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Triozocera paulistana Kogan 1958
No full textTriozocera paulistana Kogan, 1958: 422 (Figures 3E, 4B, 5C, & 6I) Triozocera paulistana, Oliveira and Kogan, 1959: 231; Luna de carvalho, 1967: 29 Triozocera mexicana, p.p. Kinzelbach, 1971 b: 150; Luna de Carvalho, 1978: 353 Triozocera paulistana, Kifune and Hirashima, 1979: 64; Kifune and Brailovsky, 1987: 134; Kathirithamby, 1990: 470; 2005: 8 T. paulistana was the first species of Strepsiptera originally described from Brazil. A single specimen was collected in a primitive light trap and kept dry for over five years before it was hot KOH treated and mounted in Canada balsam for study. Although the type specimen was damaged, all major diagnostic characters were intact. The species was listed by Kinzelbach (1971) as synonymous of T. mexicana, without the criteria used for the synonymy. Since then, Kifune and Brailovsky (1987) argued against the synonymy based on the difference in size and disjunct geographic distribution of T. mexicana and T. paulistana. They questioned, as well, the synonymy of T. mexicana and T. texana Pierce, 1911, based on an assessment by Luna de Carvalho (1967). Kathirithamby (1990) retained the synonymy of T. mexicana and T. texana, but listed T. paulistana as a separate species; she later accepted that synonymy (Kathirithamby, 1993). Triozocera paulistana distinguishing characters from T. mexicana in the original description were confirmed and expanded in this study. Those differences are reiterated here based on a reassessment of the holotype and Pierce’s original descriptions; examination of 4 specimens identified as T. mexicana from Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Southern USA (Gainesville, Mississippi) (see Table 1); as well as photos posted on the Web of representatives of a large cohort of male Triozocera, likely to be T. mexicana, collected in light traps near Austin, Texas (Quinn, 2008). The list of those diagnostic characters follows and a key to the species of Nearctic and Neotropical species is included at the end of the paper: 1. Vertex (epicraneal) plates narrower in T. paulistana (Fig. 4B) and widely separated anteriorly (Kogan, 1958; Oliveira and Kogan, 1959) while the plates are wider and nearly touch each other frontally, as seen in all illustrations of T. mexicana (see Pierce, 1913, Plate 1 Fig. 1; 1918, Plate 54 fig. 10 (T. texana), Plate 55 fig. 1 (T. mexicana)); observed in the four specimens used in this comparative study (Fig. 4A); and seen in photos published in the Web (e.g., Quinn, 2009). 2. Antefrons (frontal tubercle) in T. paulistana with 2 lateral- and one medial lobe projecting anteriorly, in shape of a triangle with rounded angles; postfrons extending posteriorly separating the vertex plates; antefrons in T. mexicana rounded anteriorly (Figs. 4A &B). 3. Profuse, long inter-eyelet trichomes in T. paulistana (Fig. 4B); profuse but much shorter trichomes in T. mexicana (Fig. 4A). 4. Although the wings of the T. paulistana holotype were damaged, it was possible to reconstitute the key elements of the venation. It seems that R 4 does not fork out of the extension of R 5, a character apparently shared with T. tecpanensis that differentiates them from the other species. 5. Subtle differences were also observed in the terminalia (9 th abdominal sternite, 10 th tergite), and base of aedeagus in dorsal view (Figs. 3D & E). 6. The only known host of T. mexicana is Pangaeus bilineatus Say (Heteroptera: Cydnidae). The species does not seem to occur in Brazil (Lis et al., 2000), but the genus is represented by two other species P. aethiops (Fabr.) and P. neogeus Froeschner (ESALQ-USP, 2004). Although host specificity in Triozocera has not been documented, the absence of the T. mexicana host in Brazil, may offer an additional argument for the separation of the two species. As for the arguments raised by Kifune and Brailowsky (1987), the following considerations are in order. Differences in size (T. paulistana much larger than T. mexicana) resulted from artifact of the mounting procedure of T. paulistana. Boiling the specimen in 70% KOH caused the abdomen to expand. Using the illustration in Kogan (1958), Fig. 1, the area corresponding to the inter-segmental membranes of the abdomen was deleted and the length of the specimen reassessed. The length was reduced from the originally reported 3.08 mm, to 2.89 mm, well within the range of T. mexicana, T. vernalis and T. tecpanensis, but smaller than T. buehrheimi (Table 2). The importance of body size in Strepsiptera should be considered in light of the size variation of the host, as demonstrated by Kathirithamby and Johnston (1992) and Cook (2000) for Caenocholax fenyesi Pierce, the males of which are parasitic on ants. Pangaeus bilineatus, the host of T. mexicana, is a ubiquitous cydnid in North America, and body length variability has been observed but not measured (Lis et al., 2000). Intraspecific size variability in Heteroptera has been studied in a few species, but the range of variability seems to be considerably less than that observed in Formicidae. For instance, body length variability in Pyrrhocoris apterus L. (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae), as affected by rearing conditions, was under 10% (Honĕk, 1987). In Nezara viridula L. (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), in a family that contains Strepsiptera hosts, male size variability may reach 20% (McLain, 1985). Length variability in Formicidae, however, is much greater. Cushman et al. (1993) reported a 52% difference in body size among ants in a species of Camponotus. We infer from this that body size variability is expected in Triozocera, but the range of that variability probably is significantly smaller than that found in Caenocholax. Unless the various body proportions show tendency to gigantism, as in T. buehrheimi, smaller differences, particularly in total body length, probably are less significant. Finally, the argument of the disjunct geographic distribution of the two species needs to be reconsidered. Caenocholax fenyesi Pierce, 1909 is an example of introgression of a Neotropical Strepsiptera species both ways into North and South America. C. fenyesi was originally described from males collected in Cordoba, Mexico. Its recorded range has since been extended north to nine Southern USA States, and south to 10 Central American countries and the Antilles, and to three and possibly five countries in South America (Cook et al., 1997; Kathirithamby and Hughes, 2002). This expansive distribution may, perhaps, involve a complex of cryptic lineages the nature of which is beginning to be unraveled (Hayward et al., 2011). What seems certain, however, is that Strepsiptera distribution depends on suitable host availability (Kathirithamby, 2009). We conclude that T. paulistana differs from T. mexicana in various morphological characters (apomorphies), but we deemphasize the importance of differences in body size and disjunct distribution of the two species. The key differential characters are: a) profuse and long inter-eyelets pubescence; b) shape and structure of the vertex plates with wide separation of the plates anteriorly; c) shape of the antefrons (frontal tubercle); d) apparent lack of an R 4 vein off of the R 5; and, e) subtle differences in the terminalia. The absence in South America of Pangaeus bilineatus, host of T. mexicana, may also be of significance in support of the revalidation of T. paulistana.Published as part of Kogan, Marcos & Cook, Jerry L., 2014, The genus Triozocera Pierce, 1909 (Insecta: Strepsiptera: Corioxenidae) in South America, pp. 48-60 in Zootaxa 3779 (1) on pages 55-59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3779.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/491011
The genus Triozocera Pierce, 1909 (Insecta: Strepsiptera: Corioxenidae) in South America
No full textKogan, Marcos, Cook, Jerry L. (2014): The genus Triozocera Pierce, 1909 (Insecta: Strepsiptera: Corioxenidae) in South America. Zootaxa 3779 (1): 48-60, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3779.1.
Coriophagus jennyae Kogan, 2012, sp. n.
No full textCoriophagus jennyae, sp. n. (Figures 2 A–H) Holotype. Single male specimen collected in light trap at Coari, Rio Urucú, Amazonas, Brazil, 4 ° 55 ’ 53 ” S, 65 ° 18 ’ 13 ”W; between 25 Feb- 10 Mar. 1995; Paul F. Bührheim et al. coll. Specimen dissected and mounted in glycerin on four slides: slide 1 -wings, slide 2 -head + antennae, slide 3 -pro- & mesothorax + legs I & II, slide 4 - metathorax & abdomen (see note at end of discussion). Description. Total length of specimen in alcohol (Fig. 2 A) from tip of frons to caudal margin of 9 th abdominal sternite 2.31 mm; length from tip of frons to distal margin of postnotum 1.96 mm. Head (Figs. 2 B, 2 C1, 2C 2) 0.86 mm wide (between outer edges of eye globes); eyes in dorsal view with 15 large, round eyelets occupying ca. 1 / 2 of head’s width. Margin of antefrons protruded between insertion points of antennae; lateral vertex plates well defined, extending forward into frontal area bridging the two lateral plates and containing the antennal sockets. Antennae (Fig. 2 B) seven-segmented, very compact, hanging ventrally (Fig. 2 C 2); segments I and II very short, I sub-cylindrical; II sub-inverted pyramidal; bases of III–VI extended laterally into stout flabella; segments III–VII, including all flabella, covered with sensorial pits of variable shapes and areas; length of antennal segments (in μm): I and II = 60; base of segments III–VI = 50; length of flabella III = 490, IV = 470; V = 480; VI = 510; segment VII = 530. Mandible absent; maxilla (Fig. 2 C 2 - Mx) vestigial. Thorax (Figs. 2 A, 2 D) with pro- and mesonotum (Fig. 2 D) reduced; pronotum attached to head below line of posterior margins of lateral vertex plates. Metanotum (Fig. 2 A) 1.50 mm long; praescutum broadly rounded towards mesonotum, protruding beyond front line of scuti; scutellum broadly pentagonally shaped, apex rounded anteriorly, posterior edge straight; postlumbium narrow, constricted in center by inward intrusion of anterior margin of postscutellum; postscutellum 0.75 mm long, just slightly longer than the other metanotal components together (0.70 mm), broadly rounded posteriorly. Hind wings irreversibly tightly furled and adherent alongside metanotum, but manipulated sufficiently to reveal structure of front margin and basic elements (Fig. 2 A); wing span (estimated) 2.22 mm. Legs (Figs. 2 D, 2 E) strong, tarsi three-segmented; coxae of leg 1 stout and imbedded in prothoracic sternal sockets; trochanters and femora sub-cylindrical; length of leg I trochanter 0.24 mm, femur 0.34 mm, tibia distally expanded, spatulate, 0.24 mm long; tarsal basal segment rounded, cup-shaped with indented edges (Figs. 2 D, 2 E 1); leg II trochanter 0.29 mm, femur 0.43 mm, tibia distally expanded, 0.42 mm, basal tarsomere bulbous, elongated, similar to that of leg III; leg III trochanter 0.23 mm, femur 0.33 mm, tibia 0.39 mm; tarsal segments II and III of all three pairs paddle-shaped, with dense sensorial trichomes; tarsomere II of all three legs inserted in middle of dorsal surface of basal tarsomere (Figs. 2 E 1 –E 3). Abdominal segments sclerotized (Figs. 2 A, 2 F, 2 G). Terminalia (abdominal segments VIII–X) complex, not resembling that of other male strepsipterans described so far. Segment VIII spoon-shaped, distally tapered; sternite IX narrowed distally and bent ventrally at tip below proctiger (tergite X); in lateral view (Figs. 2 F1, 2G) with elongated protrusion with narrow stem extending ventrally, at tip of which is attached the aedeagus; this protrusion (Fig. 2 G-ENP(?)) possibly extension of endophallus. Aedeagus (Fig. 2 H) Z-shaped, with terminal hook 0.13 mm long, at ca. 29 o angle with shaft; shaft stout, 0.17 mm long, bending basally into 0.14 -mm-long extension. Discussion. This is the first record of the genus Coriophagus in the Western Hemisphere. Coriophagus jennyae sp. n. differs from all other 13 described species of the genus (see list above) by the vestigial maxillae, shape of the 1 st tarsomere of leg I, structure of R 1 region of hind wing, complex structure of the terminalia, and the ‘Z’- shaped aedeagus. The host is unknown. The precise location where the type specimen was collected should help future collectors to obtain additional specimens to elucidate the nature of the bizarre structure of the terminalia. The protrusion on sternite IX may be an extension of the endophallus (see Pohl & Beutel, 2005). The wing illustrations in Fig. 2 A are reconstructions based on elements visible from the preparation, supplemented by inference from illustration of the wing of Coriophagus zanzibarae (Bohart, 1962) in Kinzelbach 1971 b, p. 210, figure B. Note: While working on the specimens described in this paper my office at Oregon State University was moved and in the process one slide each containing the metanotum and abdomen of both H. urucui sp. n. and C. jennyae sp. n. were misplaced and lost. However, a series of digital photos had already been taken and were used to complete the descriptions. Etymology. The species is dedicated to my wife, Jenny Kogan, who, as librarian of the Soybean Insect Research Information Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, from 1975–1990, compiled a complete reference collection of Strepsiptera.Published as part of Kogan, Marcos, 2012, Two New Species of Halictophagidae (Insecta: Strepsiptera) from the Brazilian Amazon Basin, pp. 79-87 in Zootaxa 3517 on pages 83-85, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.28261
Halictophagus urucui Kogan, 2012, sp. n.
No full textHalictophagus urucui sp. n. (Figures 1 A–J) Holotype. Male collected in light trap at Coari, Rio Urucú, Amazonas, Brazil, 4 ° 51 ’ 56.5 ” S, 65 ° 0.4 ’ 56.6 ” W; Paulo Bührheim, N. O. Aguiar, and F.A. Penta, coll., 11–18 May, 1991. Specimen dissected and mounted in Hoyer’s, on three slides: slide 1 – right wing, left antenna, tarsus of leg 2; slide 2 – left wing, aedeagus; slide 3 – head, thorax and abdomen (see note at end of paper). Set of original digital microphotographs copied onto a DVD, all deposited in the Strepsiptera Collection, INPA, Manaus, Brazil. Description. Large species, length from tip of frons to edge of 8 th abdominal sternite 3.49 mm (Fig. 1 A). Head (Fig. 1 D) 0.85 mm wide measured between edges of eye globes; eyes with 9 large, round eyelets occupying ca. 2 / 3 of the head’s width dorsally. Margin of frons concave between insertions of antennae. Antenna (Fig. 1 B) sevensegmented; segments III–VI extended laterally with slender flabella; segment I (Fig. 1 Bi) with pointed projection on distal margin; base of segment IV enlarged towards extension of flabellum; segments III–VII, including all flabella, covered with sensorial pits of various shapes and areas. Length of antennal segments (in μm): I = 92; II = 68; III + flabellum = 660; IV + flabellum = 561; V + flabellum = 470; VI + flabellum = 473; VII = 470. Mandible 59.5 μm long, cone-shaped (Fig. 1 C–MD), slightly sinuous; base of maxilla 51.0 μm; palp 77.5 μm; base and palp covered with sensorial trichomes (Fig. 1 C– MX). Thorax (Figs. 1 D, 1 E): pronotum much reduced, totally enclosed within the head space between posterior extension of eyes (Fig. 1 D–PN); mesonotum angular-shaped anteriorly, expanding laterally to connect to metanotum (Fig. 1 D–MN). Metanotum (Fig. 1 E) 1.37 mm long, 3.4 times longer than pro- and mesonotum combined; praescutum (PRS) broadly rounded anteriorly, moderately protruded from scuti (SC); scutellum (SCl) pentagon-shaped with anterior edge pointed and posterior edge slightly rounded; postlumbium broad, mildly constricted in center by inward curvature of both anterior and posterior margins; postscutellum (= postnotum) about as long as the other metanotal components together, broadly rounded posteriorly. Hind wing (Fig. 1 G) span from axillary joint to edge beyond end of R 3 = 2.23 mm; R 1 converging with Sc at distal tip within a diffusely pigmented area, R 2 curved and about half the length of R 3; R 4 and R 5 fused, M 1 present, M 2 and Cu 1 reaching edge of wing; Cu 2 developed. Tarsi three-segmented, basal segment elongated in mid- and hind legs (Fig. 1 F–T 2); first segment of front tarsi rounded and pad-like (Fig. 1 F–T 1), segments II and III of all pairs with well-developed paddle-like, fairly profusely pubescent pads. Abdominal segments (Figs. 1 H–J) partly sclerotized (Fig. 1 H). The mounted specimen when photographed had terminal segments right rotated about 45 o. Sternite VIII long, tapered sharply posteriorly (Fig. 1 I); sternite IX inverted sub-conically shaped with one edge stretched posteriorly and with a dorsal concavity, from center of which protrudes a clubbed cylindrical structure, possibly a greatly modified tergite X; aedeagus (Fig. 1 J) toothed distally, with distal branch at ca. 77 o angle with shaft; shaft stout. Discussion. Halictophagus urucui n. sp. differs from most other species within its zoological region by the shape of the aedeagus, which is similar to that of H. besucheti Luna de Carvalho, but the shaft in H. urucui is stouter and the apical process longer and at a sharper angle with the shaft. In addition, the postlumbium is wider and medially compressed in both front and hind margins. The wings have R 4 and R 5 fused, M 1 present, and C 2 well defined; base of front tarsi pad-like; base of antennal segment III with a pointed projection; and base of segment IV swollen towards projection of flabellum. The terminalia, with the long and cupped sternite VIII, the unusual shape of sternite IX and projection of tergite X (Fig. 1 I–Xt), does not seem to have similarity to the terminalia of any other described species. Etymology. The name urucui relates to Rio Urucú, a tributary of the River Solimões, the type locality of the species.Published as part of Kogan, Marcos, 2012, Two New Species of Halictophagidae (Insecta: Strepsiptera) from the Brazilian Amazon Basin, pp. 79-87 in Zootaxa 3517 on pages 81-83, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.28261
FIGURE 1 in The genus Triozocera Pierce, 1909 (Insecta: Strepsiptera: Corioxenidae) in South America
No full textFIGURE 1. Triozocera buehrheimi sp. n. A. Holotype male, lateral view; B. Composite figure based on morphological features of paratype 1.Published as part of Kogan, Marcos & Cook, Jerry L., 2014, The genus Triozocera Pierce, 1909 (Insecta: Strepsiptera: Corioxenidae) in South America, pp. 48-60 in Zootaxa 3779 (1) on page 50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3779.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/491011
A new species of Pseudoxenus Saunders, 1872, and a new record of Myrmecolax Incautus Oliveira & Kogan, 1959: (Strepsiptera, Insecta)
No full textOs A. A. descrevem Pseudoxenus inclusus sp. n., baseados em uma fêmea e centenas de triungulinideos, encontrados parasitando Ammophila sp., proveniente de Corrego do Itá, Espírito Santo, Brasil. O encontro de um outro exemplar de Myrmecolax incautus Oliveira & Kogan, 1959, permitiu aos AA. complementar a descrição desta espécie, cujo holótipo está muito danificado
FIGURE 2 in Two New Species of Halictophagidae (Insecta: Strepsiptera) from the Brazilian Amazon Basin
No full textFIGURE 2. Coriophagus jennyae sp. n. Male holotype. A) Dorsal view. B) Antenna. C1) Head, dorsal view. C2) Head, ventral view showing vestigial maxilla = Mx. D) Pro- and mesothorax, ventral view with fore-wings, and legs 1 and 2. E1–E3) Outline of legs 1–3. F1) Terminalia, quarter-caudal view. F2) Terminalia, semi-rotated, dorsal view. F3) Terminalia, rotated dorsal view. G) Outline of terminalia, lateral view: Ae = aedeagus, EnP = possible extension of endophallus, VIII = 8th abdominal segment, IXs = 9th sternite, Xt = 10th tergite. H) Aedeagus.Published as part of Kogan, Marcos, 2012, Two New Species of Halictophagidae (Insecta: Strepsiptera) from the Brazilian Amazon Basin, pp. 79-87 in Zootaxa 3517 on page 84, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.28261
Corioxenidae Kinzelbach 1970
No full textFamily: Corioxenidae Kinzelbach, 1970: 106 <p> Kinzelbach, 1971: 149; Miyamoto and Kifune, 1984: 143; Kathirithamby, 1989: 71; 1990: 471; Pohl <i>et al.</i>, 1996: 108; Pohl and Beutel; 2005: 359; Cook and Tribull, 2013: 314</p>Published as part of <i>Kogan, Marcos & Cook, Jerry L., 2014, The genus Triozocera Pierce, 1909 (Insecta: Strepsiptera: Corioxenidae) in South America, pp. 48-60 in Zootaxa 3779 (1)</i> on page 49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3779.1.7, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/4910117">http://zenodo.org/record/4910117</a>
Triozocera buehrheimi Kogan & Cook 2014, sp. n.
No full text<i>Triozocera buehrheimi</i> sp. n. <p>(Figures 1A–B; 2A–G; 3A–C; 4C; 5A, H; 6A)</p> <p> <b>Holotype</b> (Fig. 1A): Male, collected in light trap at Coari, Rio Urucu, Amazonas, Brazil (4°51’56”S – 65°04’56”W); Paulo Bührheim <i>et al.</i>, col.; 25 Jan.-10 Feb. 1995. Specimen preserved whole in glycerin. <b>Paratype (</b> Fig. 1B)—Male, same collection data as holotype. Paratype specimen received with head separated from body; wing, head, one antenna, and thorax+abdomen mounted on 4 slides. Type material deposited in the Strepsiptera Collection, INPA, Manaus, Brazil. Host and female are unknown.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Length from tip of frons to distal end of 9 th sternite 3.47 mm.</p> <p> <b>Head</b> (Figs. 2A, 4C)— 1.08 mm wide (between edges of eyes); eyes with 14 visible, large, round eyelets occupying ca. 2/3 of the head’s width dorsally; inter-eyelet ridges with dense but very short pubescence (microtrichia) (Figs. 4C). Antefrons in shape of broadly-based isosceles triangle, with rounded angles (Figs. 4C); vertex plates (epicraneal plates of Kogan, 1958 and Brailovsky and Márquez, 1974) widely separated frontally, oblique, sclerotized, sub-rectangular, sharply narrowing posteriorly, following curvature of eye base; integument smooth, not dimpled. Antennae (Figs.2A, 2C) seven-segmented; segments I and II very short, segments III and IV extended with slender lateral flabella; antennal segments III-VII and flabella covered with sensorial pits of variable shapes and areas; length of antennal segments (in µm): I ≈ II = 50 each; III = 60 (body of segment), flabellum = 810; IV- base+flabellum = 870; V = 500; VI = 230; VII = 280. Mandibles absent. Maxilla (Figs. 2B, 5H) club shaped; width at base and tip sub-equal; maxillary palp covered with sensorial trichomes, inserted at proximal end of sub-apical, wide, oval pit, extending by half its length beyond tip of maxilla; length of maxilla 330 µm; palp 200 µm.</p> <p> <b>Thorax</b> (Figs. 2 D-E, 5A)—Pronotum and mesonotum (Fig. 2D) very short; mesonotum slightly protruded anteriorly in center, expanding laterally to connect to metanotum. Metanotum (Fig. 2E) 1.88 mm long, being 6.75 times longer than pro- and mesonotum combined; praescutum broadly rounded anteriorly, protruding from scutum; scutellum in shape of isosceles triangle, with sinuous base; postlumbium lip-shaped, narrow, sinuous; postnotum nearly as long as the other metanotal components together, narrowly rounded posteriorly. Hind wings (Fig. 6A) with span of 2.64 mm, from base to middle of radial sector, 2.60 mm long from base through edge of sub-costal margin; R 1 almost fused to Sc along middle 1/3 of its length; R 2 very short, proximal end slightly overlapping with distal end of Sc; R 3 branching off distal 1/3 of R4; R4 distal end fading before reaching edge of wing; R 5 about as long as R 3, reaching edge of wing; MA 1 very short, MA 2 extending full length of medial sector; CuA 1 stout at base and most of its length, but fading before edge of wing; CuA 2 well developed, approaching edge of wing; CuP short but evident; illustration (Fig. 6A) based on slide-mounted wing of paratype that shows vein-like lines caused by folds of anal sector. Legs (Figs. 2F–G) with hind coxae very short; trochanters of front and middle legs nearly as long as femora; trochanter of hind legs short and stubby, with small lobe projecting beyond insertion of femora (Fig. 2G); femora and tibiae long and slender; tarsi five-segmented, 1 st tarsomere slender, almost as long as tibiae; tarsomeres 2-4 each about half the length of previous one; tarsomeres 1-3 with round sensorial pits; tarsomere 5 slim and short, claws barely discernible.</p> <p> <b>Abdomen</b> (Figs. 3A–C) <b>—</b> Abdominal segments uniformly sclerotized. Terminalia (Figs. 3A, B, C) with abdominal segment IX elongated, sub-oval, extending ventrally to twice the depth of segment VIII; aedeagus (Fig. 3C) 0.78 mm long, bi-sinuous, very slender, sharply pointed at tip; segment X (proctiger) reduced to a subrectangular flap slightly curved laterally and truncated (straight edged) distally.</p> <p> <b>Discussion.</b> <i>T. buehrheimi</i> <b>sp. n.</b> is considerably larger than any of the known congeneric, Neotropical and Nearctic species (Table 2). The most distinctive characters of <i>T. buehrheimi</i> are found in the morphology of the head (Figs. 4A–C) including: a) the length and density of the inter-eyelet pubescence which is very short and dense in <i>T. buehrheimi</i>, very long in <i>T. paulistana</i>, and intermediate in length and less dense in <i>T. mexicana</i>; b) shape and integumental texture of vertex plates; c) shape of the antefrons, which is similar to that of <i>T. paulistana,</i> and apparently also that of <i>T. vernalis</i>, but clearly different from the antefrons of <i>T. mexicana</i> and <i>T. tecpanensis</i>; and d) shape of the maxilla and point of insertion of the maxillary palp. Maxillae and maxillary palps (Figs. 5F–I) of <i>T. mexicana</i> and <i>T. tecpanensis</i> are similar, with the palp attaching nearly apically to the body of the maxilla; in both <i>T. buehrheimi</i> and <i>T. vernalis</i>, palps are sub-apically attached to the body of the maxillae; the maxillary palp of <i>T. buehrheimi</i> is much longer than the palps of all other species (Figs. 2B & 5H) (structure of <i>T. paulistana</i> maxilla has not been described). Additional distinctive characters in <i>T. buehrheimi</i> are the hind trochanter that projects beyond insertion of the femur (Fig. 2G); and the aedeagus long, sinuous, and much more slender than that of <i>T. paulistana</i> or <i>T. mexicana</i> (Figs. 3A, D, E). Presence of a short, but discernible M 1, long CuA 1, and well defined CuP veins in the hind wing further distinguishes <i>T. buehrheim</i> i from the other species.</p> <p> Size variability as a function of host size has been well documented in Strepsiptera (Kathirithamby and Johnston 1992, Cook 2000). Intra-specific size variability of known hosts of <i>Triozocera</i> (Heteroptera: Cydnidae) is likely to occur and would have an influence on the size of the parasites (see below). If this is the case, it follows that body size still may be of significant diagnostic value in this genus, as pointed out by Kifune and Brailovsky (1987), but it must be considered cautiously. <i>Triozocera buehrheimi</i>, <i>T. paulistana</i>, <i>T. mexicana</i>, <i>T. tecpanensis</i>, and <i>T. vernalis</i> form a complex of species clearly differentiated by key morphological features. With only type specimens available for <i>T. buehrheimi</i>, <i>T. paulistana</i>, and <i>T. tecpanensis</i> neither molecular studies nor scanning electron micrograph images can be obtained at this time. Should additional collections be made in the respective type locations or elsewhere in the zoological region, future studies, including molecular analyses, may be possible and will help clarify the affinities of <i>Triozocera</i> spp. in the Neotropics. Such possibility was demonstrated by the identification of a cohort of <i>T. vernalis</i> collected in South Carolina and Georgia, USA (Reeves and Cook (2005).</p> <p>Dedication: The species is dedicated to Paulo Bührheim † former Professor of Biology, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, State of Amazonas, Brazil, outstanding entomologist and collector, and a colleague during the time MK was a biologist on the staff of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in early 1960s.</p>Published as part of <i>Kogan, Marcos & Cook, Jerry L., 2014, The genus Triozocera Pierce, 1909 (Insecta: Strepsiptera: Corioxenidae) in South America, pp. 48-60 in Zootaxa 3779 (1)</i> on pages 49-55, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3779.1.7, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/4910117">http://zenodo.org/record/4910117</a>
Halictophagus Curtis 1832
No full textGenus: Halictophagus Curtis, 1832: 433 Males: Antennae seven-segmented, segments III–VI with lateral flabellae; mandibles short, leathery; maxillae small; tarsi three-segmented, without claws; aedeagus hook- or anchor-shaped; 8 th abdominal sternite often elongated. Hosts: Homoptera: Cercopidae, Cicadellidae, Delphacidae, Deltocephalidae, Dyctiopharidae, Eurybrachyidae, Flatidae, Fulgoridae, Hecalidae, Issidae, Ledridae, Lophopidae, Membracidae, Tettigometridae, and Tropiduchidae. The genus includes over 70 species with a cosmopolitan geographic range. Twenty-three species are known from the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Four of these species: H. callosus Bohart, 1941: 350 (Washington, USA); H. lappidae Oliveira & Kogan, 1960: 183 (Pará, Brazil); H. obtusae Bohart, 1943: 346 (Costa Rica); and H. uhleri Pierce, 1909: 169 (‘Dacota’, USA), are known only from female descriptions. Of the remaining 19 species with known male descriptions, 11 are exclusively Nearctic: H. americanus Perkins, 1905: 105 (southern USA); H. barberi (Pierce, 1908): 84 (New Mexico, USA); H. bidentatus Bohart, 1941: 147 (central and western USA); H. forthoodiensis Kathirithamby & Taylor, 2005: 2 (Texas, USA); H. jordani (Pierce, 1952): 5 (southwestern USA); H. mackayi (Bohart, 1937): 103 (Saskatchewan, Canada, and Kansas, USA); H. omani Bohart, 1943: 345 (southwestern USA); H. oncometopiae (Pierce, 1918): 473 (southern and southwestern USA); H. philaroniae Bohart, 1946: 202 (Nebraska, USA); and H. serratus Bohart, 1943: 351 (central USA). Seven species were described from the Neotropical region: H. ararensis Trois, 1988: 466 ( São Paulo, Brazil); H. besucheti Luna de Carvalho, 1978: 355 (Sta. Catarina, Brazil); H. chilensis Hofman, 1965: 36 (Chile); H. desantisi (Remes Lenicov, 1970): 36 (Argentina); H. lopesi Oliveira & Kogan, 1959: 227 (Bahia, Brazil); H. naulti Kathirithamby & Moya- Raygoza, 2000: 1039 (Morelos, Mexico); and H. variatus Kinzelbach, 1971 b: 154 (Guatemala). Two species were recorded from both zoological regions: H. acutus Bohart, 1943: 352 (North and Central America); and H. insularum (Pierce, 1908): 84 (central and western USA, West Indies and Argentina).Published as part of Kogan, Marcos, 2012, Two New Species of Halictophagidae (Insecta: Strepsiptera) from the Brazilian Amazon Basin, pp. 79-87 in Zootaxa 3517 on pages 80-81, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.28261
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