40 research outputs found
Enhancement Effects of Biosurfactant Produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 2297 and Pseudomonas fluorescens on Sugar Cane Bagasse Composting
Get PDFBiosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC2297 and Pseudomonas fluorescens (a Mangrove forest isolate) was added to the Sugar cane bagasse decomposing process to initiate and enhance the production of reducing sugars. Both isolates produced a glycolipid biosurfactant, namely a rhamnolipid that was confirmed by biochemical and analytical studies. The surface tension of fermentation broth reduced from 73 to 34.2 mN/m by P. aeruginosa MTCC 2297 and from 76 to 29 mN/m by P. fluorescens. Sugar cane bagasse decomposing process was attempted by two different methods, adding pure rhamnolipid and on-site production of it were compared. The study revealed that rhamnolipid concentration of 0.75gl-1 was optimum for composting process and the optimum temperature for compost pile production was 32°Cfor the first 48h subsequently 35°C for the next 48h. At the optimum temperature for this two-stage fermentation, the production of reducing sugar could be increased to 15.73 gl-1 for P. aeruginosa MTCC 2297 and for the P. fluorescens reducing sugar increased to 15.88 gl-1, both experiments resulted in higher values than that of the treatment without rhamnolipid sample. The results indicate that application biosurfactant could possibly reduce the composting period. As the compost pile production of rhamnolipid does not require the purification process, the production cost reduced significantly.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India-608002. *Corresponding author, Email: [email protected], Mob: +91-9842059688               Cite This Article As: Parthasarathi, R. and  P. K. Sivakumaar. 2010. Enhancement Effects of Biosurfactant Produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 2297 and Pseudomonas fluorescens on Sugar Cane Bagasse Composting. J. Ecobiotechnol. 2(3): 33-39
Preparation and characterization of spherical agglomerates of piroxicam
Get PDFThe purpose of the present study was to prepare spherical agglomerates (SA) of piroxicam by solvent change method. Crystallization medium used for spherical agglomerates of piroxicam consisted of DMF:water and chloroform. The presence of solvents residual in SA was determined by gas chromatography and were particles were characterized by DSC, FT-IR, XRD and SEM. The respective solubility study and dissolution behavior studies were carried out. The samples were stored in stability chamber to investigate their physical stabilities. Solvents residuals in SA were found to be within the limits and exhibited decreased crystallinity of piroxicam in SA than pure piroxicam. The solubility and dissolution of the spherical agglomerates was improved compared with pure piroxicam and recrystallized sample. In stability test, the release profile of the spherical agglomeration was almost unchanged as compared with the freshly prepared spherical agglomeration stored at 20 °C and 45 % relative humidity for 90 days. Hence this technique can be used to obtain modified drug raw material for formulation of tablets of piroxicam by direct compression with directly compressible tablet excipients.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire
Effect of Different Crystallization Techniques on the Dissolution Behavior of Ketoprofen
Get PDFPurpose: To enhance the solubility and dissolution characteristics of
ketoprofen using various crystallization techniques. Methods:
Ketoprofen crystals were prepared by various crystallization technique
including spherical agglomeration (SA), spray drying (SD), freeze
drying (FD) and super cooling (SC). The crystallization medium used for
all the techniques consisted of water and chloroform. Residual solvents
in the crystals were determined and the crystals were characterized by
DSC, FT-IR, XRD and SEM. Both solubility and dissolution behavior
studies were carried out. The physical stability of the crystals were
also evaluated after storage over a period of time. Results: Residual
IPA and chloroform in the crystals ranged from 4.10 - 5.70 and 1.84 -
2.57 ppm, respectively, which are well below their toxic limits. The
crystals obtained exhibited lower crystallinity than the original drug.
The solubility of FD crystals in water increased almost fivefold to
0.0926 mg/ml compared with that of the drug (0.0172 mg/ml), while the
dissolution rates of the developed crystals were than that of the
original crystals. For example, FD crystals demonstrated the highest
dissolution (99.9 %) compared with original crystals (64.3 %). In the
stability test, the dissolution profiles of the developed crystals
remained largely unchanged over the period of the stability study.
Conclusion: The re-crystallization techniques used in this study can be
applied to obtain modified ketoprofen for formulation of tablets of the
drug with improved drug dissolution
Effect of Different Crystallization Techniques on the Dissolution Behavior of Ketoprofen
Get PDFPurpose: To enhance the solubility and dissolution characteristics of
ketoprofen using various crystallization techniques. Methods:
Ketoprofen crystals were prepared by various crystallization technique
including spherical agglomeration (SA), spray drying (SD), freeze
drying (FD) and super cooling (SC). The crystallization medium used for
all the techniques consisted of water and chloroform. Residual solvents
in the crystals were determined and the crystals were characterized by
DSC, FT-IR, XRD and SEM. Both solubility and dissolution behavior
studies were carried out. The physical stability of the crystals were
also evaluated after storage over a period of time. Results: Residual
IPA and chloroform in the crystals ranged from 4.10 - 5.70 and 1.84 -
2.57 ppm, respectively, which are well below their toxic limits. The
crystals obtained exhibited lower crystallinity than the original drug.
The solubility of FD crystals in water increased almost fivefold to
0.0926 mg/ml compared with that of the drug (0.0172 mg/ml), while the
dissolution rates of the developed crystals were than that of the
original crystals. For example, FD crystals demonstrated the highest
dissolution (99.9 %) compared with original crystals (64.3 %). In the
stability test, the dissolution profiles of the developed crystals
remained largely unchanged over the period of the stability study.
Conclusion: The re-crystallization techniques used in this study can be
applied to obtain modified ketoprofen for formulation of tablets of the
drug with improved drug dissolution
BUDGETTICKS A MUST FOR THE GOVERNMENT
Get PDFSYNOPSIS The D.Litt Thesis herewith submitted, namely 'Budgetticks - A must for the Government'. This nature of research comes under the purview of the subject Public Administrations, which happens to be mine own discovery. Presently, there are huge problems in chalking out the yearly budget of the different countries in the present day world. Moreover, the countries which are in the arena of third world and underneath nations, this problem of framing of yearly budget has become a misnomer. The different Governments pertaining to such third world and underneath arena find the same, quite difficult in order to present their budget in thier respective Parliaments, or, before the Assemblies. In fact, there are no relevancies observed to-day, in between the different budgetary provisions (i.e. monetary provisions) and the resultant effects. Here, the Governments are meeting with their drastic failures in providing the people, which are very akin to maintain their lives and livelihoods towards, achieving a conducive sustenance. Here, Budget and its effects make no systematic impact in providing the people, their day to day necessities. Presently, most of the 3rd world and underneath nations are adopting the type of budget which are basically borrowed from the Britishers. During the colonial rule of the Britishers, they have imposed their ideas, their authority, responsibility, accountability, in the shape of forming the Governments, up to their own tastes. Unfortunately such Governments are not finding an outlet to be away from such unsuitable procedural ways as set up towards framing of the budget as made by the Britishers. Of course, partly the British system may have, some help to the capitalistic nations like U.S.A., U.K. and other European countries, but for the people of 3rd world and the underneath nations, this system only provides a distorted, hazy as well as quite an unsuitable order, in consideration to their geographical, social, political and anthropological behavioural orders.
The role of the international patent system in the transfer of technology to West Africa : case studies : Ghana and Nigeria
Get PDFThe principal aim of this thesis is to undertake a critical
examination of the role of the international patent system in the
transfer of technology to West Africa, particularly Ghana and Nigeria.
It focuses mainly on the patent systans and technology regulatory
regimes of the two countries. The study is intended to identify and
evaluate the impact of the international patent system on the transfer
and development of technology in this area.
The first chapter provides a theoretical foundation to some of
the more practical issues to be discussed in the subsequent chapters.
The Paris Convention and the diplomatic revision exercise thereof, as
well as other efforts and policies regarding patents and technology
transfer at various levels are discussed in Chapter Two. Chapters
Three to Eight consider the two case-studies undertaken in this
thesis. Chapter Three begins with the historical development of the
patent system in both Ghana and Nigeria, and the remaining chapters
continue with a discussion of the present patent and technology
regulatory regimes of both countries. Based on facts and figures the
two case-studies examine critically the patent law and systems and
technology transfer laws of these two countries including other
related institutional measures highlighting their strengths and
weaknesses.
The study argues that if the patent systems of both countries
are to play a meaningful role in the transfer and developnent of
technology they nust be utilized as a tool of economic policy and also
be related to the technology transfer regimes which nust necessarily
be integrated into the national technology policy which should, in
turn, be made an integral part of the entire national developnent
plan. It is concluded that it is only in this way that the patent
system can effectively contribute to the transfer of technology and
the development of indigenous technological capabilities in the two countries
The tax base in transition : the case of Bulgaria
Get PDFThe transition from socialism characteristically reduces existing tax revenues at the same time that it increases the need for government spending. An increasing need for revenue combined with an eroding tax base creates a transition-related fiscal gap and a challenge for tax policy. The solution, say the authors, is not to lay a heavier tax burden on new private firms. The issue is how to meet revenue needs without inhibiting private sector development. Large-scale tax evasion in the private sector - the de facto outcome in Bulgaria and in many other transitional economies - may be a good incentive for development of private enterprise, but it is illegal and inequitable to wage-earners and salaried workers. The chief means of increasing tax revenue are to: (1) reduce tax rates to decrease the benefit of evasion; (2) improve tax administration (to increase tax coverage and better dectect evasion); and (3) increase penalties for evasion. These three measures effectively decrease the benefits and increase the cost of tax evasion to economic agents. It takes time to improve tax administration, however. Given administrative limitations, what should the tax structure be? The authors contend that an administratively feasible system designed to encourage development of the private sector during the transition should: (i) be simple, not complex or oversophisticated; (ii) be administratively implementable with current resources; (iii) impose a low tax burden on all economic agents; (iv) rely on broad tax bases with minimum exemptions; (v) begin the long-term improvement of tax administration; and (vi) limit the severity of tax penalties in the transition from an authoritarian to a democratic regime. In theory, reducing the cost of compliance and increasing the expected cost of noncompliance should reduce tax evasion and increase tax revenue. In practice, small businesses and self-employed citizens tend to evade taxes, providing an effective zero tax base. The government has little to lose from reducing taxes on the self-employed but, to be equitable, it should reduce taxes for everyone. As a general rule, say the authors, economies in transition should impose lower tax burdens than are imposed in mature western market economies. It may also reduce the perception of"exploitation"by giving the impression of a more modest government consistent with the dynamic private sector led economy.Public Sector Economics&Finance,Environmental Economics&Policies,Banks&Banking Reform,National Governance,Municipal Financial Management
The Tax Base in Transition: The Case of Bulgaria, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series No. 1267 (March 1994), The World Bank.
Get PDFMeeting government revenue needs without inhibiting private sector development is a key challenge of tax policy during the transition from the socialist system. The paper explores issues in the design of tax bases and tax structures in the transition and argues that transition economies would need to adopt a lower and simpler tax structure than the ones prevailing in developed Western market economies.tax reform, tax policy, tax bases, tax structure, transition, Bulgaria
Design, development and evaluation of mannosylated oral Amphotericin B nanoparticles for anti-leishmanial therapy: Oral kinetics and macrophage uptake studies
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