186,778 research outputs found
Football for promotion of bone health across the lifespan
Full text linkThe prevalence of osteoporosis and fragility fractures is expected to increase due to the increasing life expectancy of the population worldwide. Determinants of osteoporosis include the genetic predisposition and environmental factors, such as exercise and diet, which can affect peak bone mass attainment. Peak bone mass is achieved between the second and third decade of life, with 80–90% acquired by late adolescence followed by a decrease of ~1% annually from the fifth decade of life. Weight-bearing exercise has an important role on bone development and maintenance of skeletal bone mass due to the mechanical loads produced and the repetitive forces applied on the skeleton. Football includes a wide variety of intermittent high-intensity movements which produce large ground reaction forces. Cross-sectional, longitudinal and randomised controlled trials provide evidence that football exercise can have positive effects on bone development and structure in both male and female children and adolescents. During adulthood, football participation can maintain and improve bone health in young, middle-aged and older men and women, including various clinical patient groups with evidence indicating structural, cellular and clinically relevant bone adaptations. The skeletal benefits are site-specific and adaptations are observed particularly at the skeletal regions stimulated by mechanical loads. In summary, it is concluded that football participation is an effective strategy to promote bone health during childhood, adolescence and in adulthood
Yo-Yo intermittent tests are a valid tool for aerobic fitness assessment in recreational football
No full textPurpose: To examine the suitability of three versions and two levels of the Yo-Yo intermittent tests for assessing and tracking aerobic fitness status development in male recreational football players. Sixty-six untrained participants (age 39 ± 6 years, VO2max 41.2 ± 6.2 ml kg−1 min−1, body mass 81.9 ± 10.8 kg, height 173.2 ± 6.4 cm) partook in a 12-week recreational football training program. They were evaluated during the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance level 1 (YYIE1) and 2 (YYIE2) tests and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 test (YYIR1), and during a treadmill test for VO2max assessment, at baseline. Thirty-two out of these 66 participants replicated all these tests at post-intervention. An additional group of 30 male age-matched recreational football players that afterwards started the 12-week recreational football program (age 39 ± 6 years, VO2max 45.3 ± 5.8 ml kg−1 min−1, body mass 82.5 ± 7.8 kg, height 172.8 ± 5.4 cm) was evaluated at baseline to test cross-validation. Results: The Yo-Yo tests showed very large associations with VO2max at baseline (r = 0.75–0.77; P < 0.0001) and at post-intervention (r = 0.76–0.82; P < 0.0005). Post-training, very large associations were found between YYIE2 performance and VO2max (r = 0.65, P < 0.0001). Cross-validation revealed small to large differences between the observed and estimated VO2max values (1.5–2.96 ml kg−1 min−1) with moderate typical error of estimation (7.9–8.7%) across the tests. Performance in the YYIE1, YYIE2 and YYIR1 tests of ≥ 1760, 480 and 600 m, respectively, indicated good to excellent VO2max values. Conclusions: The Yo-Yo tests considered here showed robust and consistent criterion validity. The YYIE2 could be a more accurate option to track aerobic fitness development in recreational football players.</p
Estimation of maximal heart rate in recreational football: a field study
No full textPURPOSE:To examine the accuracy of practical indirect methods (i.e., recreational football match and estimation equations) in assessing individual maximal heart rate (HRmax) in recreational football players. Sixty-two untrained male participants engaged in a recreational football intervention (age 39.3 ± 5.8 years, VO2max 41.2 ± 6.2 ml·kg-1·min-1, body mass 81.9 ± 10.8 kg, height 173.2 ± 6.4 cm) were tested for HRmax using a multiple approach, at baseline and post-intervention (i.e., in the untrained and trained status, respectively). Observed HRmax was plotted against peak match HR (Match-HRpeak) and HRmax estimated from prediction equations (EstHRmax) at both time-points. RESULTS:In the untrained status, only the 211 - 0.64 × Age and 226 - Age equations showed non-significant (medium-to-small) differences with observed HRmax. The differences between observed HRmax and Match-HRpeak were large (P 0.05). The exception was for the 226 - Age and 211 - 0.64 × Age equations, with values largely higher than Post-HRmax. CONCLUSIONS:This study suggests caution when considering EstHRmax and Match-HRpeak in recreational football interventions to track HRmax. The accuracy of EstHRmax may vary according to training status, suggesting the need for different approaches and equations across training interventions
Estimation of maximal oxygen uptake using the heart rate ratio method in male recreational football players
No full textMaximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is associated with cardiovascular and metabolic health in the general population. The heart rate (HR) ratio method (HRratio) is a valid, easy and accessible method for estimating VO2max in well-trained subjects. This study examined the validity of using the HRratio to estimate VO2max in recreational football players in the untrained and trained states. Sixty-six participants (age 39.3 ± 5.8 years) were tested pre-training and 28 after 12 weeks, for VO2max assessment, running on a treadmill alternating speed (1 km h−1) and inclination (1%) increments every 30 s until exhaustion. Maximal HR (HRmax) was assessed directly with a multiple approach and estimated with selected equations. Resting HR (HRrest) was measured in supine position, after 15 min of rest. The HRratio method considers the product of HRmax/HRrest ratio by a theoretical proportionality factor (15 ml kg−1 min−1, TPF) to estimate VO2max. This population-specific proportionality factor (SPF) was 14.6 ± 2.6 ml kg−1 min−1. In the untrained state (n = 66), participants’ actual VO2max (41.3 ± 6.2 ml kg−1 min−1) was moderately lower (~ 2 ml kg−1 min−1) than the estimated VO2max using the TPF. A nonsignificant difference (0.7 ml kg−1 min−1) was found when the VO2max was estimated using the SPF. When using HRmax equations and the TPF, a small nonsignificant difference (~ 1.5 ml kg−1 min−1) was reported between actual and estimated VO2max. In the trained state (n = 28), the estimated VO2max values were not significantly different from the actual VO2max (44.2 ± 5.2 ml kg−1 min−1), with large effect sizes when considering TPF and estimated HRmax. The results of this study provide evidence of the applicability of HRratio in estimating VO2max in male adult/middle-aged recreational football players.</p
The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test : a useful tool for evaluation of physical performance in intermittent sports
No full textThe two Yo-Yo intermittent recovery (IR) tests evaluate an individual's ability to repeatedly perform intense exercise. The Yo-Yo IR level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) test focuses on the capacity to carry out intermittent exercise leading to a maximal activation of the aerobic system, whereas Yo-Yo IR level 2 (Yo-Yo IR2) determines an individual's ability to recover from repeated exercise with a high contribution from the anaerobic system. Evaluations of elite athletes in various sports involving intermittent exercise showed that the higher the level of competition the better an athlete performs in the Yo-Yo IR tests. Performance in the Yo-Yo IR tests for young athletes increases with rising age. The Yo-Yo IR tests have shown to be a more sensitive measure of changes in performance than maximum oxygen uptake. The Yo-Yo IR tests provide a simple and valid way to obtain important information of an individual's capacity to perform repeated intense exercise and to examine changes in performance
Reliability characteristics and applicability of a repeated sprint ability test in male young soccer players
Full text linkCastagna, C, Lorenzo, F, Krustrup, P, Fernandes-da-Silva, J, Po ́ voas, SCA, Bernardini, A, and D’Ottavio, S. Reliability charac- teristics and applicability of a repeated sprint ability test in male young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000, 2017—The aim of this study was to examine the usefulness and reliability characteristics of a repeated sprint ability test consider- ing 5 line sprints of 30 m interspersed with 30 seconds of active recovery in nonelite, outfield, young, male soccer players. Twenty- six (age, 14.9 6 1.2 years; height, 1.72 6 0.12 cm; body mass, 62.2 6 5.1 kg) players were tested 48 hours and 7 days apart for 5 3 30-m performance over 5 trials (T1–T5). Short-term (T1–T2) and long-term (T1–T3–T4–T5) reliabilities were assessed with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and with typical error for measurement (TEM). Short- and long-term reliability ICCs and TEMs for total sprint time and best sprint performance were nearly perfect and satisfactory, respectively. Usefulness (as smallest worthwhile change and TEM ratio) resulted acceptable (i.e., = 1) and good (i.e., .1) for total sprint time and best sprint perfor- mance, respectively. The present study revealed that the 5 3 30-m sprint test is a reliable field test in short and long terms when the sum of sprint times and the best sprint performance are considered as outcome variables. Sprint performance decre- ments variables showed large variability across trials
Metabolic response and fatigue in soccer
No full textThe physical demands in soccer have been studied intensively, and the aim of the present review is to provide an overview of metabolic changes during a game and their relation to the development of fatigue. Heart-rate and body-temperature measurements suggest that for elite soccer players the average oxygen uptake during a match is around 70% of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). A top-class player has 150 to 250 brief intense actions during a game, indicating that the rates of creatine-phosphate (CP) utilization and glycolysis are frequently high during a game, which is supported by findings of reduced muscle CP levels and severalfold increases in blood and muscle lactate concentrations. Likewise, muscle pH is lowered and muscle inosine monophosphate (IMP) elevated during a soccer game. Fatigue appears to occur temporarily during a game, but it is not likely to be caused by elevated muscle lactate, lowered muscle pH, or change in muscle-energy status. It is unclear what causes the transient reduced ability of players to perform maximally. Muscle glycogen is reduced by 40% to 90% during a game and is probably the most important substrate for energy production, and fatigue toward the end of a game might be related to depletion of glycogen in some muscle fibers. Blood glucose and catecholamines are elevated and insulin lowered during a game. The blood free-fatty-acid levels increase progressively during a game, probably reflecting an increasing fat oxidation compensating for the lowering of muscle glycogen. Thus, elite soccer players have high aerobic requirements throughout a game and extensive anaerobic demands during periods of a match leading to major metabolic changes, which might contribute to the observed development of fatigue during and toward the end of a game
Submaximal field testing validity for aerobic fitness assessment in recreational football
Full text link: Submaximal field tests are especially recommended when repeated testing is warranted. This study aimed at assessing the validity of the submaximal versions of the Yo-Yo intermittent tests in male recreational football players in untrained and trained status. The participants' (n = 66; age 39.3 ± 5.8 years, VO2max 41.2 ± 6.2 mL·kg-1 ·min-1 , body mass 81.9 ± 10.8 kg, height 173.2 ± 6.4 cm) heart rate after 2 minutes (HR2min ) during the level 1 (YYIE1HR2min ) and 2 (YYIE2HR2min ) versions of the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test and the level 1 version of the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (YYIR1HR2min ) was plotted against individual VO2max values. Thirty-two participants performed all the tests after a 12-week recreational football intervention for test responsiveness. Associations between VO2max and YYIE1HR2min were large to small (P = .0001). Large to trivial associations were found between YYIE2HR2min , YYIR1HR2min , and VO2max (P < .01). Maximal Yo-Yo performances were large, significant, and inversely related to HR2min (-0.68 to -0.49, P < .0001). Pre- to post-intervention ICC values were good for YYIE1HR2min and YYIE2HR2min , and excellent for YYIR1HR2min . Post-intervention associations between HR2min and Yo-Yo maximal performances were large to very large (-0.55 to -0.72; P < .002, n = 32). Training-induced changes in VO2max moderately correlated with YYIR1HR2min (-0.48; P = .007; n = 32). HR2min lower than 89%, 98%, and 91% HRmax for YYIE1HR2min , YYIE2HR2min , and YYIR1HR2min , respectively, may be considered as signs of good to excellent VO2max levels. Since in the YYIE1HR2min , the participants attained 84% HRmax and test specificity increased for HR2min values <89%, this test may be the preferred choice when repeated assessment of aerobic fitness, using submaximal intermittent Yo-Yo tests, is considered in recreational football
Heart Rate and Perceived Experience Differ Markedly for Children in Same- versus Mixed-Gender Soccer Played as Small- and Large-Sided Games
Full text linkThis study examines heart rate (HR) and perceived experience during same- versus mixed-gender soccer played as small- (SSG) and large-sided (LSG) games. HR, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and fun scores were determined in 134 pupils (50 girls, 84 boys) randomly assigned to same- and mixed-genders formats playing 2x15-min of SSG (2v2, 4v4) and LSG (12v12) in a random order (50 m2/player). HR was lower (p≤0.03) for girls when playing together with boys than when playing alone (71±10 versus 77±7%HRmax), while being similar for boys playing mixed- or same-gender games (74±7 versus 77±4%HRmax). Boys perceived less fun when playing together with girls than when playing alone (4.4±2.3 versus 6.3±2.3, p<0.001). Irrespective of gender, higher (p<0.001) HRmean, %time>80%HRmax, and RPE were observed during 2v2 (78±9%HRmax, 43±33%, 5.5±2.5) and 4v4 (76±9%HRmax, 39±32%, 5.5±2.7) than during 12v12 (70±10%HRmax, 23±27%, 3.8±2.9). Cardiovascular strain was lower for girls when playing together with boys than when playing alone in LSG. SSG were more intense than LSG when girls played mixed-gender games and when boys played mixed- and same-gender games. When boys played mixed-gender games, SSG were considered more fun than LSG. Physical education teachers and coaches should consider gender and game format differences when using soccer.</p
Football at the workplace
No full textOver the past decades, the world population has become more physically inactive, leading to, obesity, elevated blood pressure and lipid profile, and decreased maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), which are risk factors for several non-communicable diseases. Health care workers are reported to have an unhealthy lifestyle with a high prevalence of obesity and low VO2max combined with relatively physically demanding work tasks. Female hospital employees were cluster-randomised to either a football group (FG, n=37) or a control group (CG, n=35). FG were encouraged to perform twice-weekly 1-hour training sessions outside working hours for 40 weeks. Based on ITT-analyses after 12 weeks, FG improved (P<0.05) VO2max and fat percentage compared with CG. Furthermore, FG increased (P<0.05) plasma osteocalcin by 21%. After 40 weeks, FG reduced fat mass and increased lower limb bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD) and plasma osteocalcin (P<0.05). Moreover, FG reduced (P<0.05) pain intensity in the neck-shoulder region after 12 and 40 weeks and improved (P<0.05) maximal neck extension strength after 12 and 40 weeks. With regards to long-term compliance, 30% of the original participants have played football together year-round over a 9-year period. The study indicates that football training at a workplace may improve fitness and prevent osteoporosis by promoting physiological health and having preventive effects on future perceived muscle pain in the neck-shoulder region among female hospital employees
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