3,388 research outputs found
Variants on a Theme: A Comparison of Five Dolmens of the “Hire Benakal Type”
No full textMegalithic monuments are found all over the Indian subcontinent, though the vast majority of
these are distributed in peninsular India, with sparser distribution in the north (Moorti 1994,
2008; Brubaker 2001). Though generally ascribed to the south Indian Iron Age (Moorti 1994,
2008; Sundara 1975), their origins could well go back to the Neolithic, and megalith construction
might have lasted into the Early Historic period (Morrison 2005, 2009, Menon 2012a, 2012b).
Rajesh S. V., Abhayan G. S., Ajit Kumar and Ehsan R.
High-Mg low-Ni olivine cumulates from a Pan-African accretionary belt in southern India: Implications for the genesis of volatile-rich high-Mg melts in suprasubduction setting
No full textAbstract not availableV.J. Rajesh, S. Arai, M. Satish-kumar, M. Santosh, A. Tamur
Factors associated with minimum dietary diversity failure among Indian children
No full textAbstract Recognising the importance of infant and young child feeding practices during the first 2 years of life, the World Health Organization's Global Nutrition Monitoring Framework developed a minimum dietary diversity (MDD) indicator for feeding children aged 6–23 months. MDD is defined as the consumption of food items from five or more groups out of a total of eight food groups. Food intake from less than five food groups is considered minimum dietary diversity failure (MDDF). Using the nationally representative National Family Health Survey (NFHS) dataset, the present study assessed the trend in MDDF between 2005–6 and 2015–16 and the factors associated with MDDF among children aged 6–23 months during 2015–16. The NFHS conducted in 2005–6 and 2015–16 covered a sample of 14 419 and 74 078 children aged 6–23 months, respectively. Overall, the MDDF reduced from 87⋅4 % (95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) 86⋅8 %, 87⋅9 %) in 2005–6 to 80⋅6 % (95 % CI 80⋅1 %, 81⋅0 %) in 2015–16. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that increased child's age, second and third birth order children, higher maternal age and education, mass media exposure of mothers and more than four antenatal care visits had a negative association with the MDDF. Children living in rural areas and residing in high-focus states of India were observed with higher odds of experiencing MDDF. Exposure to community healthcare services was negatively associated with MDDF, and anaemic children were more likely to have MDDF. Socioeconomic status of mothers and children and encouragement of maternal and child healthcare use could be helpful in devising context-specific intervention to mitigate MDDF
Architecture and security issues in fog computing applications Advances in computer and electrical engineering (ACEE) book series./ [edited by] Sam Goundar, S. Bharath Bhushan, Praveen Kumar Rayani.
No full textIncludes bibliographical references and index.As the progression of the internet continues, society is finding easier, quicker ways of simplifying their needs with the use of technology. With the growth of lightweight devices, such as smart phones and wearable devices, highly configured hardware is in heightened demand in order to process the large amounts of raw data that are acquired. Connecting these devices to fog computing can reduce bandwidth and latency for data transmission when associated with centralized cloud solutions and uses machine learning algorithms to handle large amounts of raw data. The risks that accompany this advancing technology, however, have yet to be explored. Architecture and Security Issues in Fog Computing Applications is a pivotal reference source that provides vital research on the architectural complications of fog processing and focuses on security and privacy issues in intelligent fog applications. While highlighting topics such as machine learning, cyber-physical systems, and security applications, this publication explores the architecture of intelligent fog applications enabled with machine learning. This book is ideally designed for IT specialists, software developers, security analysts, software engineers, academicians, students, and researchers seeking current research on network security and wireless systems.1. Fog resource allocation through machine learning algorithm / Gowri A. S., Shanthi Bala P. -- 2. A novel resource management framework for fog computing by using machine learning algorithm / Shanthi Thangam Manukumar, Vijayalakshmi Muthuswamy -- 3. [Retracted] Security issues in fog computing for Internet of Things / D.N. Kartheek, Bharath Bhushan -- 4. Analysis of identity-based cryptography in Internet of Things (IoT) / Aravind Karrothu, Jasmine Norman -- 5. Cloud security architecture based on fully homomorphic encryption / Vaishali Ravindra Thakare, K. John Singh -- 6. Object detection in fog computing using machine learning algorithms / Peyakunta Bhargavi, Singaraju Jyothi -- 7. Distributed intelligence platform to the edge computing / Xalphonse Inbaraj -- 8. Internet of Things and fog computing applications in intelligent transportation systems / Korupalli V. Rajesh Kumar, K. Dinesh Kumar, Ravi Kumar Poluru, Syed Muzamil Basha, M. Praveen Kumar Reddy -- 9. Agribot / Ravi Kumar Poluru, M. Praveen Kumar Reddy, Rajesh Kaluri, Kuruva Lakshmanna, G. Thippa Reddy -- 10. Towards efficient resource management in fog computing : a survey and future directions / M. Sudhakara, K. Dinesh Kumar, Ravi Kumar Poluru, R. Lokesh Kumar, S. Bharath Bhushan.1 online resource (205 pages)
Association of parental characteristics with offspring anthropometric failure, anaemia and mortality in India
No full textThis study used a wide range of information on parental sociodemographic, physical and behavioural characteristics as well as on the presence of non-communicable diseases among parents and examined the association of these attributes with anthropometric failure, anaemia and mortality of their children aged 0–59 months. Findings revealed that children of fathers aged 30–39 years were less likely to experience anthropometric failure and anaemia; however, survival of children of fathers below 18 years at marriage could be threatened. Parental education had protective association with children’s anthropometric failure, anaemia and under-five mortality. With increasing maternal height, children had lower odds of anthropometric failure and under-five mortality. Tobacco use by mothers was associated with increase in under-five mortality, and children with diabetic fathers had higher odds of under-five mortality.Open-Access-Publikationsfonds 202
Tipping the scale: the role of a national nutritional supplementation programme for pregnant mothers in reducing low birth weight and neonatal mortality in India
No full textWith over 1·3 million Anganwadi centres (AWC) (meaning 'courtyard shelter'), the Indian government runs a nationwide intervention providing nutrition supplement to pregnant mothers to improve the health of their children. Using two successive rounds of the nationally representative cross-sectional National Family Health Survey data (collected during 2005-2006 and 2015-2016) of India, we assessed whether nutrition supplements given to pregnant mothers through AWC were associated with select child health indicators - extremely low birth weight (ELBW), very low birth weight (VLBW), low birth weight (LBW) and neonatal mortality (death during day 0-27) stratified by death during day 0-1, day 2-6 and day 7-27. A total of 148 019 children and 205 593 children were eligible for analysing birth weight and neonatal mortality, respectively. OR with 95% CI, estimated from multivariate logistic regression models, suggest that receipt of nutrition supplements was associated with decreased risk of VLBW (OR: 0·73, 95% CI 0·63, 0·83, P < 0·001), LBW (OR: 0·92, 95% CI 0·88, 0·96, P < 0·001), but not ELBW (OR: 0·80, 95% CI 0·56, 1·15, P = 0·226). Women who always received nutrition supplements during their pregnancy saw lower risk of death of their neonates (OR: 0·67, 95% CI 0·61, 0·73, P < 0·001), including death on day 0-1 (OR: 0·66, 95% CI 0·58, 0·74, P < 0·001), day 2-6 (OR: 0·69, 95% CI 0·58, 0·82, P < 0·001) and day 7-27 (OR: 0·68, 95% CI 0·53, 0·87, P = 0·002). Therefore, nutritional supplementation to pregnant mothers appears to be helpful in deterring various stages of neonatal mortality, VLBW and LBW, though it might not be effective in mitigating ELBW. Findings were discussed considering possible limitations of the study
<i>Karkata</i>, a new genus of gecarcinucid freshwater crab with two new species, and four new species of <i>Pilarta</i> Bahir and Yeo, 2007 and <i>Cylindrotelphusa</i> Alcock, 1909 (Decapoda: Brachyura) from Kerala, India
No full textFigure 1. Map of collection sites of new taxa of freshwater crabs from Kerala, India.Published as part of Pati, S. K., Rajesh, L., Raj, Smrithy, Sheeja, V. U., Kumar, A. Biju & Sureshan, P. M., 2017, Karkata, a new genus of gecarcinucid freshwater crab with two new species, and four new species of Pilarta Bahir and Yeo, 2007 and Cylindrotelphusa Alcock, 1909 (Decapoda: Brachyura) from Kerala, India, pp. 1295-1330 in Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (23-24) on page 1296, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1324054, http://zenodo.org/record/518184
Analysis and Design of Metrics for Aspect-Oriented Systems
No full textPh.D.Aspect-Oriented Software Development (AOSD) is a relatively new programming paradigm, which encapsulates concerns that crosscut the modularity of traditional programming mechanisms such as Module-Oriented (MO) and Object-Oriented (OO). The concern that crosscuts the modularity of traditional programming mechanism is known as a crosscutting concern (Garcia et al., 2004). Examples of crosscutting concerns include logging, tracing, caching, security, resource pooling etc. The ability to modularize such concerns is expected to improve parallel development, comprehensibility, reuse, ease of change, reducing development costs, increasing dependability and adaptability. According to Alexander (2003), among the claimed benefits of this new technology is the reduction in the amount of code written and higher cohesion. There are many Aspect-Oriented Programming languages available in the industry, for example- AspectJ (a Java extension), AspectC (a C extension), AspectC++ (a C++ extension), AspectXML (a XML extension), CaesarJ and Hyper/J (being used by IBM).
However, AOSD still faces several problems. Quantitative assessment of some of the important characteristics such as modularity, maintainability, reusability, complexity and the overall quality of Aspect-Oriented (AO) technology is fairly unexplored. OO technology has matured enough and many quantitative models are available to determine various characteristics of this technology. But very few existing evaluations have been performed at qualitative and quantitative levels in AOSD. Since AO has some additional features from OO technology, there is a need to develop quantitative models to determine above said important characteristics of AO technology.
In present study, our focus is on those AO languages that have features of Java and AO technology. In this category, we have selected AspectJ, CaesarJ and Hyper/J AOP languages. The proposed metrics in present work will be applicable to Java, AspectJ, CaesarJ and Hyper/J. The term generic/unified has been used which covers all these programming languages.
Objectives of the Proposed Work
In this research work, the main emphasis is on quantitative evaluation and analysis of various features that are important in the context of AOSD. The following are issues and problems that have been explored in this study:
1. Static and dynamic metrics for measuring the performance of aspect-oriented software designed with Java and AspectJ, CaesarJ and Hyper/J.
2. Reusability and maintainability of aspect-oriented software.
3. Metrics for measuring the complexity of aspect-oriented software designed with AspectJ, CaesarJ and Hyper/J from various viewpoints, such as code complexity and interaction complexity.
4. Propose a quality model to bring out the relationship among quality characteristics and validate the suggested model.
The issues stated above have been accomplished as follows:
Objective 1: To investigate and propose static and dynamic metrics for measuring the performance of aspect-oriented software designed with Java, AspectJ, CaesarJ and Hyper/J.
Metrics have been thoroughly studied and explored for several quality characteristics of Aspect-Oriented Systems (AOS). These features include cohesion, coupling, complexity, changeability (a sub-characteristic of maintainability), reusability and others. The new proposed metrics are for cohesion, coupling, complexity, size, and changeability of generic AO systems. These proposed metrics include both static as well as dynamic metrics. These metrics can be applied on software designed by using Java, AspectJ, CaesarJ and Hyper/J.
Objective 2: To assess the reusability and maintainability of aspect-oriented software.
A model has been proposed to determine how to broaden the applicability of class/aspect. Using this proposed model, reusability can be determined by direct measurable metrics for cohesion, coupling, complexity, and size. In order to predict maintainability of AOS, we have proposed a metric for changeability. In AOS, when a crosscutting concern is encapsulated in an aspect, it makes changes easy. So, here the focus is on changeability sub-characteristic of maintainability.
Objective 3: To design metrics for ascertaining the complexity of aspect-oriented software designed with AspectJ, CaesarJ and Hyper/J from various viewpoints, such as code and interaction complexity.
Metrics have been defined for measuring code complexity and interaction complexity of generic aspect-oriented systems implemented in Java, AspectJ, CaesarJ and Hyper/J. We have used fuzzy logic for defining software complexity. Complexity metrics have been used as input variables in a fuzzy inference engine. The motivation has been to understand and explain the difficulties faced in calculating the total complexity of an AO component in generic aspect-oriented systems. Here, a component is defined in new terminology as a class in all four programming languages, an interface in all four programming languages, and finally an aspect in AspectJ, CClass in CaesarJ and Hyperslice in Hyper/J. Using this fuzzy logic tool, automation of measuring complexity of generic AO system has been achieved.
Objective 4: To propose a quality model to bring out the relationship among quality characteristics in aspect-oriented software and validate the suggested model.
A quality model for aspect-oriented system has been proposed, which includes quality characteristics like reusability, complexity, code-reducibility and modularity, along with others, which are present in ISO/IEC 9126 quality model. In order to evaluate the quality of proposed the model as single unit, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been applied. Pair-wise relative weights of characteristics and sub-characteristics have been collected through a survey conducted on professionals working in the field of aspect-oriented technology. A case study from one of the projects developed in AspectJ has also been considered for validating the suggested model.
Thesis Outline
Thesis is divided into seven chapters:
Chapter 1 covers the basic issues and our understanding of aspects and aspect-oriented software development (AOSD). It consists of a detailed literature survey of aspect-oriented systems (AOS) and metrics. It covers internal characteristics like cohesion, coupling, complexity and size as well as external characteristics like maintainability, understandability, usability, modularity, reusability and others in context of AOS. Some of the metrics discussed in this survey are derived from object-oriented systems (OOS) with no or minor changes, others are exclusively specific for AOS. This Chapter also covers various quality models such as McCall, Boehm, FURPS, Dromey, ISO/IEC 9126, Bertoa, Adnan, and others. Major findings of these models in context of AOS are also been presented here and discussed.
Chapter 2 proposes a metrics suite for measuring internal characteristics such as cohesion, coupling, complexity, and size of generic aspect-oriented systems. Here, generic means, the metrics that are applicable to most of the aspect-oriented programming languages such as AspectC, AspectC++, AspectXML, AspectJ, CaesarJ and Hyper/J. The present study is focused on those AOP languages that have most of the features of the Java programming language and AO technology. In this category, we have selected AspectJ, CaesarJ and Hyper/J. So our metrics suite is applicable to Java, AspectJ, CaesarJ and Hyper/J programming languages. In order to define metrics for internal characteristics, new terminology and formulism have been defined to present unambiguous, standardized and operational terminology. These proposed direct measurable metrics for internal characteristics can be used to determine external characteristics such as maintainability, understandability, usability, adaptability, and modularity. This terminology and metrics have been used in rest of the Chapters.
Chapter 3 proposes a fuzzy logic approach to measure complexity of aspect-oriented systems. The complexity of AOS has been divided in two categories: code complexity and interaction complexity. Metrics for the complexity have already been defined in Chapter 2. Code complexity is due to complexity of attributes, complexity of operations and complexity of nested components. The complexity values of attributes, operations, and nested operations have been normalized between 0-1. These complexity metrics have been used as input variables in a fuzzy inference engine. Attributes have been divided into three categories: low (L), medium (M) and high (H) as member functions. NIL variable for attribute means there is no attribute in the component. Operations have also been divided into three categories: L, M, and H as member functions. NIL variable for operation represents that there is no operation in the component. Nested components and components have been divided into five categories- very low (VL), L, M, H and very high (VH) as member functions. NIL variable for a nested component represents that there is no nested component present in the component. NIL variable for a component means complexity of component is zero. A similar approach can be applied to measure interaction complexity of AO components. Using this fuzzy logic tool, the complexity of AO system can be calculated automatically.
Chapter 4 proposes an approach to predict maintainability of aspect-oriented systems. In aspect-oriented technology, changes in crosscutting concerns become easy. Here, we have focused in measuring changeability, a sub-characteristic of maintainability in ISO/IEC 9126. A metric for changeability has been defined using terminology and formalism defined in Chapter 2. Possible types of changes in AOS have been determined. Using these feasible changes, an experiment is performed on projects designed in AspectJ and CaesarJ. Changeability of generic AO system is assessed by making changes at code level. Impact of these changes has been evaluated. High change impact of an AO component means, it will absorb less change. In other words, high change impact means low changeability. In order to validate proposed changeability measurement technique, dependency on a component of other components has also been measured. Number of dependencies has been measured with the help of adjacency matrix, which is one of the existing techniques. Correlation analysis between average change impact and number of dependencies gives a correlation factor value. Correlation factor in CaesarJ based system is 0.87 and in AspectJ based system is 0.89. These values are high enough to indicate that in high dependent AO system, change impact will be high. That means, a highly dependent AO system will absorb low changeability. It has also been seen from the existing literature that highly dependent systems lead to poor maintainability, which is also proved by our work.
Chapter 5 proposes a model to assess reusability of AO components of AOS. Here, reusability means how wider an AO component can be reused in other AO components. In this proposed model, we determined relationship of reusability with external and internal characteristics of AOS. In order to determine the external characteristics on which reusability of AO components depends, a survey was conducted on experts of the domain. From the survey, it has been observed that there are four main external characteristics, understandability, modularity, maintainability, and adaptability on which reusability of AO components depends. These external characteristics cannot be measured directly. In order to predict how wider an AO component can be reused, we can also use directly measurable metrics for internal characteristics such as cohesion, coupling, complexity, and size proposed in Chapter 2. A correlation analysis among indirect measurable external characteristics, understandability, modularity, maintainability, adaptability, and all direct measurable metrics for internal characteristics has been performed. Through this correlation analysis, it has been concluded that (i) metrics CMPXM(c), NOO, LOC, and CoOI (when component is an aspect), are directly proportional to the reusability of AO component; (ii) metric CoI is inversely proportional to the reusability of AO component; and (iii) there is no strong relation among external characteristics and CoAT, CoPT, CoAR, NOA, and CoOI (when component is a class) metrics. These metrics have been defined in Chapter 2 for generic AO systems.
Chapter 6 proposes a new quality model, Aspect-Oriented Software Quality Model (AOSQUAMO), by adding some new sub-characteristics, reusability, complexity, code-reducibility and modularity to the existing ISO/IEC 9126 quality model, which are important in the context of AOS. In order to assign weights to characteristics and sub-characteristics of proposed model, we conducted a survey on software professionals working in the field of aspect-oriented technology. The survey form consists seven tables for filling pair-wise relative weight values of characteristics and sub-characteristics. These data are analyzed by using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), wherein weight values are calculated for quality characteristics and sub-characteristics. The weight values obtained will help developers to select only those characteristics and sub-characteristics which are important and relevant as per their quality requirement in that domain. A case study has also been considered to validate the proposed model. This experimentation leads to the useful conclusion related to the capability of measuring quality of aspect-oriented systems as a single unit.
This thesis concludes in Chapter 7 with major finding of the present work. It also suggests some future work in this direction
An Analysis of Zero-Waste Design Technique and its implementation in Garment Creation
No full textT.Vidya*, S. M. Udaya Krithika, C. Rajesh Kumar& Aishwarya Dharshini M
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