180,326 research outputs found
Konfekcni dum Lud. Kraus, Brnc, Radnická Ul. c. 7
No full textKONFEKCNI DUM LUD. KRAUS, BRNC, RADNICKÁ UL. C. 7
Konfekcni dum Lud. Kraus, Brnc, Radnická Ul. c. 7 ( -
Theses ex l. rem maioris 2. C. de rescindenda venditione
No full textquas ... pro consequendis in utroque iure privilegiis doctoralibus publice defendere conabitur Sebaldus Kraus Noribergensis ... ad diem 28. FebruariiEnth. 20 ThesenDiss. iur. Basel, 160
A. B. C. des Zeichners : Mit Zehn Kupfertafeln / von G. M. Kraus, Herzogl. S. W. Rath und Director der Fürstl. freyen Zeichen-Schule in Weimar.
No full textA. B. C. DES ZEICHNERS : MIT ZEHN KUPFERTAFELN / VON G. M. KRAUS, HERZOGL. S. W. RATH UND DIRECTOR DER FÜRSTL. FREYEN ZEICHEN-SCHULE IN WEIMAR.
A. B. C. des Zeichners : Mit Zehn Kupfertafeln / von G. M. Kraus, Herzogl. S. W. Rath und Director der Fürstl. freyen Zeichen-Schule in Weimar. (1)
Cover (1)
Titelseite (3)
Einleitung (4)
Erste Lection. Die einfachen Linien (6)
Zweyte Lection. Die Augen (7)
Dritte Lection. Die Nase (9)
Vierte Lection. Das Untergesicht (10)
Fünfte Lection. Die Ohren (12)
Sechste Lection. Das Gesicht von vorn (13)
Siebente Lection. Der Kopf ganz von der Seite ... (15)
Achte Lection. Die Hand (16)
Neunte Lection. Der Fuß (18)
Zehnte Lection. Der ganze Körper (19)
Eilfte Lection. Allgemeine Erinnerungen (20
Cleidogona minutissima Kraus
No full textCleidogona minutissima (Kraus) Hirsutogona minutissima Kraus, 1954, p. 332. Cleidogona minutissima: Shear, 1972, p. 222. Type and only locality: Laguna de las Ranas, Sonosante Dept., El Salvador. Kraus (1954) established the genus Hirsutogona with this species as type of the genus; also included were C. mirabilis (Kraus), C. godmani Pocock, and C. stolli Pocock. Kraus had mounted the gonopods permanently on microscope slides, with attendent crushing and distortion, which made them difficult to study in 1972. However, the species placed in Hirsutogona are perfectly typical of Central American Cleidogona. Cleidogona minutissima, despite its name, is still more than 50 % larger than C. huebnerae n. sp.Published as part of Shear, William A., 2013, A new miniature species of the milliped genus Cleidogona from Costa Rica (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Cleidogonidae), with a review of Central American Cleidogonidae, pp. 87-93 in Zootaxa 3635 (1) on page 91, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3635.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/28353
Cophixalus albolineatus Kraus, 2012, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Cophixalus albolineatus</i>, sp. nov. <p>Fig. 8 B, 11</p> <p> <b>Holotype</b>. BPBM 18433 (field tag FK 8479), collected by F. Kraus at NW slope Mt. Shungol, 5.35 km NW of summit, 6.8188º S, 146.6933º E, 780 m, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea, 21 October 2003.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes (n = 10)</b>. BPBM 18432, 18434–37, same data as holotype; BPBM 18429–30, NW slope Mt. Shungol, 5.6 km NW of summit, 6.8162º S, 146.6915º E, 750 m, 16 October; BPBM 18431, same data as 18429 except collected 20 October; BPBM 18438–39, same data as 18429 except collected 23 October.</p> <p> <b>Referred specimens.</b> BPBM 13445–49. Papua New Guinea: Morobe Province: Oomsis Forestry Camp, 6.6984º S, 146.8157º E, 500– 530 m.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> A species characterized by its unique combination of small size (male SV = 16.8–20.5 mm, female SV = 20.1–21.0 mm); finger discs smaller than toe discs (3rdF/4thT = 0.65–0.77); first finger of reduced size, but still elongate and functional, lacking a flattened disc and terminal groove; leg relatively long (TL/SV = 0.53–0.61); snout short and broad (EN/IN = 0.71–0.91); skin smooth; face and postocular area black with a white line extending from snout tip, along canthus, and above eye, and another white line extending from behind eye, through tympanum, and down forearm; rear of thighs dark brown; and relatively slow peeping call with a dominant frequency of 1900–2000 Hz.</p> <p> <b>Comparisons with other species.</b> <i>Cophixalus albolineatus</i> differs from all other members of the genus in having a conspicuous white line extending from the eye down the forearm; it also differs from all other Papuan <i>Cophixalus</i> except for <i>C. ateles</i>, <i>C. desticans</i>, <i>C. iovaorum</i>, <i>C. kethuk</i>, <i>C. pipilans</i>, <i>C. shellyi</i>, and <i>C. tomaiodactylus</i> in the combination of having the finger discs smaller than the toe discs and having a reduced, though functional, first finger that lacks an expanded disc or terminal groove. <i>Cophixalus bewaniensis</i>, <i>C. humicola</i>, and <i>C. tridactylus</i> also have finger discs smaller than toe discs and a reduced first finger, but in those species the first finger is miniaturized to a non-functional nub easily distinguished from the elongate, functional finger of <i>C. albolineatus</i>. From <i>C. ateles</i> and <i>C. tomaiodactylus</i>, <i>C. albolineatus</i> further differs in having a black face and a smooth dorsum (vs. pustulose or with dorsolateral row of pustules). <i>Cophixalus iovaorum</i> and <i>C. kethuk</i> further differ from the new species in having an hourglass pattern dorsally, marked by black dorsolateral lines. <i>Cophixalus iovaorum</i> also differs in its smaller size (SV = 13.2–17.2 mm) and shorter leg (TL/SV = 0.41–0.49), and <i>C. kethuk</i> has webbing between the toes, which is lacking in <i>C. albolineatus</i>. From <i>C. desticans</i>, the new species further differs in its larger size (male SV = 13.1–16.2 mm in <i>C. desticans</i>) and smooth skin (with dorsal ridges in <i>C. desticans</i>). <i>Cophixalus albolineatus</i> further differs from <i>C. pipilans</i> in lacking a dark postorbital bar, lacking a black dorsolateral line, and having a slower call with a lower dominant frequency (4900–5300 Hz in <i>C. pipilans</i>); it further differs from <i>C. shellyi</i> in its longer leg (TL/SV = 0.44–0.53 in <i>C. shellyi</i>) and having a much slower call with a lower dominant frequency (ca. 5200 Hz in <i>C. shellyi</i>).</p> <p> <b>Description of holotype</b>. An adult female with small right-lateral incision. Head rather wide (HW/SV = 0.41), with vertical, slightly concave loreal region; canthus rounded, straight when viewed from above (Fig. 11 A); nostrils directed laterally, closer to tip of snout than to eyes; internarial distance larger than distance from naris to eye (EN/IN = 0.77, IN/SV = 0.127, EN/SV = 0.098); snout projecting when viewed from the side (Fig. 11 B), shallowly angulate when viewed from above; eyes of moderate size (EY/SV = 0.12); eyelid slightly more than half width of interorbital distance; tympanum fairly large (TY/SV = 0.078), with a distinct annulus. Dorsal, lateral, and ventral surfaces smooth; supratympanic fold absent. Fingers without webbing; relative lengths 3>4>2>1. First finger small, with rounded tip but no expanded disc or circum-marginal groove; expanded discs and circummarginal grooves on remaining fingers (Fig. 11 C); third finger disc approximately twice width of penultimate phalanx (3rdF/SV = 0.049). Subarticular and metacarpal tubercles low and poorly developed but distinct. Toes without webbing or fringes, bearing discs with terminal grooves; relative lengths 4>3>5>2>1 (Fig. 11 D). Toe discs larger than those of fingers (3rdF/4thT = 0.74); disc of fourth toe more than twice width of penultimate phalanx (4thT/SV = 0.066); disc of first toe slightly broader than penultimate phalanx. Subarticular tubercles poorly developed; inner metatarsal tubercle low and elongate, outer lacking. Hind legs long (TL/SV = 0.57).</p> <p>In preservative, dorsum medium brown with few dark-brown spots; sides pale straw yellow with reticulum of brown; face, lower jaw, and tympanum dark brown with a postocular pale straw-yellow stripe extending from behind eye, through tympanum, and down forearm, subtended on forearm by field of dark brown. Palmar and plantar surfaces dark brown. Ventral surfaces pale straw yellow flecked with brown, flecking denser anteriorly and sparser on abdomen and under legs. Rear of thighs brown flecked with dark brown. Iris black.</p> <p> <i>Measurements (in mm).</i> —SV = 20.4, TL = 11.7, HW = 8.3, HL = 7.5, IN = 2.6, EN = 2.0, SN = 3.1, EY = 2.5, TY = 1.6, 3rdF = 1.00, 4thT = 1.35.</p> <p> <b>Variation.</b> Females average slightly larger than males (Table 7), and there is some indication that females may have larger discs than males, but sample sizes are insufficient to be certain of this point. Otherwise, mensural variation among the type series is rather slight. Color pattern varies slightly: three juveniles and one adult have a narrow light-tan vertebral line; two adults have more extensive dark-brown mottling dorsally than do the remaining specimens, and they have a dark-brown, backward-pointing triangle between the eyes. The width of the white postocular line varies from half to two-thirds the width of the tympanum. And the rear of the thighs varies from light brown distinctly blotched with dark brown to fairly uniformly dark brown.</p> <p> <b>Color in life.</b> From field notes for paratype BPBM 18429 (Fig. 8 B): “Dorsum brown, face and tympanic region black with a white stripe running from snout along canthus and upper eyelid to forearm insertion and down forearm. Chin to chest black, with few white flecks on chest; belly gray with few black and white flecks. Rear of thighs dark brown; tan line above anus. Iris dark brown rimmed with orange around pupil.”</p> <p> <b>Call.</b> This species calls primarily from 1–2 h before dark to 1–2 h after dark, with the frequency of calling decreasing noticeably after dark. It may call briefly during daytime, especially following rain.</p> <p>The call is a rapid series of 2–23 raspy chirps emitted at a rate of 0.32–0.95 notes/s (mean = 0.71 notes/s for six call series); calls range from 3–25 s in duration (Table 8). Each note is brief, with a mean duration of 0.100 s (range 0.076– 0.113 s). The interval between notes was considerably longer, averaging 1.265 s and ranging from 0.517– 4.702 s. There was little variation among individuals in note duration, but internote duration varied considerably (Table 8). Each note increases sharply to maximum amplitude and decreases at an accelerating rate, creating an approximately semi-lunar amplitude envelope (Figs. 12 A, 13A). The note has a well-developed harmonic structure and is frequency modulated, with a downward slur of approximately 200–300 Hz (Fig. 12 C). The dominant frequency of the calls varied within a very narrow window (Fig. 12 B), averaging 1972 Hz and ranging from 1911–2010 Hz.</p> <p>Specimen Call Temperature Number Call Note duration Internote Repetition Dominant</p> <p>series (˚C) of notes duration (s) (s) duration (s) rate (notes/s) frequency (kHz)</p> <p>BPBM a 22.5 17 18.6 0.094 ± 0.0013 1.043 ± 0.1138 0.92 1.95 ± 0.0027</p> <p>18432 (0.084–0.101) (0.525–1.992) (1.93–1.97) b “ 3 9.4 0.083 ± 0.0033 4.446 ± 0.2565 0.32 1.92 ± 0.0052 (0.078–0.089) (4.189–4.702) (1.91–1.93) c “ 2 3.6 0.084 ± 0.0075 3.302 0.55 1.92 ± 0.0005 (0.076–0.091) (1.92)</p> <p>BPBM a “ 23 25.1 0.103 ± 0.0008 1.029 ± 0.1821 0.92 1.98 ± 0.0022</p> <p> 18433 (0.097–0.110) (0.517–3.781) (1.96–2.01) b “ 12 20.0 0.099 ± 0.0012 1.730 ± 0.1498 0.60 1.98 ± 0.0017 (0.090–0.104) (0.916–2.532) (1.97–1.99) c “ 19 20.0 0.106 ± 0.0010 0.998 ± 0.1112 0.95 1.98 ± 0.0023 (0.099–0.113) (0.567–2.476) (1.96–2.00) <b>Etymology.</b> The trivial epithet is a Latin combinatorial adjective from “albus” for “white” and “linea” for “line”. It refers to the two distinctive white lines on the head and extending down the forearm in this species. <b>Range.</b> Known from the northwestern slope of Mt. Shungol, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea, and from Oomsis, approximately 18 km to the NE (Fig. 2).</p> <p> <b>Ecological notes.</b> This species inhabits leaf litter, from which it begins calling in late afternoon, continuing for the first couple hours of dark. Habitat at the area of collection was medium-crowned lowland hill forest (Paijmans, 1975, 1976) with a canopy ~ 30 m high and emergents to ~ 50 m. Specimens were collected along the narrow (ca. 30–50 m-wide) valley bottom bounded by the Dunch River and adjacent steep hills. This valley bottom appeared to be a perched, rocky floodplain, had a series of tributary streams and braided rivulets crossing the area, and had a rich soil with a moderately dense understory, especially of urticaceous herbs.</p> <p>The smallest mature male is 16.0 mm SV; an immature male is 14.0 mm. The smallest mature female is 20.1 mm; one immature female is 14.8 mm.</p> <p> Syntopic microhylids include <i>Albericus exclamitans</i>, <i>Austrochaperina parkeri</i>, <i>Austrochaperina palmipes</i>, <i>Callulops personata</i>, <i>Cophixalus cheesmanae</i>, <i>Copiula fistulans</i>, <i>Hylophorbus</i> sp., <i>Mantophryne lateralis</i>, and <i>Oreophryne geislerorum</i>.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> Specimens BPBM 13445–49 were erroneously identified many years ago as <i>Cophixalus pipilans</i> by R. Zweifel, author of that species; they have been catalogued under that name since that time. Identity between this older sample and the type series of <i>C. albolineatus</i> led me to apply the name <i>C. pipilans</i> to this latter sample for several years too. I subsequently used these specimens in diagnosing several new species of <i>Cophixalus</i> from <i>C. pipilans</i> (Kraus and Allison, 2009). Because the original identification was in error, those diagnoses vis-à-vis <i>C. pipilans</i> were also sometimes incorrect in particulars. The only newly described species in Kraus and Allison (2009) seriously affected by this error was <i>C. desticans</i>, which is actually more similar to true <i>C. pipilans</i> (subsequently collected by me and verified against the type series, see Appendix) than first presumed. Based on these specimens of <i>C. pipilans</i> and recordings I made for four animals, <i>C. desticans</i> may be correctly diagnosed from <i>C. pipilans</i> in having a dorsum with many parallel dermal ridges (dorsum smooth in <i>C. pipilans</i>), a broad dark lateral band (vs. a narrow lateral stripe or series of dashes in <i>C. pipilans</i>), rear of thighs brown (vs. dark orange in <i>C. pipilans</i>), and a slower advertisement call (0.4 notes/s in <i>C. desticans</i> vs. 1.5–2.0 notes/ in <i>C. pipilans</i>) with a higher dominant frequency (5900–6400 Hz in <i>C. desticans</i> vs. 4900–5300 Hz in <i>C. pipilans</i>) and a rounded waveform lacking a spike in amplitude (waveform with a sharp amplitude spike in the first 0.01 s of call in <i>C. pipilans</i>). None of the other species described by Kraus and Allison (2009) is liable to confusion with <i>C. pipilans</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>Kraus, Fred, 2012, Papuan frogs of the genus Cophixalus (Anura: Microhylidae): new synonyms, new species, and a dichotomous key, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 3559</i> on pages 19-23, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/282919">10.5281/zenodo.282919</a>
Comment se coaliser? Corps alliés et démocratie = What is Coalition? Bodies in Alliance and Democracy
No full textÉtudes critiques du cerveau sexué. Une critique de quoi et pour qui ? (Trad. fr. de "Critical Studies of the Sexed Brain: A Critique of What and for Whom?, 2012)
No full textLe projet neuroGenderings rappelle un programme interdisciplinaire intitulé « Neurosciences Critiques » (Critical Neuroscience). La possibilité de développer des « Neurosciences Critiques » féministes et queer est toutefois limitée par la manière problématique dont les pratiques critiques sont conçues au sein de ce programme. Les tenant-e-s des « Neurosciences Critiques » nous proposent de travailler et de débattre par-delà les disciplines en faisant comme si les neuroscientifiques venaient de Mars et les chercheur-e-s en sciences sociales de Vénus, tout en assignant aux second-e-s le rôle traditionnellement féminin d'apaiser les conflits. Le présent article appelle les chercheur-e-s en études sociales des neurosciences à clarifier le cadre que nous souhaitons donner à nos pratiques critiques (une critique de quoi et pour qui ?) et le genre de pratiques que nous souhaitons promouvoir au nom de l'interdisciplinarité. Le défi consiste à articuler une perspective critique résistante au « pouvoir absorbant » des neurosciences, « Neurosciences Critiques » comprises. Au lieu de nous focaliser sur un prétendu problème de communication, je propose de déplacer notre attention vers l'étude des conflits et des controverses (mais aussi des controverses manquées, de l'absence de controverses, etc.). Je discute de l'intérêt de changer de focale à travers deux exemples : la notion guère controversée de plasticité cérébrale et la question controversée de savoir quel est l'organe le plus déterminant (le cerveau ou les organes génitaux ?) dans la formation de l'identité de genre chez les personnes intersexuées. Il est certes bienvenu de « socialiser » les neurosciences grâce aux apports des études genre (gender studies) et des études sociales des sciences, mais arriver à mettre en évidence, dans un même geste, les dimensions conflictuelles de la vie sociale serait mieux encore.
Cophixalus pictus Kraus, 2012, sp. nov.
No full textCophixalus pictus, sp. nov. Fig. 5 Holotype. BPBM 1187, collected by J.L. Gressitt, Bomberai, 2.766 º S, 132.788 º E, Fakfak Division, West Papua Province, Indonesia, 3 June 1959. Diagnosis. A species characterized by its unique combination of small size (SV = 15.7 mm) with finger discs larger than toe discs (3 rdF/ 4 thT = 1.30); first finger of normal size, with disc that lacks a circum-marginal groove; moderately large finger discs (3 rdF/SV = 0.046); short legs (TL/SV = 0.46); short and narrow snout (EN/SV = 0.089, SN/EY = 0.88, EN/IN = 1.08); hidden tympanum; large eye (EY/SV = 0.15); face dark brown posteriorly, tan with dark-brown flecks anteriorly; boldly blotched with dark-brown spots laterally and ventrally (Fig. 5). Comparisons with other species. The new species differs from all Papuan congeners except C. daymani Zweifel, 1956 b and C. kethuk in having the snout shorter than the eye. It differs from C. daymani in its narrower snout (IN/SV = 0.90 – 0.108, EN/IN = 0.78–0.88 in C. daymani); it differs from C. kethuk in lacking (vs. having in C. kethuk) basal webbing on the toes, having a normal-sized (vs. reduced in C. kethuk) first finger with (vs. lacking in C. kethuk) a disc, and being blotched dorsally (vs. having a dorsal hourglass pattern in C. kethuk). Cophixalus pictus also differs from all Papuan congeners in its boldly blotched lateral and ventral pattern. Cophixalus pulchellus Kraus and Allison, 2000 is boldly blotched dorsally with black on silver-gray, but has a dark venter and disc of third finger smaller than that of fourth toe (3 rdF/ 4 thT = 0.94 in C. pulchellus); C. bewaniensis has a single large dark-brown blotch laterally but has the venter flecked with brown and has a reduced first finger lacking a disc. It is uncertain if the hidden tympanum of the holotype of C. pictus is a preservation artifact, but this seems unlikely. If it is a reliable feature, then this character also serves to distinguish C. pictus from all Papuan congeners except C. cryptotympanum Zweifel, 1956 b, which, in addition to the characters mentioned above, differs in having longer legs (TL/SV = 0.50–0.52 in C. cryptotympanum), a broader snout (EN/IN = 0.80–0.91 in C. cryptotympanum), and a light postocular stripe. Description of holotype. Sex uncertain because of state of preservation of internal features, but likely a juvenile male; eggs and enlarged oviducts clearly absent. Head moderately wide (HW/SV = 0.43), with steeply oblique loreal region and inflated upper lip; canthus rostralis rounded, straight when viewed from above; nostrils directed laterally, closer to tip of snout than to eyes; internarial distance narrower than distance from naris to eye (EN/IN = 1.08, IN/SV = 0.083, EN/SV = 0.089); snout slightly rounded when viewed from the side, rounded when viewed from above; eyes large (EY/SV = 0.15); eyelid approximately same width as interorbital distance; tympanum hidden. Dorsal, lateral, and ventral surfaces smooth; supratympanic fold absent. Fingers unwebbed, all bearing well-developed discs; relative lengths 3> 4> 2> 1. Discs of F 3 and F 4 with poorly developed circum-marginal grooves, approximately 2 times widths of penultimate phalanges (3 rdF/SV = 0.046); discs of F 1 and F 2 lacking such grooves, that of F 2 approximately 1.5 times width of penultimate phalanx, that of F 1 barely wider than penultimate phalanx. Subarticular tubercles poorly developed, metacarpal tubercles not evident. Toes unwebbed, bearing discs, with terminal grooves on T 2 –T 5; relative lengths 4> 3> 5> 2> 1. Toe discs smaller than those of fingers (3 rdF/ 4 thT = 1.30); disc of fourth toe approximately 1.5 times as wide as penultimate phalanx (4 thT/SV = 0.036); disc of first toe approximately same width as penultimate phalanx. Subarticular and metatarsal tubercles not obvious. Hind legs rather short (TL/SV = 0.46). Dorsum and upper sides brown, lighter lower on sides, with few dark-brown flecks on head and shoulders; sides with numerous dark-brown blotches, larger and more rounded ventrally (Fig. 5). Front and rear of thighs brown with large dark-brown blotches. Posterior of face dark brown with few tiny tan flecks; snout tan with few dark-brown flecks (Fig. 5). Chin, throat, and chest dark brown with few tiny tan flecks, mostly near jaw margins; symphysis tan. Abdomen tan with dark-brown blotches and minutely stippled with black. Iris dark brown. Measurements (in mm). —SV = 15.7, TL = 7.3, HW = 6.8, IN = 1.3, EN = 1.4, SN = 2.1, EY = 2.4, 3 rdF = 0.73, 4 thT = 0.56. Etymology. The name is a masculine Latin adjective meaning “painted” and is in reference to the boldly blotched color pattern of the species. Range. Known only from the type locality in western New Guinea (Fig. 6). The coordinates are along the coast, and the entire peninsula is of low elevation, so presumably this species inhabits lowland rainforest.Published as part of Kraus, Fred, 2012, Papuan frogs of the genus Cophixalus (Anura: Microhylidae): new synonyms, new species, and a dichotomous key, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 3559 on pages 10-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.28291
Callulops stellatus Kraus 2019, sp. nov.
No full textCallulops stellatus, sp. nov. Figs. 1E, F, 6 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CD549CFF-DF24-4242-A508- E18028 B72BB6 Holotype. BPBM 39980 (field tag FK 16097), adult male, collected by F. Kraus along stream on S slope Mt. Trafalgar, 9.2238º S, 149.1561º E, 190 m a.s.l., Cape Nelson, Oro Province, Papua New Guinea, 7 November 2011. Paratypes (n = 8). Same data as holotype (BPBM 39981); same data as holotype, except collected 2 November (BPBM 39979), 8 November (PNGNM 25280); along Ajoa River, S slope Mt. Victory, 9.2248° S, 149.1062° E, 530 m a.s.l., Cape Nelson, Oro Province, Papua New Guinea, F. Kraus, 22 September 2010 (BPBM 37122), 24 September 2010 (BPBM 37123–24), 1 October 2010 (BPBM 37125); along Ajoa River, S slope Mt. Victory, 9.2388° S, 149.1356° E, 400 m a.s.l., Cape Nelson, Oro Province, Papua New Guinea, F. Kraus, 2 October 2010 (BPBM 37126). Diagnosis. Callulops stellatus sp. nov. is distinguished from all other members of the genus by its unique combination of moderately large size (adult male SV = 59.3–71.3 mm); narrowly expanded finger and toe discs (3rdF/SV = 0.026 –0.028, 4thT/SV = 0.029 –0.035); circum-marginal grooves absent on fingers and toes, but either may have shallow terminal puckerings at tips; short leg (TL/SV = 0.37–0.40); pustulose dorsum; short EN (EN/SV = 0.057 –0.069, IN/SV = 0.064 –0.078, EN/IN = 0.84–0.93); slightly swollen loreal region; small eye (EY/SN = 0.61–0.73, EY/SV = 0.058 –0.076); thick fingers; basal subarticular tubercle of 4th toe well developed; dorsum and limbs typically black but may be dark brown or dark gray, spotted with white, at least laterally; groin, and hidden surfaces of legs blotched with yellow or orange; under thighs and shanks with a light-brown ground color; venter gray with charcoal-gray chin and throat speckled with blue white; and a long (2.60– 3.84 s) multi-note call with relatively short notes (0.242 – 0.392 s) and a high repetition rate (0.86–1.41 notes/s). Comparisons with other species. Callulops stellatus sp. nov. differs from all other species of the genus except C. doriae, C. neuhaussi, C. argus sp. nov., and C. bicolor sp. nov. in having large yellow or orange blotches in the groin and on the hidden surfaces of the hindlimbs. From all of these other members of the C. doriae complex it differs in its black, dark-gray, or dark-brown dorsum spotted with white dots or flecks (at least laterally) and in having a well-developed (vs. absent or poorly developed in the other species) subarticular tubercle under the 4th toe. Paler specimens of C. stellatus sp. nov. are superficially similar in appearance to C. argus sp. nov. (cf. Fig. 1E vs. Fig. 1C), but C. stellatus sp. nov. differs from that species in its larger tympanum (TY/SV = 0.56–0.65 vs. 0.49 in C. argus sp. nov.), wider head (HL/HW = 0.69–0.81 vs. 0.88 in C. argus sp. nov.), and smaller white spots (cf. Fig. 1E vs. Fig. 1C). Description of holotype. An adult male with right-lateral incision, liver removed. Head wide (HW/SV = 0.37), wider than long (HL/HW = 0.69), with slightly swollen loreal region, inflated immediately anterior to eye, concave posterior to naris; upper lip inflated; canthus absent; nostrils horizontally compressed, directed laterally but slightly dorsally too, closer to tip of snout than to eyes; internarial distance more than distance from naris to eye (EN/IN = 0.84; IN/SV = 0.068; EN/SV = 0.057); snout slightly rounded, almost truncate when viewed from side, dorsal portion acutely rounded and ventral portion truncate when viewed from above; eyes small (EY/SV = 0.058); eyelid slightly less than half width of interorbital distance; tympanum distinct, sunken, slightly larger than eye (TY/EY = 1.08; TY/SV = 0.063), annulus overlain or bordered posteriorly and dorsally by heavy supratympanic fold that extends from behind eye to posterior of tympanum, where it bends sharply to end in front of forearm insertion at approximately level of jaw; supratympanic fold a clearly demarcated ridge ventrally but smoothly continuous with dorsal skin, continuing medially to form transverse fold behind head. Dorsum and sides slightly rugose to obviously pustulose and heavily glandular, clearly pustulose in life (Fig. 1E, F); ventral surfaces smooth anteriorly, weakly granular on abdomen. Fingers unwebbed, thick, all bearing discs lacking terminal grooves; relative lengths 3>4≈2>1. Finger discs slightly wider than penultimate phalanges (3rdF/SV = 0.028). Subarticular tubercles low, large, better developed on F1 and F2; inner metacarpal tubercle low, large, oval; outer very narrow, shallow oval, narrowly separated from similarly narrow, low medial metacarpal tubercle. Toes unwebbed, all bearing discs without terminal grooves; relative lengths 4>3>5>2>1. Toe discs barely wider than penultimate phalanges (4thT/SV = 0.034), larger than those of fingers (3rdF/4thT = 0.85). Subarticular tubercles well developed, rounded, proximalmost tubercle on fourth toe as well developed as others; inner metatarsal tubercle a large, prominent oval; outer only a vague, slightly whitened skin thickening. Legs short (TL/SV = 0.39). In preservative, dorsal ground color medium brown, densely mottled with dark brown; the dark-brown markings laterally forming ocelli with cream centers; additional, irregular cream markings present ventrolaterally. Face dark brown. Large cream blotches present in axilla, groin, and hidden surfaces of thighs, shanks, and feet but absent from tops of thighs. Venter pale straw yellow; chin, throat, and anterior chest densely suffused with brown with a few scattered straw-yellow spots. Iris black. Measurements of holotype (in mm). —SV = 63.5, TL = 24.9, HW = 23.3, HL = 16.0, IN = 4.3, EN = 3.6, SN = 6.1, EY = 3.7, TY = 4.0; 3rdF = 1.80, 4thT = 2.13, mass = 35.4 g. Variation. Mensural variation is slight among the sample of adult males (Table 4, Appendix II). Males can mature by 59 mm, but the single female is immature at slightly more than 63 mm. Ontogenetic variation is greater: juveniles have relatively larger snouts and eyes than do adults (Table 4). Snout shape is always broadly rounded when viewed from the side but varies from acutely rounded to truncate when viewed from above. Other important features tend toward invariance too. All specimens are pustulose dorsally, have the tympanum bordered above and behind by a strong skin fold, and this skin fold continues medially behind the eyes. This forms an evident crease behind the head in all specimens, but none of them has it as well developed as seen in the holotype. Terminal grooves are absent on all digits, although shallow creases may develop on some of the toes if left out of alcohol for very long. All specimens have a distinct subarticular tubercle at the base of the 4th toe, at the junction of the metatarsal and last phalanx. Color pattern is somewhat more variable. All specimens are dark gray brown or dark brown in preservative and vaguely mottled with small lighter and darker patches. Most specimens are considerably darker than the holotype, being charcoal gray, but two are are only slightly darker than the holotype. White lateral spots are present in all specimens but are confined to the lower sides in most, extending anteriorly as far as the rictus and continuing under the chin and throat with less contrast to the dark coloration there; these white spots also continue well dorsally in BPBM 37122 and BPBM 37123 (Fig. 1E). Under magnification, many of these white spots form the centers of vaguely defined ocelli. All specimens have pale-gray venters suffused with darker gray on chin and throat. The holotype and two additional specimens have lighter throats than the others; BPBM 37125 also has a fair amount of dark suffusion on the abdomen, especially laterally. The large cream blotches on the thighs are confined to the hidden surfaces on the front and rear in five specimens but are also evident on the dorsal surfaces in four. Color in life. Dorsal color in life varies from dark brown or gray with darker-gray spots (Figs. 1F, 6) to uniform black, usually with white spots on the dorsum and limbs, sometimes extending across the entire dorsum (Fig. 1E) or sometimes being restricted to the sides. Ventrally, white spotting is evident as well but faded. The large cream blotches in the axilla, groin, and on the hidden surfaces of the legs in preserved specimens are a striking yellow orange in life (Figs. 1E, 6). The iris is gray brown. Call. The call is a series of deep-voiced croaks delivered at long intervals. I was able to record ten calls from two individuals. Calls comprised a short series of 3–6 notes emitted at a rate of 0.86–1.47 notes/s; calls ranged from 2.60– 3.84 s in duration, with a mean of call means of 0.310 s (Table 2, Fig. 3G, I) and were delivered at intervals of 57–128 s. Each note was relatively brief, with a mean of note means of 0.289 s (range 0.242 – 0.392 s). The interval between notes was longer, with a mean of internote means of 0.516 s and a range from 0.291 – 0.942 s. Notes were highly pulsed, had a rounded amplitude envelope (Fig. 3G), and lacked frequency modulation (Fig. 3I). The dominant frequency of calls varied minimally (Fig. 3H), with a mean of call means of 485 Hz and a range from 377–858 Hz. Etymology. The name is a masculine Latin adjective meaning starry in reference to the usual pattern of white flecks on a black or charcoal-gray ground color. Range. Known only from 190–530 m a.s.l. on the southern slopes of Mt. Victory and Mt. Trafalgar, two adjacent volcanos that, along with their alluvial fans, form the Cape Nelson Peninsula, Oro Province, PNG (Fig. 4). Ecological notes. I found most animals either sitting on the forest floor at night or calling from under rocks, inside hollow logs, among the flanks of tree buttresses, or on landslips. One animal was found in a dry, rocky riverbed; another was captured in a drift fence. This species called only on nights following heavy rains. These frogs produce white, sticky secretions from their dorsal glands that undoubtedly serve an anti-predator function. One of the subadult males (SV = 53.3 mm) exhibited a defensive display in which the body was inflated with air while either being held to the ground (Fig. 6A), with the rear of the body elevated off the ground (Fig. 6B), or with the entire body held off the ground (Fig. 6C). The entire display serves to clearly exhibit the bright-orange blotches in the groin and on the rear of the legs (Fig. 6D), which presumably serve as a signal to warn of the thick glandular secretions that are readily exuded from the dorsum.Published as part of Kraus, Fred, 2019, A revision of Callulops doriae (Anura: Microhylidae), with descriptions of four new species, pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 4612 (1) on pages 16-18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4612.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/323353
Cophixalus nexipus Kraus, 2012, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Cophixalus nexipus</i>, sp. nov. <p>Fig. 7, 8 A</p> <p> <b>Holotype</b>. BPBM 19323 (field tag FK 9108), collected by F. Kraus and B. Iova, W slope Mt. Obree, 9.4601º S, 148.0304º E, 1800–2040 m, Central Province, Papua New Guinea, 7 February 2004.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes (n = 21)</b>. BPBM 19320–21, same data as holotype except collected 4 February by F. Kraus; BPBM 19322, same data as holotype except collected 5 February by F. Kraus; BPBM 19324–37, PNGNM 24108–11, same data as holotype.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> A species characterized by its unique combination of modest size (male SV = 18.9–22.7 mm, female SV = 27.2–27.5 mm); basal webbing between toes; finger discs larger than toe discs (3rdF/4thT = 1.07–1.37); first finger of normal size, bearing a disc; dorsum pustulose, irregularly smudged/mottled with dark brown; and venter straw yellow densely and evenly flecked with dark brown.</p> <p> <b>Comparisons with other species.</b> The new species differs from all other Papuan members of the genus except <i>C. kethuk</i> and <i>C. tagulensis</i> in having webbing between the toes. Both of those species are of smaller size (SV 12.4–15.0 mm in <i>C. kethuk</i> and 13.5–18.5 mm in <i>C. tagulensis</i>) and have finger discs smaller than toe discs. Further, <i>C. kethuk</i> lacks a disc on the first finger and has a smooth dorsum, and <i>C. tagulensis</i> has the toes halfwebbed and the venter evenly stippled, not flecked, with dark brown.</p> <p> <b>Description of holotype</b>. An adult male with small right-lateral incision, vocal slits. Head moderately wide (HW/SV = 0.39), with oblique loreal region; canthus rounded, straight when viewed from above (Fig. 7 A); nostrils directed laterally, closer to tip of snout than to eyes; internarial distance larger than distance from naris to eye (EN/ IN = 0.90, IN/SV = 0.093, EN/SV = 0.084); snout truncate when viewed from the side (Fig. 7 B), shallowly angulate when viewed from above; eyes of moderate size (EY/SV = 0.12); eyelid approximately 2/3 width of interorbital distance; tympanum small (TY/SV = 0.026) and indistinct. Dorsal and lateral surfaces pustulose; ventral surfaces granulose; supratympanic fold small but distinct. Fingers with trace of basal webbing; relative lengths 3>4>2>1; first finger well developed (Fig. 7 C). Third finger disc approximately twice width of penultimate phalanx (3rdF/SV = 0.077); that of first finger barely wider than penultimate phalanx. Subarticular and metacarpal tubercles low and poorly developed but distinct. Toes with basal webbing and fringes along T3 and T4 that extend to the disc, bearing discs with terminal grooves; relative lengths 4>3>5>2>1 (Fig. 7 D). Toe discs smaller than those of fingers (3rdF/4thT = 1.30); disc of fourth toe less than 1.5 times width of penultimate phalanx (4thT/SV = 0.059); disc of first toe approximately same width as penultimate phalanx. Subarticular tubercles poorly developed; inner metatarsal tubercle low and elongate, outer lacking. Hind legs moderately long (TL/SV = 0.48).</p> <p>Dorsal ground color dark tan, irregularly mottled, smudged, and freckled with dark brown, this concentrated dorsolaterally, on snout, on posterior of head, and in a suprascapular chevron. A vaguely defined tan postocular stripe runs below the darker supratympanic fold. Rear of thighs tan mottled with dark brown; front of thighs same but with less dark mottling. Ventral surfaces straw yellow densely and evenly flecked with dark brown and with scattered gray-white punctations across abdomen. Iris black flecked with silver.</p> <p> <i>Measurements (in mm).</i> —SV = 22.7, TL = 11.0, HW = 8.8, HL = 7.4, IN = 2.1, EN = 1.9, SN = 3.0, EY = 2.7, TY = 0.6, 3rdF = 1.75, 4thT = 1.35.</p> <p> <b>Variation.</b> Mensural variation for the type series is shown in Table 5. Adult males and juveniles appear to have slightly larger snouts than do adult females (Table 5), but the difference is not great. Otherwise, no clear ontogenetic or sexually dimorphic differences are apparent in the type series. All specimens have clearly developed basal webbing between the toes, with that of the largest females appearing only slightly more conspicuous than what is seen in the other specimens.</p> <p>There is little color variation. Most specimens have the gray-brown appearance of the holotype, but three are lighter brown. Most have the dark suprascapular chevron, but this is often indistinct. The dark ventral flecking varies only slightly in intensity, with only four specimens having less contrast with the ground color than does the holotype.</p> <p> <b>Color in life.</b> From field notes for holotype BPBM 19323 (Fig. 8 A): “Dorsum mud-brown, reddish middorsally, with gray suprascapular chevron and dark brown flecks all over. Iris mud-brown. Venter pale purple, except chin and throat, which are pale straw; entire venter speckled with dark brown flecks. Rear of thighs mudbrown with dark-brown mottling. One dark band across the forearm, another above the wrist.” BPBM 19321: “Dorsum green-gray with gray scapular mark and irregular gray or black flecking, with pustules, which are tan. Limbs tan with black flecking; rear of thighs same. Venter flecked light and dark gray with scattered white flecks on abdomen. Posterior belly and under legs light straw. Iris light brown.” BPBM 19320 was yellow-brown above; BPBM 19330 had a narrow, tan mid-dorsal stripe.</p> <p> <b>Call.</b> This species calls at night from the edges of streams. Most calling animals were perched on leaves 4–30 cm above ground, but one specimen was calling from under a rock.</p> <p>The call is a single, relatively long (0.99– 1.35 s), highly pulsed note lacking harmonic structure and frequency modulation (Fig. 9 C) and delivered at intervals of 2.7 to 50 s apart (Table 6). To the human ear the call sounds similar to a squeaky door hinge or a throaty snore. The number of pulses/call varied from 44–63, and pulse rate varied from 41.5–57.4/s. Notes increase in amplitude relatively rapidly and maintain approximately maximum amplitude for most of the note before decreasing again relatively rapidly (Fig. 9 A). Notes have lesser-amplitude pulses at the beginning and end of the note, giving the waveform a rounded rectanglar shape, with most notes showing approximately equal-amplitude pulses for most of their duration (Fig. 10 A), but for the holotype notes frequently increase to peak amplitude more gradually than they decrease, giving the amplitude envelope a slight skew to the left (Fig. 10 B). Pulsing is invariably slower at the beginning, and quicker at the end, of each note. Dominant frequency varies from 2.80–3.96 kHz (Table 6, Fig. 9 B).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The trivial epithet is a masculine latinized Greek adjective meaning “web-footed”.</p> <p> <b>Range.</b> Known only from a single mid-elevation site at 1800–2040 m on the western slope of Mt. Obree, Central Province, Papua New Guinea (Fig. 2).</p> <p> <b>Ecological notes.</b> Animals were moderately common along the edges of a small, first-order stream having a bed of ca. 1–3 m width and containing water ca. 2–15 cm deep. Streambed consisted mostly of gravel and small rocks and occurred in relatively open forest with a canopy of approximately 30 m height. Only one animal was found higher than 30 cm above the ground or farther than 1 m from the edge of the stream. When disturbed, animals jumped to the rocks or gravel beneath and pressed themselves close to it. In such instances, their color matched the substrate well. This is the only <i>Cophixalus</i> I have seen leap into a stream in an attempt at escape. This and the partially webbed feet suggest the species spends some amount of its time in streams, if only to escape predators.</p> <p>The smallest mature male is 18.9 mm SV; an immature male is 16.5 mm. The smallest mature female is 27.2 mm; four immature females range from 19.9–22.4 mm. Three unsexed juveniles range from 13.4–14.8 mm SV.</p> <p> Syntopic microhylids include <i>Callulops doriae</i>, <i>Cophixalus ateles</i>, <i>Cophixalus iovaorum</i>, <i>Hylophorbus</i> sp., and <i>Liophryne magnitympanum</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>Kraus, Fred, 2012, Papuan frogs of the genus Cophixalus (Anura: Microhylidae): new synonyms, new species, and a dichotomous key, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 3559</i> on pages 13-17, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/282919">10.5281/zenodo.282919</a>
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