101 research outputs found
Athanasius' contra arianos iv: a reconsideration
No full textThe purpose of this thesis is to provide a through reconsideration of the treatise Oratio IV Contra Arianos (hereinafter referred to as CAR IV), which historically is attributed to St. Athanasius. This reconsideration addresses three main areas of inquiry:1. Is it defensible to consider Athanasius to be the author of CAR IV in terms of linguistics and theology?2. Since the Athanasian premise is not universally accepted, what other authors are suggested by patristics scholars?3. Regardless of authorship, what theological value does CAR IV hold for the contemporary reader? It is this author's contention that CAR IV, though a lesser-known writing of the Nicene period, is a very significant treatise. CAR IV offers a valuable insight into the theologically rich and complex world of the fourth century church. In CAR IV, by way of refutation, we are introduced to a view as radical and persistent as Arianism but less often discussed - modalistic monarchianism. An understanding of all the varied doctrines that did battle at Nicea leads to a greater appreciation for the endurance of the tradition expressed in the Nicene creed. In conclusion, the present author finds the argument that CAR IV is genuinely Athanasian but separate from the other three Orations to be the most convincing theory yet expounded. CAR IV would be more properly titled Contra Marcellum. Perhaps Athanasius never gave this title to the work in deference to Marcellus. Only Athanasius, Marcellus' friend, would demonstrate this consideration. It is also suggested that CAR IV was an incomplete rough draft. The author of this thesis agrees with this reasoning also, and after contemplation would further this explanation by hypothesizing that CAR IV was an incomplete text of Athanasius that was collected and arranged in its current form posthumously by students of the Bishop
Improving the protective characteristics of a promising tuberculosis vaccine candidate
No full textTuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where the burden of disease and drug resistance is greatest. The only licensed TB vaccine, Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), offers limited and inconsistent protection against adult pulmonary disease, necessitating the development of more effective vaccination strategies. This thesis explores subunit vaccine strategies aimed at improving the efficacy of BCG, by utilising the mycobacterial antigen PPE15 (Rv1039c) as a model antigen. PPE15 was delivered via protein-adjuvant and RNA platforms, both as homologous and heterologous prime-boost regimens in combination with a chimpanzee adenoviral vector, ChAdOx1.PPE15. Among the formulations tested, PPE15 protein combined with the liposome-based adjuvant LMQ, was particularly promising, inducing robust CD4+ T cell responses and protection against M.tb challenge. Novel RNA-based approaches, mRNA and self-amplifying RNA (saRNA), induced potent CD8+ T cell and antibody responses but did not provide protection. Immunogenicity analyses suggest that the absence of antigen-specific lung resident memory T cells (TRM) following RNA vaccination might underlie the lack of protection. Supporting this hypothesis, heterologous prime-boost regimens combining both RNA.PPE15 or PPE15-LMQ with intranasal ChAdOx1.PPE15 increased the frequency of lung TRM and improved protection, these findings also highlight the importance of prime-pull approaches as a strategy to improve lung immunity and highlight an important role of TRM in TB protection. Overall, the findings support the inclusion of PPE15 in next-generation TB vaccine regimens and demonstrate that optimising vaccine platform and delivery routes can significantly enhance immune protection against M.tb. These insights contribute to the rational design of TB vaccines and the broader goal of identifying immune correlates of protection, ultimately advancing the global effort to eliminate TB
Ichthyological Hapax Legomena in Marcellus’ "De piscibus"
No full textMarcellus of Side, a physician and didactic poet of the second century AD, mentions fourteen exclusive ichthyonyms in the preserved fragment De piscibus, extracted from the 42-volume epic poem entitled Cheironides. The author discusses Greek names of fish and sea animals that appear only in Marcellus’ work. They belong to the so-called hapax legomena. The following appellatives are carefully analyzed: ἁλιπλεύμων, ἅρπη, βούφθαλμος, βράχατος, γαρίσκος, γερῖνος, ἐρυθρός, θρανίας, θῦρος, κόλλουρος, περόνη, τραγίσκος, τυφλῖνος, χρύσοφος. It is assumed that Marcellus of Side introduced a number of ichthyonyms of Pamphylian origin, e.g. Pamph. θῦρος (< *θύρσος), βράχατος (instead of βάτραχος), ἐρυθρός (= ἐρυθρῖνος), θρανίας (instead of θράνις), χρύσοφος (instead of χρύσοφρυς). Also new identifications of fish are suggested, e.g. Gk. βούφθαλ- μος ‘large-eye dentex, Dentex macrophthalmus Bloch’, Gk. κόλλουρος ‘slender sunfish, Ranzania laevis Pennant’. All the discusssed ichthyonyms, as well as names of other sea animals, are explained from the point of view of phonology, morphology or semantics, e.g. ἁλιπλεύμων ‘jellyfish’ (literally ‘sea lung’), ἅρπη ‘a kind of ray fish’ (literally ‘a kite’)
Ichthyological Hapax Legomena in Marcellus’ "De piscibus"
No full textMarcellus of Side, a physician and didactic poet of the second century AD, mentions fourteen exclusive ichthyonyms in the preserved fragment De piscibus, extracted from the 42-volume epic poem entitled Cheironides. The author discusses Greek names of fish and sea animals that appear only in Marcellus’ work. They belong to the so-called hapax legomena. The following appellatives are carefully analyzed: ἁλιπλεύμων, ἅρπη, βούφθαλμος, βράχατος, γαρίσκος, γερῖνος, ἐρυθρός, θρανίας, θῦρος, κόλλουρος, περόνη, τραγίσκος, τυφλῖνος, χρύσοφος. It is assumed that Marcellus of Side introduced a number of ichthyonyms of Pamphylian origin, e.g. Pamph. θῦρος (< *θύρσος), βράχατος (instead of βάτραχος), ἐρυθρός (= ἐρυθρῖνος), θρανίας (instead of θράνις), χρύσοφος (instead of χρύσοφρυς). Also new identifications of fish are suggested, e.g. Gk. βούφθαλ- μος ‘large-eye dentex, Dentex macrophthalmus Bloch’, Gk. κόλλουρος ‘slender sunfish, Ranzania laevis Pennant’. All the discusssed ichthyonyms, as well as names of other sea animals, are explained from the point of view of phonology, morphology or semantics, e.g. ἁλιπλεύμων ‘jellyfish’ (literally ‘sea lung’), ἅρπη ‘a kind of ray fish’ (literally ‘a kite’)
Marcellus of Ancyra and the Arian controversy: a bishop in context
No full textThe 1980s saw an explosion of scholarly work 011 the 'Arian controversy', which
sought to rethink the categories of the controversy ab initio. Building on this, a
number of figures connected with the controversy came in for individual study in the
1990s, including the bishop Marcellus of Ancyra, who was the subject of a number of
books and articles in that decade, nearly all of which concentrated on his theology and
touched his place in the historical events of the wider controversy only tangentially.
This thesis attempts to situate Marcellus in relation to the major ecclesiastical events
of the controversy between 314 and 345, arguing that attention to his role gives a
better picture of how the 'anti-Arian' party in particular understood itself during these
years. Marcellus' skills as administrator and canonist, displayed in the 314 Synod of
Ancyra, over which he presided, form the background to the portrait of him that
emerges. His roles before and during the synod of Nicaea, before, during and after the
synods of Tyre and Jerusalem, in Rome for fifteen months during the years 339-341,
and at the synod of Sardica are examined, and furnish a number of new suggestions for
ways to understand these events. The synod of Ancyra which was moved by
Constantine to Nicaea, it is suggested, was not originally called by the emperor, but by
Alexander and his allies, with the express purpose of condemning Eusebius of
Nicomedia and his allies, with Marcellus as the intended president. Gerhard Feige's
view that Marcellus was doubtless, like Eustathius of Antioch, unhappy with the actual
synod of Nicaea, and contrary to popular assumption had little to do with the writing
of the creed (which he did not even personally sign), is endorsed, although Marcellus'
greater involvement in the writing of the canons is suggested. The synod of Tyre is
shown by careful examination of the various accounts of it, particularly that of
Eusebius of Caesarea, to have been a travesty, a view which builds on Girardet's
analysis of its views of its own authority in relation to the canonical traditions of the
time. Marcellus' role in the creation of the myth of 'Arianism' is examined, a myth
which is shown to have taken its characteristic form in Rome during the period he and
Athanasius spent there together. Marcellus is argued to be the author of the 'Western
Creed of Sardica', as Klaus Seibt suggested, which was provisionally accepted by
Ossius and Protogenes and the groups they headed as the faith of the synod, but
referred in the face of Athanasius' opposition to Julius of Rome, who vetoed it in
favour of privileging the 'ecumenical' creed of Nicaea. Marcellus' silence after
Sardica is ascribed to his refusal to desert his former pupil Photinus, while recognising
that he was generally considered theologically intolerable even by Marcellus' own
allies. Works after that synod which are sometimes ascribed to Marcellus are therefore
to be ascribed either to his school, to the continuing Eustathians at Antioch, or to some
other group. The Canons of Ancyra 314, the Contra Asterinm (not appropriately
named Opus ad Constantinum Imperatorem, since it was not originally written for the
emperor), the Letter to Julius and De Sancta Ecclesia, as well as the Western Creed of
Sardica, are argued on the other hand to be either wholly or mainly by Marcellus.
Following the line taken by Martin Tetz and Joseph Lienhard, Marcellus is argued
never to have been dropped by his former allies as such, merely himself to have
withdrawn from communion with them on account of his loyalty to Photinus; the creed
of Eugenius the Deacon was a formula which allowed those in communion with
Marcellus to repudiate Photinus without Marcellus himself having to do so
The Maori social science academy and evidence-based policy
No full textThis paper focuses on recent moves to forge stronger linkages between the Māori social science academy and the policy industry. A critical appraisal of this development is offered, with particular attention given to the desirability of enhancing the academy’s role in the policy process, given the policy industry’s continued privileging of Eurocentric theory and research methodologies within the developing evidence-based environment. The paper ends with a discussion of the possibilities and problems associated with engagement with the policy industry, particularly as these relate to the various roles members can (or are forced to) take; either as ‘insiders’ (such as policy workers and contract researchers), or independent, critical ‘outsiders’. The author concludes that the best that insiders can hope for are incremental, largely ineffective changes to Māori policy, while independent members of the academy are best placed to speak on behalf of Māori, Māori communities, hapu and iwi
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Marcellus Shale Gas: Development Potential and Water Management Issues and Laws
No full textThis report covers the development of the Marcellus Shale, a natural gas formation spanning a large portion of Northeastern United States. The author discusses the unconventionality of the shale, a drilling and stimulation of the shale, laws and regulations affecting the shales development, and congressional interest (from Contents). The report includes visual maps indicating the depth of the shale, thickness of the shale, Northeast region natural gas pipeline networks, well configurations, prohibited shales development areas, major river basins overlying the shale (from Contents)
A critique of the effectiveness of some factors determining needs and approaches to community problems as reflected in theses in community organization by students in the Atlanta University system from 1940 to 1945, 1946
No full textThe Negro in Gainesville, Georgia (Hall County) as reflected in the Gainesville press and other related sources, 1897-1908, 1972
No full textAssessing St. Eugene Golf Resort & Casino for TripAdvisor’s GreenLeaders Eco-Certification: Determining Eco-Initiatives for the Hotel to Receive The Next Level GreenLeaders Badge
No full textSt. Eugene Golf Resort and Casino (St. Eugene) is a forward-looking hotel that faces important environmental decisions every day in its operations. While the company has previously participated in eco-certification programs, TripAdvisor’s GreenLeaders program offers an advanced platform that St. Eugene could use to communicate its environmental practices to its guests. Furthermore, St. Eugene’s visibility and reputation among travellers searching for hotels would be improved as the demand for environmentally-focused hotels rises. Beyond taking advantage of the market, St. Eugene has deeply rooted cultural business values that further motivate its commitment to environmental practices. TripAdvisor is already a reliable and trusted source of guest feedback for St. Eugene, making the GreenLeaders program the top choice for St. Eugene in eco-certification programs. With the release of TripAdvisor’s GreenLeaders program into Canada, St. Eugene can determine which initiatives would make the most operational sense in moving forward with a plan for environmental sustainability under TripAdvisor’s relevant criteria.Peer reviewedGreg McCallum, MGMT 49
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