106,646 research outputs found
V.K. Wellington Koo and the Emergence of Modern China
No full textChinese diplomat V.K. Wellington Koo (1888-1985) was involved in virtually every foreign and domestic crisis in twentieth-century China. After earning a Ph.D. from Columbia University, Koo entered government service in 1912 intent on revising the unequal treaty system imposed on China in the nineteenth century, believing that breaking the shackles of imperialism would bring China into the “family of nations.”
His pursuit of this nationalistic agenda was immediately interrupted by Chinese civil war and Japanese imperialism during World War I. In the 1930s Koo attempted to use international law to force western powers to honor their treaty obligations to punish Japanese expansion. Koo also participated in creating the League of Nations and later the United Nations in the hope that collective security would become reality.
The first full biography of one of the essential figures behind the creation of modern China
Stephen G. Craft is an assistant professor in the Humanities/Social Sciences Department at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona Beach, Florida.
With its wide coverage, this elegantly written book is useful as a diplomatic history of modern China. —China Journal
A candid, critical biography. . . . Well researched and gracefully written, this is a useful addition to the scholarship of modern Chinese diplomatic history. --Choice
“A welcome antidote to the general depersonalization of history. By focusing on the calculations and dilemmas of one diplomat, Stephen Craft is able to illuminate the harsh challenges and crises that Chinese leaders faced during the first half of the twentieth century. —Qiang Zhai, Auburn Universityhttps://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_asian_history/1004/thumbnail.jp
Class fields from the fundamental Thompson series of level N = o(g)
No full textThompson series is a Hauptmodul for a genus zero group which lies between Gamma(0)(N) and its normalizer in PSL2(R) ([1]). We construct explicit ring class fields over an imaginary quadratic field K from the Thompson series T-g(alpha) (Theorem 4), which would be an extension of [3], Theorem 3.7.5 (2) by using the Shimura theory and the standard results of complex multiplication. Also we construct various class fields over K, over a CM-field K(zeta(N) + zeta(N)(-1)), and over a field K(zeta N). Furthermore, we find an explicit formula for the conjugates of T-g (alpha) to calculate its minimal polynomial where alpha(is an element of h) is the quotient of a basis of an integral ideal in K
Adela palella Koo & Cho 2022, sp. nov.
No full textAdela palella Koo & Cho, sp. nov. (Korean name: bo-la-bich-bi-dan-gin-su-yeom-na-bang) (Figs 1A–K; 2A–F; 3A–H; 4A –F') LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 0BB29E30-2198-4C23-9164-94F9E21A5D93 Type specimens. • Holotype: male, Korea, Gaesin-dong, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, N36°37′44.50″ E127°27′06.60″, Alt. 68 m, coll. S.K. Kim & J.M. Koo, 19.iv.2017, genitalia in a tube containing glycerin under the specimen (except left valva, juxta and aedeagus), gen. slide no. KJM0210, wings slide no. KJM0141 (with the right antenna), COI barcode CBNU228 (GenBank accession no.: MZ 848405), deposited in NIBR (Specimen accession no.: NIBRIN0000855173). Paratypes 2♀: • 1♀, Korea, Gaesin-dong, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, CB [Chungcheongbuk-do], N36°37′43.39″ E127°27′02.71″, Alt. 67 m, 26.vi.2017, coll. J.M. Koo, gen. slide no. KJM0211 (mounted laterally), wings slide no. KJM0208, COI barcode CBNU229 (GenBank accession no.: MZ 848406), deposited in CBNU (Specimen accession no.: CBNUPM000021); 1♀, Korea, Secheon-dong, Dong-gu, Daejeon, N36°18′07.84″ E127°28′47.22″, Alt. 548 m, 30.iv.2017, coll. J.D. Kim, gen. slide no. KJM0212 (mounted dorsally), wings slide no. KJM0207, COI barcode CBNU230 (GenBank accession no.: MZ 848407), deposited in CBNU (Specimen accession no.: CBNUPM000022). Diagnosis. The species is superficially similar with A. reaumurella (Linnaeus, 1758), but there are several distinguishable characters in the adult: 1) in the male of the new species vertex with raised black hairs and sparse few brownish-yellow hairs, but in the male of A. reaumurella vertex with only black hairs; 2) in the female of the new species antenna not thickened basally, but in the female of A. reaumurella antenna thickened in basal ¼. Furthermore, it can be distinguished from the latter by the male genitalia: 1) in the new species the area between dorsal corner and the triangular process of valva concave, while in A. reaumurella the area flat; 2) in the new species the length of ventral margin of valva 0.5× shorter than the length of valva, while in A. reaumurella the length of ventral margin of valva about 0.3× shorter than the length of valva; 3) in the new species juxtal head of the same length as the width, while in A. reaumurella juxtal head about 1.5× longer than the width. Note: When comparing the barcode sequences obtained from three specimens of the new species (showing 100% concordance rate) with those of A. reaumurella registered in NCBI and BOLD systems, it shows a similarity rate of 96.01–96.20% and 95.81–96.56%. Description. Adult of both sexes (Figs 1A–K; 2A; 3A–H; 4A –B'). Forewing length 6.0– 7.5 mm. Head: Male (Figs 1A –D', F–K). Vertex with raised black hairs, mixed with sparse few brownish-yellow hairs; clypeus silvery black with black hairs laterally, and with sparse brownish-yellow hairs on upper margin and between antennae (Figs 1 A', B). Antenna filiform, about 2.8× longer than the length of forewing; scape clubhead-shaped, dark bronzy with dense black hairs ventrally; pedicel dark bronzy; flagellum dark bronzy in 1 st –3 rd segments, then outer surface silvery white until basal half, then entirely silvery white distally; 1–2 hook-shaped flagellar pegs pointing anteriorly on the dorsal side of flagellar 9–10 th segments, and each peg with two teeth in a row ventrally (one peg on flagellar 9 th segment of the right antenna and one peg on each of flagellar 9 th and 10 th segments of the left antenna, from one male specimen examined in this study); antennal sensillae visible ventrally through the ventral scales-free zones; each zone isolated in a squarish shape by a row of scales until basal ¼ of flagellum, the squarish zones then interconnected and narrowed area of dispersed scales until the half of flagellum, then the interconnected zones re-isolated into single scale-free zones until the distal end of flagellum; the number of sensillae rapidly decreasing beyond the basal half of flagellum (Figs 1A, F–K). Labial palpus short, same length as scape; 2 nd segment dark bronzy with few silvery-white scales, and with white hairs sparsely on the inner and dorsal surface and black hairs on the outer and ventral surface, particularly dense hairs ventrally; 3 rd segment dark bronzy with white scales, about 0.5× shorter than the length of 2 nd segment (Figs 1D, D'). Proboscis covered with black hairs and white sensillae without scales (Fig. 1C). Female (Figs 3A –G'''). Vertex with raised brownish-yellow hairs, intermixed with few black sparse hairs; clypeus silvery black with black and brownish-yellow hairs laterally, and with sparse brownish-yellow hairs situated on upper margin and between antennae (Figs 3B, E). Antenna filiform, about 1.6× longer than the length of forewing; scape and pedicel the same as in male, except hairless scape; flagellum dark bronzy in basal 3/5 dorsally and laterally, and in basal 4/5 ventrally, then silvery white distally; antennal sensillae visible ventrally through the scales-free zones; each zone well-isolated into a squarish shape by a row of scales, and progressively smaller distally; the number of sensillae rapidly decreasing beyond basal 3/5 (Figs 3A, F, G –G'''). Labial palpus short, of the same length as scape; 2 nd segment dark bronzy with silvery-white scales, with particularly dense black hairs ventrally; 3 rd segment the same as in male (Figs 3C, D). Proboscis with sensillae under dark bronzy scales, without hairs (Fig. 3C). Thorax: Male (Figs 1 A', E; 2A). Thorax bronze green with two elliptical patches side by side formed by black scales under long appressed black hairs (Fig. 1E). Tegula bronze green (Fig. 1E). Forewing bronze green with purplish-lustered costal fringe and bronze-green dorsal fringe; costa weakly concave between basal 1/5 and distal ⅓ (Fig. 1 A'); venation (Fig. 2A) with free R veins; distance between origins of R 3 and R 4 of the same length as that of R 4 and R 5; R 5 reaching before apex; M veins free; CuA 1 arising from lower corner of discal cell; origins of CuA 1 and CuA 2 separated by the same distance as from M 1 to CuA 1; 1A+2A forked at about basal ¼; discal cell well-closed. Hindwing grayish brown with purplish luster, with one long frenulum; fringe bronze green, dark brown and orange white; Sc+R 1 long; Rs free from M 1; M 1 and M 2 stalked at about basal 1/6; discal cell well-closed. Female (Figs 3A, B, H; 4A –B'). Thorax bronze green without hairs and patches (Fig. 3B). Tegula concolorous (Fig. 3B). Forewing the same as in male except 1A+2A forked at about basal ⅓ (Figs 3A; 4A, B). Hindwing of the same color as male, with 4–6 frenula (Figs 3A; 4 A', B'), one in each of sockets arranged in a row; venation same as male except M 1 and M 2 stalked at base. Hindtibia bronze green with purplish-lustered scales, paler inner surface than outer surface, with long dark brown bristles dorsally; two pairs of spurs, one pair at basal half and the other pair at apex (Fig. 3H). Hindtarsus covered with bronze-green and silvery-white scales (Fig. 3H). Abdomen (Fig. 3A). Abdomen covered with dark purple scales. Note: The colour of wings under sunlight at the time of collection was bronze green, but after the specimen dried, no greenish color is observed, only bronze-orange colour. Male genitalia (Figs 2B–F): Uncus almost parallel-sided with concave posterior margin. Tegumen domeshaped, nearly of the same length as valva. Socius elliptical dome-shaped; the length of major axis about 1.9× longer than that of minor axis. Vinculum 2× longer than the length of valva, with slightly convex posterior margin; anterior margin obtuse; ventro-lateral margin dented 3 times in a row in posterior ¼ of vinculum; vinculum widest at posterior half; the longest axis of vinculum 1.7× longer than the widest axis. Transtilla with elongated triangular medi-posterior process and two anterior processes having rounded apex; medi-posterior process nearly of the same length as anterior process; anterior process slightly twisted. Valva trapezoidal, slightly convex in basal ⅔, then near straight distally; dorsal corner rounded with distinct triangular process; distal margin concave in dorsal ⅓, convex in ventral ⅔; ventral margin straight, 0.5× shorter than the length of valva with extremely pointed ventral corner. Juxta arrow-shaped, 0.5× shorter than the length of aedeagus; juxtal head shovelhead-shaped, about the same length as the width, with pointed barbs and extraordinarily obtuse apex. Aedeagus straight horn-shaped, of the same length as vinculum, slightly curved upwards towards anteriorly in basal ⅓. Female genitalia (Figs 4C –D'). Apophyses posteriores nearly of the same length as apophyses anteriores. Vagina cup-shaped with one pair of guy-wires arising from one on each latero-anterior corner. Vestibulum without vestibulum lamella. Ductus seminalis arising from vestibulum, spiraled medially with internal canal. Spermatheca ovoidal, nearly of the same length and width as corpus bursae. Ductus bursae broadened from basal ¼ to half, then gradually narrower until distal ¼. Corpus bursae ovoidal, shorter about 0.5× than the length of ductus bursae. Common oviduct ventral, sharing its base with ductus bursae. Female abdominal structures (Figs 4E –F'): 7 th tergite elongated triangular with rounded base angles; vertex angle pointing posteriorly. 7 th sternite broad with setae on posterior margin, forming incomplete cylinder in posterior half, with sharply pointed posterior end. 8 th segment roundly tapered arc-shaped, enclosed by 7 th tergite and sternite, ventro-medial anterior margin concave. Distribution. South Korea (Cheongju-si & Daejeon). Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin, pala (=shovel, spade) with the Latin diminutive suffix, -ella, referring to the shovelhead-shaped head of juxta in the male genitalia.Published as part of Koo, Jun-Mo & Cho, Soowon, 2022, Two species of metallic Microlepidoptera, one new species of Adela Latreille [1796] (Adeloidea, Adelidae) and one unrecorded species of Coleophora Hübner 1822 (Gelechioidea, Coleophoridae), from Korea, pp. 431-444 in Zootaxa 5138 (4) on pages 432-438, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5138.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/657172
Creating, Protecting, and Using Crop Biotechnologies Worldwide in an Era of Intellectual Property
No full textPardey, Philip G.; Koo, Bonwoo; Nottenburg, Carol. (2004). Creating, Protecting, and Using Crop Biotechnologies Worldwide in an Era of Intellectual Property. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/154705
Recovery from a financial crisis: the case of South Korea
No full textAmong the countries that were impacted by the 1997 Asian crisis, South Korea (Korea hereafter) has demonstrated the fastest recovery by blocking its downward spiral. Jahyeong Koo and Sherry Kiser examine the recovery process of financial crises, particularly in Korea, in light of the weak-fundamentals and financial-panic views. Since neither of these views adequately explains Korea’s recovery, the authors look at other phenomena for an explanation. Alternative financial arrangements and labor market adjustments are specifically examined. The authors acknowledge that Korea’s recovery was only possible after it gained control of its exchange-rate crisis. Since the recovery process affirms neither the weak-fundamentals view nor the financial-panic view, Koo and Kiser conclude that containing the downward spiral was a combination of factors working together and that much of Korea’s recovery can be attributed to the creation of alternative funding sources and labor adjustments.Banks and banking - Korea
Ub and Dub of RNF43/ZNRF3 in the WNT signalling pathway
No full textThe E3 ubiquitin ligases RING finger protein 43 (RNF43) and zinc and RING finger 3 (ZNRF3) have received great attention for their critical role in regulating WNT signalling during adult stem cell homeostasis. By promoting the turnover of WNT receptors, Frizzled and LRP5/6, RNF43 and ZNRF3 ensure that proper levels of WNT activity are maintained in stem cells. The molecular mechanism of RNF43/ZNRF3 activity is beginning to emerge from several recent studies, yet little is known about the regulation of RNF43/ZNRF3 at the post-translational level. A study in this issue of EMBO Reports identifies the deubiquitinating enzyme USP42 as a key regulator of WNT signalling, which acts by antagonizing the ubiquitin-dependent clearance of RNF43/ZNRF3 induced by R-spondins (Giebel et al, 2021)
Wnt/β-catenin signaling: Structure, assembly and endocytosis of the signalosome
No full textWnt/β-catenin signaling is an ancient pathway that regulates key aspects of embryonic development, cell differentiation, proliferation, and adult stem cell homeostasis. Work from different laboratories has shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the Wnt pathway, including structural details of ligand–receptor interactions. One key aspect that has emerged from multiple studies is that endocytosis of the receptor complex plays a crucial role in fine-tuning Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Endocytosis is a key process involved in both activation as well as attenuation of Wnt signaling, but how this is regulated is still poorly understood. Importantly, recent findings show that Wnt also regulates central metabolic pathways such as the acquisition of nutrients through actin-driven endocytic mechanisms. In this review, we propose that the Wnt pathway displays diverse characteristics that go beyond the regulation of gene expression, through a connection with the endocytic machinery
Torodora manalis Park & Koo 2022, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Torodora manalis</i> Park & Koo, sp. nov. <p>LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D29247A4-3C17-4717-BF1D-95EB36859980</p> <p>(Figs. 5A–H)</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype. [Uganda] male, Biol. Field Station, Kibale National Park, Uganda, 19.–24. XI. 2014 (LF, leg. W. Mey), gen. slide no. CIS-7039, Wings slide no. CIS-7053, <i>COI</i> barcode CBNU063, deposited in MfN.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> This new species is superficially similar to <i>Torodora semnodora</i> (Meyrick, 1933) which was described from DR Congo, but it can be distinguished by the wing pattern: forewing lacking a costal patch in the new species, but with an orange-yellow costal patch beyond 2/ 3 in <i>T. semnodora</i>. The male genitalia also resemble each other, but they differ in the following characteristics: 1) cucullus narrowed with sharply pointed apex in the new species, but cucullus rounded apically in <i>T. semnodora</i>; 2) juxta narrowed in basal half, with slightly convex caudal margin medially in the new species, but juxta with almost constant width, and a nearly straight caudal margin in <i>T. semnodora</i>; 3) aedeagus roundly produced dorsally and triangularly expanded ventrally in distal 1/ 3 in the new species, but aedeagus bifurcate apically in <i>T. semnodora</i>.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Adult (Figs. 5A, C, D). Wingspan 20.0 mm. <i>Head</i>: Vertex yellowish brown with erect scales of same color laterally. Antenna 0.7 times shorter than forewing; scape elongated, yellowish white with dark brown scales on outer surface; flagellum filiform, ciliate, yellowish white without annulations. 2 nd segment of labial palpus yellowish brown with yellowish-white scales on outer surface, yellowish white on inner surface; 3 rd segment nearly same length as 2 nd segment, yellowish white with dark brown scales dorsally (Figs. 5C, D). <i>Thorax:</i> Notum and tegula yellowish brown. Forewing ground color yellowish brown, without markings; apex obtuse; termen slightly concave; fringe concolorous with ground color; venation (Fig. 5E) with R 1 arising from basal half of discal cell; distance between origins of R 1 and R 2 3.1 times longer than that of R 2 and R 3+4+5; R 3 stalked with R 4+5 for basal 3/10; R 4 stalked with R 5 for basal 3/5; M 1 remote from R 3+4+5 at base; M 2 free from M 3; CuA 1 and CuA 2 stalked for basal 1/4; 1A+2A forked basally; discal cell closed. Hindwing ground color similar to that of forewing; apex obtuse; termen oblique; fringe concolorous with ground color; venation with M 2 present; M 2 free from M 3; M 3 and CuA 1 short-stalked at base; discal cell weakly closed. <i>Abdomen</i> (Fig. 5H): Spinose zones developed widely in posterior margin of each II–VII tergite. Sternites weakly sclerotized; VIII sternite not specifically modified.</p> <p> <i>Male genitalia</i> (Figs. 5F, G): Uncus elongated, with pointed apex, exceeding apex of basal plate of gnathos. Median process of gnathos relatively large, strongly bent beyond middle, narrowly produced apically. Tegumen deeply concave on anterior margin. Valva broad basally, strongly upturned beyond middle, with narrow concavity below costa in basal 1/5; costa slightly extended in basal 1/3; oblique crescent line extended from below end of concavity below costa to lower corner of cucullus; cucullus densely setose, narrowed apically with inwardly acute apex. Vinculum narrow, heavily sclerotized. Juxta large, shield-shaped, broadened in distal half; caudal margin slightly convex medially. Aedeagus nearly same length as valva, slender and weakly sclerotized in basal 2/3; distal 1/3 of aedeagus roundly produced dorsally with numerous pegs, triangularly expanded ventrally with relatively smaller numerous ventral pegs; cornutus absent.</p> <p>Female unknown.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Uganda (Kibale Nat. Park).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The species name is derived from the Latin, <i>mane</i> (= morning) with a Latin suffix, - <i>alis</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>Park, Kyu-Tek & Koo, Jun-Mo, 2022, Description of Spiniola hanaro Park, gen. and sp. nov., and three new species of Torodora Meyrick, 1894 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Torodorinae) from the Afrotropical Region, pp. 576-586 in Zootaxa 5092 (5)</i> on page 584, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5092.5.5, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5896455">http://zenodo.org/record/5896455</a>
Parkiana janineae Park & Koo & Minet 2020, comb. nov.
No full textParkiana janineae (Viette, 1954), comb. nov. (Figs. 2 A–G) Nemophora janineae Viette, 1954: 2 (as of the family Adelidae). TL: Antongil Bay. Adela janineae; Viette 1990: 25. Adela janineae; De Prins & De Prins 2019 (Afromoths website). Lecithocera janineae; Lees & Minet 2003: 758. Type. 1♀ (holotype), North-East Madagascar, Antongil Bay, A. Mocquerys leg., 1898; Muséum Paris, Mission P. Viette (Sept. 1951 - Mar. 1952) [probably a misplaced label]; Nemophora janineae n. sp. Holotype ♀, P. Viette; genitalia: prep. J. Minet no. 1666. Adults (Figs. 2 A–B). Wingspan, 18 mm. The superficial character of this species, including the pattern of both wings and the antenna are well in accordance with the genus Parkiana. The species is distinguished from its allies by the forewing with a large yellowish-white discal spot. Abdominal segments have broad spinose zones with weak spines dorsally (Fig. 2G). Female genitalia (Fig. 2 C–F): Illustrated for the first time. Abdominal sternite VIII deeply emarginated medially on caudal margin. Antrum triangular, funnel-shaped. Ductus bursae membranous, narrowed in posterior 1/4; median part broadened with numerous conic spines, narrowed again in anterior 1/4; ductus seminalis narrow, arising from posterior 3/4. Corpus bursae extremely long; signum at middle, grooved centrally, with dense conic spines. Remarks. The species was originally placed in Nemophora Hoffmannsegg (Adelidae), but was transferred to the Lecithoceridae by Lees & Minet (2003: 757), provisionally as a member of the genus Lecithocera (ibid.: 758). However, this species surely belongs to Parkiana Cho, in view of its wing pattern and antennae. Distribution. Madagascar (East) (Viette, 1954).Published as part of Park, Kyu-Tek, Koo, Jun-Mo & Minet, Joël, 2020, Review of the Malagasy lecithocerid species described by Pierre Viette and deposited in MNHN (Paris), with new generic combinations and descriptions of a new subfamily and genus of Momphidae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea), pp. 151-190 in Zootaxa 4845 (2) on pages 156-158, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4845.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/440646
Charge–Dipole Interactions in G-Quadruplex Thrombin-Binding Aptamer
No full textDNAs form various structures through hydrogen-bonding, base-stacking and electrostatic interactions. Although these noncovalent interactions are known to be cooperative in stabilizing a G-quadruplex (G4) structure of DNA, we find from all-atom molecular dynamics simulations that the electrostatic charge-dipole interaction is competitive with both hydrogen-bonding and base-stacking interactions. For the thrombin-binding aptamer (TBA) forming a chair-type antiparallel G4 structure, we have examined effects of an intercalating metal ion [K+, Sr2+, Mn+: an ion having a charge of n(+) (n = 1-4) with the ionic radius of K+] on structural properties and noncovalent interactions. When K+ in the TBA center dot K+ complex is replaced with Sr2+, guanine dipoles in the two G-tetrads are realigned toward the central metal ion, thereby distorting the planar G4 geometry. Replacing K+ with Sr2+ significantly enhances the charge-dipole interaction but substantially reduces the number of hydrogen bonds in the G-tetrads. In the case of TBA center dot Mn+ complexes, as the charge n increases, the charge-dipole interaction increases but both of the hydrogen-bonding and base-stacking interactions decrease. These results suggest that the charge-dipole interaction realigning guanine dipoles in the G-tetrads is not cooperative but competitive with both hydrogen-bonding and base-stacking interactions favoring the planar G-tetrad geometry. Obviously, the charge state of an intercalating metal ion is as important as the ionic radius in forming a stable G4 structure. Thus, a delicate balance between these competing noncovalent interactions makes the chair-type antiparallel G4 structure of TBA selective for intercalating metal ions.11sciescopu
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