483 research outputs found
Stilbochlora wedmanorum Engel 2019, new species
No full textStilbochlora wedmanorum Engel, new species (Figs. 5–7, 14, 18) ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 1C4305F5-1F24-42D0-AEB3-E037B7AA6C34 DIAGNOSIS: As in all of the new species reported herein, this species has a more densely striate propodeum relative to the type species of the genus. Unlike S. graceae and S. kateae, however, the striae only extend to about midlength and the striate area is roughly crescent shape (Figs. 14, 18). Like S. kateae, this species is predominantly blue, with dark brown legs and clypeal apex (Figs. 5–7). DESCRIPTION: ♀: Total body length 6.74 mm; forewing length 4.68 mm. Head slightly wider than long (length 1.60 mm, width 1.73 mm); distal half of clypeus projecting below lower tangent of compound eyes; frontal line carinate from approximately lower tangent of toruli to about one torular diameter above upper tangent of toruli; upper interorbital distance 0.93 mm; lower interorbital distance 0.67 mm; ocellocular distance approximately 1.75× ocellar diameter. Scape long, extending to level of lateral ocelli; pedicel longer than first flagellomere; first and second flagellomeres subequal in length. Gena narrower than compound eye in profile. Mesoscutum with median and parapsidal lines moderately impressed, parapsidal line approximately 0.75× length of median line; intertegular distance 1.33 mm; mesoscutellum nearly twice as long as metanotum, approximately subequal to basal area of propodeum. Forewing with basal vein distad 1cu-a by 4× vein width; 1rs-m straight, confluent to slightly basad 1m-cu, roughly parallel to 2Rs; 3Rs subequal to r-rs, and subequal to 4Rs; 5Rs comparatively straight, thus marginal cell tapering uniformly to acutely rounded apex; 2M subequal to 3Rs; 3M more than 2× length 2M; 2rs-m nearly straight, distad 2m-cu by 5× vein width; hind wing with distal hamuli arranged 2-1-2. Inner metatibial spur with five branches, not including apical portion of rachis. Clypeus with coarse punctures separated by less than a puncture width centrally, puncture smaller and a bit more spaced near borders, integument between punctures faintly and finely coriarious to nearly smooth, coriarious integument more prominent in metallic areas; supraclypeal area with punctures smaller than on clypeus, separated by 2–5× a puncture width except denser above near intertorular area, integument between punctures weakly and finely coriarious; face below tangent of antennal toruli with minute punctures separated by a puncture width or less, integument between punctures smooth; face above tangent of antennal toruli with minute punctures nearly contiguous, integument between punctures smooth; punctures becoming more spaced toward ocellar area and in ocellocular area, in ocellocular area separated by 3–7× a puncture width, integument between punctures smooth; vertex with integument as described for ocellocular area; gena with punctures separated by 2–3× a puncture width, blending ventrally to coriarious integument of postgena; postgena prominently coriarious and impunctate. Pronotum smooth, with sparsely scatered punctures; mesoscutum with minute punctures separated by 2–5× a puncture width, not noticeably more closely spaced around parapsidal line, integument between punctures smooth; tegula smooth and impunctate except a few, sparsely scatered, weak punctures; mesoscutellum with integument as on central disc of mesoscutum except punctures more widely spaced, punctures along posterior border larger and weaker; metanotum minutely nodulose, integument otherwise finely coriarious; preëpisternum with coarse, shallow punctures nearly contiguous, integument between punctures smooth, hypoepimeral area with sparse, small punctures, otherwise smooth; mesepisternum with small, shallow punctures separated by 3–5× a puncture width; metepisternum smooth with sparsely scatered minute punctures; basal area of propodeum smooth, glabrous, shining, with prominent striae radiating from basal margin, striae short, extending to about midlength of basal area, striae not longer medially, striae closely spaced; lateral and posterior surfaces of propodeum smooth with scatered minute punctures, punctures of posterior surface sparser than those of lateral surface. Metasomal tergum I largely smooth, with scatered minute punctures, apical margin finely, weakly, transversely coriarious and impunctate; terga II–IV as on tergum I except minute punctures of disc more numerous, separated by 2–4× a puncture width, becoming weaker toward apical margin, apical margin as on tergum I; tergum V as on preceding terga except punctures more prominent and more closely spaced; sterna with basal areas smooth and impunctate, central discs finely coriarious and nodulose at setal bases. Mandible brown with reddish apex and lighter center; labrum brown; clypeus brown except metallic blue bordering epistomal sulcus; supraclypeal area and remainder of face brilliant metallic blue with greenish highlights in parocular area; gena as on face; postgena metallic blue-green; antenna dark brown except flagellomeres ventrally lighter, particularly apex and venter of distalmost flagellomere brownish yellow. Pronotum and propleuron dark brown with strong metallic blue highlights and weaker greenish highlights; mesoscutum brilliant metallic blue with greenish highlights; tegula brown, semi-translucent; mesoscutellum and metanotum as on mesoscutum; mes- and metepisternum as on mesoscutum; propodeum as on mesoscutum except greenish highlights lacking; legs largely brown except lighter on tarsi. Wing membranes hyaline and clear; veins dark brown to brown. Metasoma largely dark brown; terga with strong metallic blue highlights and areas of purplish highlights, highlights absent in marginal areas giving metasomal dorsum superficial banded appearance. Pubescence largely white to off white; face with scatered, fine, simple, suberect to erect setae, such setae intermingled with shorter, highly branched to plumose setae on lower face and along ocular borders, such setae not obscuring integument, on upper face fine, short, erect setae, setae becoming longer again on vertex and between ocelli; gena with setae as on vertex except long, erect to suberect setae, with a few apical branches, intermingled with shorter, plumose setae medially; postgena with sparse, elongate, erect setae, some setae with a few apical branches. Mesoscutum with scattered, short, fine, erect, simple setae, some with a few, minute branches, intermixed with shorter erect setae; mesoscutellum as on mesoscutum except intermixed with elongate setae with short branches, such setae most abundant posteriorly, laterally with scatered mid-sized, feathery setae; metanotum as on mesoscutum except elongate setae more numerous; pleura with long, erect to suberect, simple setae, such setae becoming slightly longer ventrally; basal area of propodeum glabrous; lateral and posterior surfaces with setae as on pleura except more numerous on lateral surface and sparser and more erect on posterior surface. Setae of legs largely white, except more yellowish on tarsomeres. Metasomal tergum I with long, erect, simple setae on anterior-facing surface, such setae becoming sparse, short, and more inclined medioapically, dorsal-facing surface with sparse, short, suberect setae, narrow apical margin glabrous; terga II–IV with fine, short, suberect to subappressed, simple setae, intermingled with longer, suberect, simple setae, such longer setae progressively more numerous on succeeding terga; tergum V with setae more numerous than on preceding terga and short setae of disc more fuscous; central discs of sterna with abundant, elongate, erect, simple setae, a few with short branches. ♂: Latet. HOLOTYPE: ♀, Peru: Madre de Dios, Cocha Salvador, Reserved Zone, Manu National Park, 310 m, 12°0’13’’S, 71°31’36’’W, 20–21 Oct 2000, R. Brooks, ex: flight intercept trap (SEMC). PARATYPES: 3♀♀, same data as holotype (SEMC). ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet honors Scot D. and L. Kim Wedman, inspiring and supportive friends to the author and his spouse, Kellie.Published as part of Engel, Michael S., 2019, New species of the augochlorine bee genus Stilbochlora, with a preliminary key (Hymenoptera: Halictidae), pp. 1-15 in Journal of Melitology 2019 (89) on pages 8-14, DOI: 10.17161/jom.v0i89.11734, http://zenodo.org/record/805743
Deep learning improves macromolecule identification in 3d cellular cryo-electron tomograms
No full textVéase "author correction" en la versión del editor.Moebel, E., Martinez-Sanchez, A., Lamm, L., Righetto, R.D., Wietrzynski, W., Albert, S., Larivière, D., Fourmentin, E., Pfeffer, S., Ortiz, J., Baumeister, W., Peng, T., Engel, B.D., Kervrann, C
Geologic map and sections of Los Angeles Brick and Clay Products Company no.1 clay pit, Alberhill, Riverside Co., California: Supplement 7 from "I. Geology of the Southwest quarter of the Elsinore Quadrangle. II. Geochemical properties of the waters of the Elsinore Quadrangle [= Geology of the Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California. Mineral deposits of Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California]" (Thesis)
No full textThe Lake Elsinore quadrangle covers about 250 square miles and includes parts of the southwest margin of the Perris Block, the Elsinore trough, the southeastern end of the Santa Ana Mountains, and the Elsinore Mountains.
The oldest rocks consist of an assemblage of metamorphics of igneous effusive and sedimentary origin, probably, for the most part, of Triassic age. They are intruded by diorite and various hypabyssal rocks, then in turn by granitic rocks, which occupy over 40 percent of the area. Following this last igneous activity of probable Lower Cretaceous age, an extended period of sedimentation started with the deposition of the marine Upper Cretaceous Chico formation and continued during the Paloecene under alternating marine and continental conditions on the margins of the blocks. A marine regression towards the north, during the Neocene, accounts for the younger Tertiary strata in the region under consideration.
Outpouring of basalts to the southeast indicates that igneous activity was resumed toward the close of the Tertiary. The fault zone, which characterizes the Elsinor trough, marks one of the major tectonic lines of southem California. It separates the upthrown and tilted block of the Santa Ana Mountains to the south from the Perris Block to the north.
Most of the faults are normal in type and nearly parallel to the general trend of the trough, or intersect each other at an acute angle. Vertical displacements generally exceed the horizontal ones and several periods of activity are recognized.
Tilting of Tertiary and older Quaternary sediments in the trough have produced broad synclinal structures which have been modified by subsequent faulting.
Five old surfaces of erosion are exposed on the highlands.
The mineral resources of the region are mainly high-grade clay deposits and mineral waters.Cataloger's note: Engel, Rene. I. Geology of the Southwest quarter of the Elsinore Quadrangle (1933). No copies [of this thesis] have ever been presented to C.I.T. The thesis has been published under the title: Geology of the Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California (in Bulletin no. 146 of the California Division of Mines).
…Bulletin 146, a book containing two papers: Geology and Mineral Deposits of the Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California, prepared by Rene Engel, and Mineral Deposits of Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California by• Rene Engel, Thomas E. Gay, Jr., and B. L. Rogers. The principal author, Dr. Engel, first began studying the geology of this area in detail in the 1920's; he has been working with it intermittently since then.
The second paper, which is primarily concerned with the economic mineral deposits of the area, was compiled by two staff members of the Division of Mines, Messrs. Gay and Rogers, working under the supervision of Dr. Engel….
7 plates included in the Bulletin have also been scanned and included as part
of this record
Economic map of the Lake Elsinore Quadrangle: Supplement 2 from "I. Geology of the Southwest quarter of the Elsinore Quadrangle. II. Geochemical properties of the waters of the Elsinore Quadrangle [= Geology of the Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California. Mineral deposits of Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California]" (Thesis)
No full textThe Lake Elsinore quadrangle covers about 250 square miles and includes parts of the southwest margin of the Perris Block, the Elsinore trough, the southeastern end of the Santa Ana Mountains, and the Elsinore Mountains.
The oldest rocks consist of an assemblage of metamorphics of igneous effusive and sedimentary origin, probably, for the most part, of Triassic age. They are intruded by diorite and various hypabyssal rocks, then in turn by granitic rocks, which occupy over 40 percent of the area. Following this last igneous activity of probable Lower Cretaceous age, an extended period of sedimentation started with the deposition of the marine Upper Cretaceous Chico formation and continued during the Paloecene under alternating marine and continental conditions on the margins of the blocks. A marine regression towards the north, during the Neocene, accounts for the younger Tertiary strata in the region under consideration.
Outpouring of basalts to the southeast indicates that igneous activity was resumed toward the close of the Tertiary. The fault zone, which characterizes the Elsinor trough, marks one of the major tectonic lines of southem California. It separates the upthrown and tilted block of the Santa Ana Mountains to the south from the Perris Block to the north.
Most of the faults are normal in type and nearly parallel to the general trend of the trough, or intersect each other at an acute angle. Vertical displacements generally exceed the horizontal ones and several periods of activity are recognized.
Tilting of Tertiary and older Quaternary sediments in the trough have produced broad synclinal structures which have been modified by subsequent faulting.
Five old surfaces of erosion are exposed on the highlands.
The mineral resources of the region are mainly high-grade clay deposits and mineral waters.Cataloger's note: Engel, Rene. I. Geology of the Southwest quarter of the Elsinore Quadrangle (1933). No copies [of this thesis] have ever been presented to C.I.T. The thesis has been published under the title: Geology of the Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California (in Bulletin no. 146 of the California Division of Mines).
…Bulletin 146, a book containing two papers: Geology and Mineral Deposits of the Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California, prepared by Rene Engel, and Mineral Deposits of Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California by• Rene Engel, Thomas E. Gay, Jr., and B. L. Rogers. The principal author, Dr. Engel, first began studying the geology of this area in detail in the 1920's; he has been working with it intermittently since then.
The second paper, which is primarily concerned with the economic mineral deposits of the area, was compiled by two staff members of the Division of Mines, Messrs. Gay and Rogers, working under the supervision of Dr. Engel….
7 plates included in the Bulletin have also been scanned and included as part
of this record
Geologic map of Alberhill Coal and Clay Company clay deposits, Riverside County, California: Supplement 6 from "I. Geology of the Southwest quarter of the Elsinore Quadrangle. II. Geochemical properties of the waters of the Elsinore Quadrangle [= Geology of the Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California. Mineral deposits of Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California]" (Thesis)
No full textThe Lake Elsinore quadrangle covers about 250 square miles and includes parts of the southwest margin of the Perris Block, the Elsinore trough, the southeastern end of the Santa Ana Mountains, and the Elsinore Mountains.
The oldest rocks consist of an assemblage of metamorphics of igneous effusive and sedimentary origin, probably, for the most part, of Triassic age. They are intruded by diorite and various hypabyssal rocks, then in turn by granitic rocks, which occupy over 40 percent of the area. Following this last igneous activity of probable Lower Cretaceous age, an extended period of sedimentation started with the deposition of the marine Upper Cretaceous Chico formation and continued during the Paloecene under alternating marine and continental conditions on the margins of the blocks. A marine regression towards the north, during the Neocene, accounts for the younger Tertiary strata in the region under consideration.
Outpouring of basalts to the southeast indicates that igneous activity was resumed toward the close of the Tertiary. The fault zone, which characterizes the Elsinor trough, marks one of the major tectonic lines of southem California. It separates the upthrown and tilted block of the Santa Ana Mountains to the south from the Perris Block to the north.
Most of the faults are normal in type and nearly parallel to the general trend of the trough, or intersect each other at an acute angle. Vertical displacements generally exceed the horizontal ones and several periods of activity are recognized.
Tilting of Tertiary and older Quaternary sediments in the trough have produced broad synclinal structures which have been modified by subsequent faulting.
Five old surfaces of erosion are exposed on the highlands.
The mineral resources of the region are mainly high-grade clay deposits and mineral waters.Cataloger's note: Engel, Rene. I. Geology of the Southwest quarter of the Elsinore Quadrangle (1933). No copies [of this thesis] have ever been presented to C.I.T. The thesis has been published under the title: Geology of the Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California (in Bulletin no. 146 of the California Division of Mines).
…Bulletin 146, a book containing two papers: Geology and Mineral Deposits of the Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California, prepared by Rene Engel, and Mineral Deposits of Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California by• Rene Engel, Thomas E. Gay, Jr., and B. L. Rogers. The principal author, Dr. Engel, first began studying the geology of this area in detail in the 1920's; he has been working with it intermittently since then.
The second paper, which is primarily concerned with the economic mineral deposits of the area, was compiled by two staff members of the Division of Mines, Messrs. Gay and Rogers, working under the supervision of Dr. Engel….
7 plates included in the Bulletin have also been scanned and included as part
of this record
Geologic map of the Lake Elsinore Quadrangle: Supplement 1 from "I. Geology of the Southwest quarter of the Elsinore Quadrangle. II. Geochemical properties of the waters of the Elsinore Quadrangle [= Geology of the Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California. Mineral deposits of Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California]" (Thesis)
No full textThe Lake Elsinore quadrangle covers about 250 square miles and includes parts of the southwest margin of the Perris Block, the Elsinore trough, the southeastern end of the Santa Ana Mountains, and the Elsinore Mountains.
The oldest rocks consist of an assemblage of metamorphics of igneous effusive and sedimentary origin, probably, for the most part, of Triassic age. They are intruded by diorite and various hypabyssal rocks, then in turn by granitic rocks, which occupy over 40 percent of the area. Following this last igneous activity of probable Lower Cretaceous age, an extended period of sedimentation started with the deposition of the marine Upper Cretaceous Chico formation and continued during the Paloecene under alternating marine and continental conditions on the margins of the blocks. A marine regression towards the north, during the Neocene, accounts for the younger Tertiary strata in the region under consideration.
Outpouring of basalts to the southeast indicates that igneous activity was resumed toward the close of the Tertiary. The fault zone, which characterizes the Elsinor trough, marks one of the major tectonic lines of southem California. It separates the upthrown and tilted block of the Santa Ana Mountains to the south from the Perris Block to the north.
Most of the faults are normal in type and nearly parallel to the general trend of the trough, or intersect each other at an acute angle. Vertical displacements generally exceed the horizontal ones and several periods of activity are recognized.
Tilting of Tertiary and older Quaternary sediments in the trough have produced broad synclinal structures which have been modified by subsequent faulting.
Five old surfaces of erosion are exposed on the highlands.
The mineral resources of the region are mainly high-grade clay deposits and mineral waters.Cataloger's note: Engel, Rene. I. Geology of the Southwest quarter of the Elsinore Quadrangle (1933). No copies [of this thesis] have ever been presented to C.I.T. The thesis has been published under the title: Geology of the Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California (in Bulletin no. 146 of the California Division of Mines).
…Bulletin 146, a book containing two papers: Geology and Mineral Deposits of the Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California, prepared by Rene Engel, and Mineral Deposits of Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California by• Rene Engel, Thomas E. Gay, Jr., and B. L. Rogers. The principal author, Dr. Engel, first began studying the geology of this area in detail in the 1920's; he has been working with it intermittently since then.
The second paper, which is primarily concerned with the economic mineral deposits of the area, was compiled by two staff members of the Division of Mines, Messrs. Gay and Rogers, working under the supervision of Dr. Engel….
7 plates included in the Bulletin have also been scanned and included as part
of this record
Geologic sections, Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California: Supplement 3 from "I. Geology of the Southwest quarter of the Elsinore Quadrangle. II. Geochemical properties of the waters of the Elsinore Quadrangle [= Geology of the Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California. Mineral deposits of Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California]" (Thesis)
No full textThe Lake Elsinore quadrangle covers about 250 square miles and includes parts of the southwest margin of the Perris Block, the Elsinore trough, the southeastern end of the Santa Ana Mountains, and the Elsinore Mountains.
The oldest rocks consist of an assemblage of metamorphics of igneous effusive and sedimentary origin, probably, for the most part, of Triassic age. They are intruded by diorite and various hypabyssal rocks, then in turn by granitic rocks, which occupy over 40 percent of the area. Following this last igneous activity of probable Lower Cretaceous age, an extended period of sedimentation started with the deposition of the marine Upper Cretaceous Chico formation and continued during the Paloecene under alternating marine and continental conditions on the margins of the blocks. A marine regression towards the north, during the Neocene, accounts for the younger Tertiary strata in the region under consideration.
Outpouring of basalts to the southeast indicates that igneous activity was resumed toward the close of the Tertiary. The fault zone, which characterizes the Elsinor trough, marks one of the major tectonic lines of southem California. It separates the upthrown and tilted block of the Santa Ana Mountains to the south from the Perris Block to the north.
Most of the faults are normal in type and nearly parallel to the general trend of the trough, or intersect each other at an acute angle. Vertical displacements generally exceed the horizontal ones and several periods of activity are recognized.
Tilting of Tertiary and older Quaternary sediments in the trough have produced broad synclinal structures which have been modified by subsequent faulting.
Five old surfaces of erosion are exposed on the highlands.
The mineral resources of the region are mainly high-grade clay deposits and mineral waters.Cataloger's note: Engel, Rene. I. Geology of the Southwest quarter of the Elsinore Quadrangle (1933). No copies [of this thesis] have ever been presented to C.I.T. The thesis has been published under the title: Geology of the Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California (in Bulletin no. 146 of the California Division of Mines).
…Bulletin 146, a book containing two papers: Geology and Mineral Deposits of the Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California, prepared by Rene Engel, and Mineral Deposits of Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California by• Rene Engel, Thomas E. Gay, Jr., and B. L. Rogers. The principal author, Dr. Engel, first began studying the geology of this area in detail in the 1920's; he has been working with it intermittently since then.
The second paper, which is primarily concerned with the economic mineral deposits of the area, was compiled by two staff members of the Division of Mines, Messrs. Gay and Rogers, working under the supervision of Dr. Engel….
7 plates included in the Bulletin have also been scanned and included as part
of this record
Geologic map and sections of the southern Temescal Valley region: Supplement 5 from "I. Geology of the Southwest quarter of the Elsinore Quadrangle. II. Geochemical properties of the waters of the Elsinore Quadrangle [= Geology of the Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California. Mineral deposits of Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California]" (Thesis)
No full textThe Lake Elsinore quadrangle covers about 250 square miles and includes parts of the southwest margin of the Perris Block, the Elsinore trough, the southeastern end of the Santa Ana Mountains, and the Elsinore Mountains.
The oldest rocks consist of an assemblage of metamorphics of igneous effusive and sedimentary origin, probably, for the most part, of Triassic age. They are intruded by diorite and various hypabyssal rocks, then in turn by granitic rocks, which occupy over 40 percent of the area. Following this last igneous activity of probable Lower Cretaceous age, an extended period of sedimentation started with the deposition of the marine Upper Cretaceous Chico formation and continued during the Paloecene under alternating marine and continental conditions on the margins of the blocks. A marine regression towards the north, during the Neocene, accounts for the younger Tertiary strata in the region under consideration.
Outpouring of basalts to the southeast indicates that igneous activity was resumed toward the close of the Tertiary. The fault zone, which characterizes the Elsinor trough, marks one of the major tectonic lines of southem California. It separates the upthrown and tilted block of the Santa Ana Mountains to the south from the Perris Block to the north.
Most of the faults are normal in type and nearly parallel to the general trend of the trough, or intersect each other at an acute angle. Vertical displacements generally exceed the horizontal ones and several periods of activity are recognized.
Tilting of Tertiary and older Quaternary sediments in the trough have produced broad synclinal structures which have been modified by subsequent faulting.
Five old surfaces of erosion are exposed on the highlands.
The mineral resources of the region are mainly high-grade clay deposits and mineral waters.Cataloger's note: Engel, Rene. I. Geology of the Southwest quarter of the Elsinore Quadrangle (1933). No copies [of this thesis] have ever been presented to C.I.T. The thesis has been published under the title: Geology of the Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California (in Bulletin no. 146 of the California Division of Mines).
…Bulletin 146, a book containing two papers: Geology and Mineral Deposits of the Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California, prepared by Rene Engel, and Mineral Deposits of Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California by• Rene Engel, Thomas E. Gay, Jr., and B. L. Rogers. The principal author, Dr. Engel, first began studying the geology of this area in detail in the 1920's; he has been working with it intermittently since then.
The second paper, which is primarily concerned with the economic mineral deposits of the area, was compiled by two staff members of the Division of Mines, Messrs. Gay and Rogers, working under the supervision of Dr. Engel….
7 plates included in the Bulletin have also been scanned and included as part
of this record
Converted Industrial Buildings: Where Past and Present Live in Formal Unity
No full textThis thesis deals with design guidelines, as defined in the field of architectural conservation, by focusing on the problem of the conversion of industrial buildings. It is generally agreed that the best way to secure the future life of industrial heritage is through their adaptive reuse. The former function of ‘production’ for these buildings has to be replaced by contemporary, sustainable programmes. In most cases this reprogramming requires extensive conversion of the buildings’ fabric and layout. Conservationists generally prescribe design guidelines for conversion schemes in formal terms, requiring that past and present exist in a formal unity. According to the conservation charters, this ethical position can be achieved if the ‘aesthetic integrity’ of the protected building is altered as little as possible. However, in the mid 1980s, when conversions of industrial buildings became more widespread, industrial buildings were thought of as not possessing any architectural value because of the assumed deficiency of their stylistic character. Conversely, these buildings gained historic importance as a result of industrial archaeological research, and they were consequently protected as a symbol expressing the historic value of our industrial culture. Industrial buildings are therefore protected not because of their architectural value, but because of their archaeological and historic interest. It then becomes questionable how guidelines reflecting the importance of building’s aesthetics can guide the conversion of a building that is considered to be without aesthetic value in the first place. The main aim of this thesis is therefore to resolve this apparent dichotomy. The first step of this study is to investigate how the concept of ‘aesthetic integrity’, as defined in the conservation charters, can be interpreted in relation to industrial buildings in order for it to serve as a design guideline for the conversion of this type of building. Drawing upon recent architectural historical research of the nineteenth century, this thesis proposes that industrial buildings from the eighteenth century onwards were designed with aesthetic considerations in mind that were pertinent to that time. Therefore, to interpret the notion of ‘aesthetic integrity’ in relation to the industrial buildings, we need to go into the theoretical assumptions of the architectural debate of that period. For that purpose, this thesis draws upon the concept of ‘organicism’, interpreted by Van Eck as being a rhetorical strategy that led both design and interpretation of nineteenth century architecture in general. Following this interpretation of ‘aesthetic integrity’ , the stylistic character of buildings thus becomes of secondary importance. An evaluation of this theoretical proposal shows that this non-stylistic understanding of nineteenth century organicism opens up a way to define the notion of ‘aesthetic integrity’ of industrial buildings in terms other than that of style. Consequently, this study proposes that it is this definition of ‘aesthetic integrity’ that helps establish guiding principles for the conversion of industrial buildings. The study thus concludes that, when ‘organicism’ is used as a design guideline for the conversion of nineteenth century industrial buildings, past and present can exist in formal unity.ArchitectureArchitectur
Broad roads in a thin country - infrastructure concessions in Chile
No full textTo increase investment in infrastructure, in the early 1990s Chile's government introduced private capital into the transport infrastructure sector, covering roads and highways, bridges, tunnels, and airports. The chosen mechanism: a concession scheme through which private firms would finance and build a given project and then operate the infrastructure for a set of number of years, recovering their investment by collecting tolls from users. Among the lessons learned from the experience: 1) As much as possible, avoid concessioning roads for which there are convenient alternative freeways nearby. 2) Choose the right variable for awarding a concession. Avoid mechanisms that (by promoting large payments to the state or short-term concession periods) encourage high tolls, and if you choose to award a concession to the firm charging the lowest tolls, place a floor and ceiling on possible bids. The floor is to guarantee the concession's financial viability; the ceiling is to prevent inefficient traffic diversions. Ties at either end should be resolved by a second variable, such as the level of transfers between the state and the firm. 3) Allow downward toll flexibility so that the concessionaire can react to unexpectedly low traffic flows, especially for certain types of vehicles. 4) Pay special attention to the tendering mechanism and to the general incentive structure. There are limits to the pure least-present-value-of-revenue (LPVR) auction, but income guarantees do enhance liquidity. In fact, a minimum-income guarantee through an LPVR auction is an instrument for credit enhancement, not income support. Alternatively, some form of financial innovation should be encouraged to make debt service commitments more flexible. 5) If concessions are tendered by traditional methods and income guarantees will be given, cover only a fraction of the concessionaire's expected income stream, to reduce the state's financial exposure and to improve the incentives to the concessionaire. 6) Make the contracts as complete as possible but allow for later modifications or renegotiations, and include a well-designed dispute resolution mechanism.Banks&Banking Reform,Roads&Highways,Decentralization,International Terrorism&Counterterrorism,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Roads&Highways,Airports and Air Services,Banks&Banking Reform,Toll Roads
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