je vidio djelovanje Sotone; drugi, nešto pomirljiviji stav, islam je svrstao među hereze; i naposljetku treći tip reakcije, koji je u
islamu vidio duhovnog srodnika.Encountered by sudden and forceful Islamic expansion, Christianity engaged in the fight not only military, but also spiritual forces, that is to say polemics. Character of the polemics was to a large degree defined by its function. Hence, the largest part of polemic corpus had extremely negative attitude towards Islam, saw Satan’s activity in it, and equaled its prophet Mohammed with Antichrist. In regions where the Christians had opportunity to immediately experience complexity of Islam, attitudes towards it were partly eased, its authenticity rejected, and it was sorted among other heresies. At the end, in reality the exception rather than the rule, more conciliatory attitude towards Islam occurred. It saw in Islam not the enemy any more, but, as a follower of joint Abrahamic monotheistic tradition, a spiritual kin
Između Europe i Bliskog istoka: migracije i njihove posljedice na području Jugoistočne Europe i Anadolije u transimperijalnom i interkulturalnom kontekstu
Get PDFBetween Europe and Middle East: Migrations and Their Consequences in Southeast Europe and Anatolia in Transimperial andIntercultural Context
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Ottoman Mosques in Dalmatia in the Light of Early Modern Sources and Concepts of Conservation and Restoration in the Post-Ottoman Period
No full textAutor daje pregled osmanskog zauzimanja Hrvatske i njene upravne podjele te kratak pregled razvoja osmanske arhitekture do 18. st. - vremena koje korespondira s osmanskom vlašću u Hrvatskoj. Posebni naglasak stavlja se na sveobuhvatnu rekonstrukciju vjerskog pejzaža onih dijelova Kliškog i Krčkog sandžaka koji su se nalazili u Dalmaciji. Na poglavlje o ulozi džamija u urbanoj cjelini nastavlja se rasprava da li je uopće osmanska arhitektura u Dalmaciji bila periferalna, koja je priroda njenog odnosa s Bosnom, te važnije, koje su veze s prijestolnicom i arhitekturom Carstva u cjelini. Poseban slučaj problemske analize je arhitekturna rasprava o čimbenicima koji su djelovali na ograničenja osmanske urbanizacije. Slijedi pregled dosadašnje historiografije (Truhelka, Bejtić, Kiel i Hartmuth) o graditeljima vjerskih objekata te kritika njihovih teza kao i problemima vernakularnosti i materijala. Doprinosi poznavanju džamije kliške tvrđave postignuti su analizom statusa olovnih kupola u vrijeme Sinana te uvrštavanjem kliške džamije u korpus građevina koje su imale važnog ali još nejasnog mecenu iako je naslućeno da je to mogao biti sam sultan. U slučaju Drniša promišljanja o vazama u kupoli pokazala su da je džamija bila na tragu Sinanove škole i njenih pothvata u Istanbulu, ali da vremenski vjerojatno korespondira s Plavom džamijom Sinanovog učenika mimara Mehmeda Age. Raspravljeno je i pojavljivanje dalmatinskih džamija u narativima osmanskih intelektualaca kao svojevrsna studija slučaja mjesta vjerskih objekata na granici na Jadranu u osmanskim intelektualnim krugovima. Napoleonski klasicistički način promišljanja konzervatorstva nije pogodovao da dalmatinske džamije u vrijeme Francesca Carrare postanu predmet interesa, ali u narednim desetljećima javit će se interes za njih. Čini se da je okvir promišljanja u Dalmaciji bio pod kulturnom hegemonijom sjeveroistočne Italije i povjesničara umjetnosti Pietra Selvatica. Posebna je pažnja posvećena načinu na koji je džamija u Drnišu tretirana od isključivo uporabnog do spomeničkog objekta. Prvi svjetski rat i talijanska iredentistička historiografija bili su krajnje negativno određeni pram osmanskih spomenika, ali u međuratnoj južnoslavenskoj državi splitski konzervatori Frane Bulić i Ljubo Karaman intenzivno su radili na konzervaciji džamije u Drnišu. U njihovom pristupu osjetio se trag Bečke škole i njemačkih utjecaja kreativnog konzerviranja. Nakon Drugog svjetskog rata konzervatori su intervenirali na Kliškoj džamiji, ali ne i na Drniškoj čija je izvorna kupola propala pa je obnovljena tek nakon nekoliko desetljeća da bi Drniška džamija bila oštećena u Domovinskom ratu. Posebno su obrađeni povijest fotografije i tehničke dokumentacije ovih objekata. Na kraju autor daje opaske o problemima budućih istraživanja i prijedloge kako ih izvesti. Naročiti naglasak stavlja na arheološka iskapanja lokaliteta i razvijanja koncepta muzealizacije budućih nalaza, pri čemu predlaže i osnutak muzeja Kliškog i Krčkog sandžaka u Drnišu.In the introduction the author gives an overview of the Ottoman conquest of Croatian lands alongside the administrative divisions of the newly acquired territories. It is followed by a short overview of the development of the Ottoman architecture up to the eighteenth century, which corresponds with the Ottoman rule over Croatian lands. The focus of the first part of the discussion is a reconstruction of the religious landscape of those parts of the Klis and Krk Sanjaks that encompassed Dalmatia. It consists of several important questions: what was the role of mosques within urban zones; was the Ottoman architecture in Dalmatia peripheral in its character and importance; what was the nature of the relationship between Dalmatia and Bosnia; finally, what were the relations with the capital and the architecture of the Ottoman Empire as a whole. Special analysis regarding the architecture discusses the factors that affected the limitation of Ottoman urbanisation. In the following chapter the author gives an overview of the existing historiography (Truhelka, Bejtić, Kiel and Hartmuth) on the builders of sacral objects, assessing and discussing their theses, and analyses the issues of vernacularity and construction materials.
New insights regarding the mosque of the Klis Fortress were achieved through the analysis of the status of lead domes in the period of Master architect Sinan, and inclusion of the Klis Mosque in the corpus of edifices that had an important but still unknown patron. Some quite well supported arguments go as far as to proposing the patron was the Sultan himself. In the case of Drniš, the assessment of the vases within the dome suggested that the mosque is related to Sinan’s school and its creations in Istanbul, while the timeframe most probably corresponds with the Blue (Sultan Ahmed) mosque built by Mehmed Ağa, Sinan’s disciple. The author then discusses the appearance of Dalmatian mosques in the narratives of Ottoman intellectuals, as a sort of a case study of positioning of sacral objects in the Adriatic border zone within Ottoman intellectual circles. Napoleonic classicistic way of conceiving conservation of monuments was not a fertile ground for any particular interest for Dalmatian mosques within the period when the chief conservator was Francesco Carrara. Nonetheless, next several decades will see an increased interest towards this part of Islamic heritage. It seems that the mainstream framework of understanding monuments was under a cultural hegemony of Northeast Italy, and art history ideas proposed by Pietro Selvatico.
Special attention has been dedicated to the way the Drniš Mosque was treated in a range from the exclusively functional to the object of monumental value. WW1 and Italian irredentist historiography had a highly negative perception of Ottoman monuments, but in the inter-was Yugoslav state chief conservation officers from the Split department worked intensively on the conservation of the Drniš Mosque. Their approach was marked by the influences of the Vienna School and of the German creative conservation. After WW2 the conservation officers made an intervention on the Klis Mosque, however not on the Drniš Mosque whose original dome collapsed, was rebuilt several decades later, only to be again damaged in the Croatian War of Independence (1991-95). There is a separate chapter of the thesis dedicated to the history of photography and technical documentation of these sacral objects. In the end the author offers suggestions on the issues of future research and possible approaches, strongly encouraging two actions: archaeological excavation of the localities and the development of the museological conception of future finds which might eventually lead to the foundation of a Museum of the Klis and Krk Sanjaks in Drniš
Fashion in the late Ottoman Empire : Changes in dress in the context of the modernization of Ottoman society from the end of the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century
No full textKada se radi o promjenama i razvoju u nekom društvu, čak i najopsežniji radovi često pridaju vrlo malu pozornost odijevanju i modi u cjelini. Cilj ovoga rada je ponuditi sistematiziran prikaz povijesti mode u Osmanskom Carstvu s naglaskom na razdoblje kasnog Osmanskog Carstva te detaljnije prikazati vezu između mode i društvenih promjena. Naše je mišljenje da se na taj način otvara novo polje istraživanja u hrvatskoj turkologiji, a navedena tema neupitno ima i sociološku, antropološku te psihološku vrijednost. Mi je nećemo obraditi sa svih navedenih gledišta, no nadamo se kako će se akademska zajednica u budućnosti pozabaviti njenom još detaljnijom analizom.
Ovaj diplomski rad se sastoji od nekoliko cjelina, počevši od prikaza osmanskih te europskih propisa koji su utjecali na odijevanje u Osmanskom Carstvu od XVI. do XIX. stoljeća, usporedbe europske te osmanske mode, promjene koje su se događale po stoljećima kod odijevanja Osmanlija kako u ženskoj, tako i u muškoj modi. Obrađeno je i poglavlje mode manjina u Osmanskom carstvu te je dan zaključak na temelju istraženog
The role of European embassies in the capital of Ottoman Empire Istanbul
No full textGranice Osmanskog Carstva iz 16. i 17. stoljeća, jedne od najsnažnijih svjetskih sila tog vremena, služe kao dokaz uspješnih vojnih pohoda i osmanskog umijeća ratovanja. Pored dobro osmišljene vojne strategije i taktike, ključnu ulogu u održavanju uspostavljenog mira i izbjegavanju novih ratnih sukoba imala je diplomacija. Uspostava prijateljskih odnosa s europskim zemljama, poput Mletačke Republike, Francuske, Engleske i Nizozemske, te potpisivanje povelja, adhnama, osigurali su obostranu trgovačku i političku korist. Naizgled kulturološki i religijski poprilično različite i zemljopisno udaljene, ove europske zemlje bile su iznimno važne diplomatske saveznice Carstva u ostvarivanju političkih i ekonomskih interesa. Ekonomske težnje i ambicije europskih zemalja u potrazi za povoljnim trgovačkim uvjetima, zajedno sa spretnim manevriranjem njihovih veleposlanika koji pod nepovoljnim uvjetima služe u srcu Osmanskog Carstva, glavne su karakteristike diplomatskih odnosa između Osmanlija i Mlečana, Francuza, Engleza i Nizozemaca.The borders of the Ottoman Empire during the 16th and 17th centuries, one of the most powerful states in the world at the time, serve as a testament to successful military campaigns and the Ottoman art of war. Besides well-thought-out strategy and military tactics, diplomacy played a key role in maintaining already arranged peace treaties and avoiding new potential conflicts. The establishment of friendly relations with European countries such as the Republic of Venice, France, England and the Netherlands as well as the signing of commercial charters, adhname, ensured mutual commercial and political benefit. These European countries, seemingly distant in religious, cultural, and geographical senses, proved to be valuable diplomatic allies of the Ottoman Empire in the pursuit of political and economic interests. Economic aspirations and ambitions of European countries seeking favorable trade conditions, combined with nimble maneuvering of their ambassadors serving under unfavorable conditions in the heart of the Ottoman Empire, constitute the main characteristics of diplomatic relations between the Ottomans and the Venetians, the French, the British and the Dutch
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