354 research outputs found
L'évolution de la nuptialité des adolescentes au Cameroun et ses déterminants
No full textKuate-Defo Barthélémy. -Adolescent nuptiality in Cameroon : change and its determinants Three successive and nationally representative surveys and an event history analysis were used to test the hypothesis that marriage before age 20 is becoming less frequent in Cameroon. Assessment of the data shows that the information supplied by women in the 20- 34 age range, and in particular between 20-24, is the most reliable for studying the changes in marriage behaviour on the basis of multiround retrospective surveys. Early marriage is declining in nearly all regions of the country, and at the national level is reflected in a strong trend towards later marriage. The decline in early marriage is most pronounced among women of the younger generations, the better educated, those living in the cities of Yaounde and Douala, among Muslims and followers of the traditional religions. The fall in age at menarche is concomitant with a fall in age at first marriage, and women who experience puberty early marry earlier than those who experience puberty later. The main findings from this study and their implications are discussed in the light of research conducted elsewhere, notably in other developing countries.Kuate-Defo Barthélémy. - L'évolution de la nuptialité des adolescentes au Cameroun et ses déterminants À partir de trois enquêtes successives représentatives au niveau national et au moyen d'une analyse des biographies, on teste l'hypothèse que l'entrée en vie conjugale avant 20 ans est de moins en moins fréquente au Cameroun. L'évaluation des données montre que les informations fournies par les femmes de 20-34 ans, et surtout de 20-24 ans, sont les plus fiables pour cerner les changements matrimoniaux à partir d'enquêtes rétrospectives répétées. La nuptialité précoce diminue dans la quasi-totalité des régions du pays, induisant au plan national une forte tendance au report des unions. Le déclin de la nuptialité précoce est le plus ma- qué parmi les femmes des jeunes générations, les plus scolarisées, les résidentes des grandes villes de Yaoundé/Douala, les musulmanes et les adeptes des religions traditionnelles. Le déclin de l'âge aux premières règles est concomitant d'un recul de l'âge à la première union, et les femmes pubères précocement entrent en union plus tôt que celles dont la puberté est tardive. Les principaux résultats de cette étude et leur portée sont discutés à la lumière des travaux de recherche réalisés ailleurs, notamment dans d'autres pays en développement.Kuate-Defo Barthélémy. - La evolución de la nupcialidad adolescente en Camerun y sus déterminantes En base a très encuestas sucesivas, representativas a nivel nacionál, y a partir de un análisis biográfico, evaluamos la hipótesis según la cual el inicio de la vida conyugal antes de los 20 aňos es cada vez menos frecuente en Camerún. La evaluación de datos muestra que las informaciones proporcionadas por mujeres de entre 20 y 34 aflos de edad, y especialmente entre 20 y 24, son las más fiables para analizar los cambios matrimoniales a partir de encuestas retrospectivas repetidas. La nupcialidad precoz ha disminuido en casi todas las regiones del pais, induciendo un retraso de las uniones. La disminución de la nupcialidad precoz es más fuerte entre las mujeres de generaciones jóvenes, las de mayor nivel educativo, las résidentes en las grandes ciudades de Yaoundé/Duala, las musulmanas y las adeptas a las religiones tra- dicionales. Por otro lado, la edad de la primera régla ha disminuido de forma simultanea a la disminución de la edad a la primera union. Pero las mujeres que entran en la adolescencia a edades más précoces también entran en uniones más temprano que las mujeres cuya pubertad es más tardía. El artículo discute los resultados principales de este estudio y su alcance a la luz de estudios realizados en otros parses en desarrollo.Kuate-Defo B. L'évolution de la nuptialité des adolescentes au Cameroun et ses déterminants. In: Population, 55ᵉ année, n°6, 2000. pp. 941-973
The correlates of infant and childhood mortality
No full textThis paper has two main goals. The first is to review the context for studying infant mortality, which includes a review of the theoretical framework, the covariates used to examine mortality over the first 60 months of life, and the major findings of empirical studies. Second, the paper adds some new empirical evidence that comes from the longitudinal reconstitution of church registers of Bejsce parish, located in the south of Poland. This rich database allows for an analysis of mortality trends of cohorts born between the 18th and 20th centuries in the parish. The analysis includes a reconstruction of descriptive measures of infant and childhood mortality, and a hazard model of mortality over the first 60 months of life. The hazard model has been calculated for each cohort separately in order to demonstrate the change in the relative importance of analyzed factors during the process of mortality decline in the parish. Obtained mortality patterns are discussed with reference to the theoretical context presented in the first part of the paper.event history analysis, historical population, infant and child mortality, multilevel model, parish registers
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Charge-state stability of color centers in wide band gap semiconductors
No full textThe NV− color center in diamond has been extensively investigated for applications in quantum sensing, computation, and communication. Nonetheless, charge-state decay from the NV − to its neutral counterpart the NV 0 detrimentally affects the robustness of the NV − center and remains to be fully overcome. In this work, we provide an ab initio formalism for accurately estimating the rate of charge-state decay of color centers in wide band gap semiconductors. Our formalism employs density functional theory calculations in the context of thermal equilibrium. We illustrate the method using the transition of NV − to NV 0 in the presence of substitutional N [see Z. Yuan et al., Phys. Rev. Res. 2, 033263 (2020)]
Socio-economic predictors of stunting in preschool children--a population-based study from Johannesburg and Soweto.
No full textBACKGROUND: Stunting continues to be a child public health concern in many African countries, including South Africa. This study uses data from the Birth to Twenty study, held in Johannesburg, to investigate a range of household-level socioeconomic and social support predictors of stunting in children aged less than 30 months. DESIGN: Logistical regression models were constructed using a conceptual framework to investigate the association between early life measures of socio-economic status and stunting (<--2 standard deviations from the WHO (2006) standard), using data collected in the Birth to Twenty study. RESULTS: Stunting prevalence was 18.0% (213/1 186). In unadjusted analyses, numerous socio-economic status exposures showed significant associations with stunting; however, in final multivariable models, decreased likelihood of stunting was seen in children born to mothers who were employed (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.40-0.88), those with fathers who had completed secondary school (AOR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.40-0.85), and whose parents employed a domestic worker (AOR = 0.40, 95% CI 0.19-0.83), while increased likelihood of stunting was seen in male children (AOR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.03-1.91), and those born of low birth weight (AOR = 2.56, 95% CI 1.54-4.26). CONCLUSIONS: Stunting and child malnutrition remain policy priorities for the South African Department of Health, and this study suggests that policies that aim to increase parental education level and reduce unemployment or target additional support to families with low education or unemployed parents may reduce stunting in preschool-age children in this setting
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Ab initiotight-binding Hamiltonian for transition metal dichalcogenides
No full textWe present an accurate ab initio tight-binding Hamiltonian for the transition metal dichalcogenides, MoS2, MoSe2, WS2, WSe2, with a minimal basis (the d orbitals for the metal atoms and p orbitals for the chalcogen atoms) based on a transformation of the Kohn-Sham density functional theory Hamiltonian to a basis of maximally localized Wannier functions. The truncated tight-binding Hamiltonian, with only on-site, first, and partial second neighbor interactions, including spin-orbit coupling, provides a simple physical picture and the symmetry of the main band-structure features. Interlayer interactions between adjacent layers are modeled by transferable hopping terms between the chalcogen p orbitals. The full-range tight-binding Hamiltonian can be reduced to hybrid-orbital k .p effective Hamiltonians near the band extrema that capture important low-energy excitations. These ab initio Hamiltonians can serve as the starting point for applications to interacting many-body physics including optical transitions and Berry curvature of bands, of which we give some examples.PhysicsAccepted Manuscrip
Evaluation of moments of ratios of quadratic forms in normal variables and related statistics
No full textMeasuring Intermediary Determinants of Early Childhood Health: A Composite Index Comparing Colombian Departments
No full textIn recent years there has been growing interest in composite indicators as an efficient tool of analysis and a method of prioritizing policies. This paper presents a composite index of intermediary determinants of child health using a multivariate statistical approach. The index shows how specific determinants of child health vary across Colombian departments (administrative subdivisions). We used data collected from the 2010 Colombian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) for 32 departments and the capital city, Bogotá. Adapting the conceptual framework of Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH), five dimensions related to child health are represented in the index: material circumstances, behavioural factors, psychosocial factors, biological factors and the health system. In order to generate the weight of the variables, and taking into account the discrete nature of the data, principal component analysis (PCA) using polychoric correlations was employed in constructing the index. From this method five principal components were selected. The index was estimated using a weighted average of the retained components. A hierarchical cluster analysis was also carried out. The results show that the biggest differences in intermediary determinants of child health are associated with health care before and during delivery
Children's stunting in sub-Saharan Africa: Is there an externality effect of high fertility?
No full textA positive relationship between the number of siblings and a child’s chance of being stunted has been seen in several studies. It is possible that individual stunting risks are also raised by high fertility in the community, partly because of the impact of aggregate fertility on the local economy, but this issue has not been addressed in earlier investigations. In this study we estimate the independent effect of the child dependency ratio in the province (or governorate, region, or larger geopolitical zone within a country), using DHS data on up to 145,000 children in 152 provinces in 23 countries with at least two such surveys. The data design allows inclusion of lagged province variables and province fixed effects (to control for constant unobserved province characteristics). Three types of regression models for a child’s chance of being stunted are estimated. Some estimates suggest an adverse effect of the current child dependency ratio, net of the child’s number of siblings, while others do not point in this direction. When the child dependency ratio measured in an earlier survey is included instead, no significant effects appear. Thus, we conclude that there is only weak support for the idea that a child’s stunting risk may be raised by high fertility in the community.Africa, consequences of high fertility, externality, fertility, multilevel, province, siblings, stunting
Birth spacing and child mortality: an analysis of prospective data from the Nairobi urban health and demographic surveillance system.
No full textThe majority of studies of the birth spacing-child survival relationship rely on retrospective data, which are vulnerable to errors that might bias results. The relationship is re-assessed using prospective data on 13,502 children born in two Nairobi slums between 2003 and 2009. Nearly 48% were first births. Among the remainder, short preceding intervals are common: 20% of second and higher order births were delivered within 24 months of an elder sibling, including 9% with a very short preceding interval of less than 18 months. After adjustment for potential confounders, the length of the preceding birth interval is a major determinant of infant and early childhood mortality. In infancy, a preceding birth interval of less than 18 months is associated with a two-fold increase in mortality risks (compared with lengthened intervals of 36 months or longer), while an interval of 18-23 months is associated with an increase of 18%. During the early childhood period, children born within 18 months of an elder sibling are more than twice as likely to die as those born after an interval of 36 months or more. Only 592 children experienced the birth of a younger sibling within 20 months; their second-year mortality was about twice as high as that of other children. These results support the findings based on retrospective data
Methodological considerations for the measurement of arterial stiffness using applanation tonometry
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