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The Strategies for Simple One-Point Ko Situation of Computer Go
Get PDF[[abstract]]Ko plays a very important role in Go, but most computer Go programs still cannot handle ko fights so far. Utilizing the principle of Minimax procedure, we obtain the best strategies for the simple one-point ko situation, enabling computer Go programs to gain maximum or loss minimum profit when dealing with the simple one-point ko situation. We also discuss in detail the strategies for using ko threats during the process of the ko fight.
Spatial Distribution and Influence Factors of Cross-District Transports among Major Trauma in Emergency Medical Services System
No full text研究目的：將適合的病人，在及時的時間，送達正確的醫院，是緊急醫療區域化（Regionalization）運作最重要的基礎，可以減少嚴重創傷病患（major trauma）的死亡與失能。嚴重創傷緊急救護跨縣市送醫（cross-district emergency medical transport）的情形，最能適切反映「為患者預後更佳，故選擇跨縣市送醫」的需求，可藉以評估區域化運作是否合宜。「區域化」的議題，具有空間的意涵，可視為一種地理資料。因此，研究跨縣市送醫，應結合地理空間分析（spatial analysis）。台灣緊急醫療系統對於區域化運作，尚無系統評估，對於過去跨縣市送醫的需求數量、叢集區域、與影響因素，因缺乏研究，並不明瞭。因此，本研究欲結合地理資訊系統（GIS: Geographic Information System）的應用，針對北台灣嚴重創傷緊急救護，分析系統區域化運作中，跨縣市送醫相關之空間、時間、與人為因素。究材料與方法：本研究由行政院衛生署醫事處提供民國九十六年一月份北部五縣市，包括台北市、台北縣、基隆市、宜蘭縣、及桃園縣之「緊急救護記錄清冊電子檔」為研究資料，包含三個主要研究子題：(1)以敘述性統計，分析北部五縣市嚴重創傷救護跨縣市送醫的數量與比率，(2)應用地理資訊系統，定位緊急救護個案的求救地點，分析嚴重創傷救護跨縣市送醫的空間分布，(3)分析時間與人為因素，包括以回歸模式分析送醫運輸時間差、及以卡方檢定分析家屬與救護技術員之人為決定，對嚴重創傷救護選擇跨縣市送醫的影響。究結果：本研究包含三項主要結果：(1)民國九十六年一月份北部五縣市的嚴重創傷救護送醫案例共6,235件，包含跨縣市送醫案例389件，其中以台北縣佔326件為最多，其跨縣市送醫比率達12.8%（95% CI：11.6~14.2 %）也最高，其比率與另四個縣市（95% CI：0~3.1%），有明顯差異。(2)以GIS分析此6,235個案例的求救地點，可於地圖上定位該點位置的成功率為75.5%。跨縣市送醫個案叢集的地段，主要分布在台北縣的三重市，蘆洲市，板橋市北側、永和市、中和市、及林口鄉南側。跨縣市送醫比率較高的地段，則分布在台北縣的林口鄉南側、泰山鄉、汐止市西側、深坑鄉、石碇鄉、平溪鄉、坪林鄉、瑞芳鎮西側、八里鄉、與萬里鄉。 (3)以回歸模式分析，送醫運輸時間的快慢，並非選擇跨縣市送醫的影響因素。以卡方檢定分析人為因素，包括「家屬要求」，或是救護技術員現場判定傷患「病情需要」，才是選擇跨縣市送醫的影響因素。尤其在跨縣市送醫運輸時間反而比未跨縣市運輸更慢的地段，人為因素的影響，更為顯見。論：(1)台灣緊急醫療系統之嚴重創傷救護，在依縣市行政區劃分區域的運作模式下，確有跨縣市送醫的需求，並且不同縣市的跨縣市送醫比率，有相當明顯的差異。現行以縣市為基礎的區域化運作模式，應予修正。 (2)應用地理資訊系統，可成功地以地圖呈現的方式，瞭解各個縣市哪些地段的緊急救護，較會選擇跨縣市送醫模式。透過空間分析的方法，找出問題區域更確切的分布位置，可提供未來改善緊急救護區域化運作時，優先探討規劃的重點區域。(3)人為因素，而非運輸時間快慢，才是選擇跨縣市送醫的影響因素，此一關聯，尤其顯見於跨縣市送醫運輸反而更慢的地段。因此，倘若無法限制或更改人為就醫習慣，規劃區域化運作時，應提升此等地段跨縣市送醫的效能，或是重新規範此等地段於緊急醫療網責任區域的隸屬。關於跨縣市送醫對此等地段嚴重創傷預後的影響，未於本研究探討，應另繼續深入分析。Objective:“The right patient, to the right place, at the right time.” is the most important principle for regionalization of EMSS (Emergency Medical Services System). EMSS regionalization could effectively improve the mortality and morbidity of major trauma patients. Evaluating the cross-district EMS transports of major trauma patients would promptly represent the exact demand of cross-district access to emergency healthcare, and would reflect the performance of regionalization. With character of spatial data, spatial analysis should be utilized in evaluations of cross-district EMS transport. In consideration of the lack of data in Taiwan for EMS regionalization and cross-district EMS transport, this study is to analyze the impacts of spatial, time, and human factors on cross-district EMS transport of major trauma patients in northern Taiwan. ethod: From the electronic data of Taiwan Emergency Medical Services Registry provided by Department of Health, Taiwan, we analyzed the data of January 2007 among the five districts in northern Taiwan including Taipei City, Taipei County, Taoyuan County, Keelung City, and Eland County. Three subjects were studied: (1) the amount of cross- district EMS transports for major trauma patients, and its proportion among district- wide EMS transports, by descriptive analysis of each district respectively; (2) the spatial distribution and characters of cross-district EMS transports for major trauma patients, by positioning the EMS scene exactly through GIS (Geographic Information System) utilization; (3) the correlation between time or human factor and cross-district EMS transport, by regression analysis for the difference of transport time correlating with cross-district transports, and categorical data analysis for the man-made impacts on cross-district transports, inclusive of patient or family’s insistence or EMS providers’ decision on the receiving hospital. esult: There are three major results in this study: (1) a total of 6,235 EMS transports of major trauma patients occurred in January 2007 among the five districts, inclusive of 389 cross-district ones. Taipei County possesses the most 326 cross-district EMS transports out of the 389 ones, which accounts for 12.8% (95% CI: 11.6~14.2%) of its county-wide EMS transports, significantly higher than the proportions of the other four districts (95%CI: 0~3.1%). (2) Among the 6,235 EMS transports, EMS scenes were successfully positioned by GIS in 75.5% of cases. The cross-district EMS transports were clustered in Sanchong, Lujou, northern Banchiau, Yungho, Junghe, and southern Linkou. The regions with higher proportion of cross-district EMS transport distributed in southern Linkou, Taishan, western Hsichih, Shenkeng, Shrding, Pingshi, Pinglin, western Rueifang, Bali, and Wanli. (3) The difference of transport time is not an influence factor on deciding cross-district transport. Categorical data analyses reveal both human factors- family’s insistence and EMS providers’ decision on the receiving hospital are significantly (p<0.05) correlated with cross-district transports, especially in regions with longer cross-district transport time compared with non-cross-district ones.onclusions: Our data indicate that (1) Taiwan EMSS demands cross-district transports for major trauma patients, and the proportion of demands significantly varied across the island. Current EMS regionalization should be enhanced or revised. (2)Utilizing GIS may comprehensively illustrate the spatial characters for these cross-district transports. Spatial analysis may target the exact regions of concern, providing the spatial priority for reconstruction of EMS regionalization. (3) Human factor, instead of time factor, impacts on the decision of cross-district EMS transport, especially among the regions where cross-district transports are significantly time-consuming than the non-cross- district. For obstacles to restrict human factors, EMSS should improve the efficiency of cross-district transports, or to redefine the geographic jurisdiction of regionalization. The impact on patient outcome by cross-district EMS transports may need further in depth studies.摘要 Ibstract III錄 VI目錄 VIII目錄 IX一章 前言 1一節 研究背景 1二節 研究目的 3二章 文獻探討 4一節 國際對於緊急救護跨區送醫的研究 4二節 醫療地理學與地理資訊 5三節 應用地理資訊系統於健康照護的研究 6四節 應用地理資訊系統於緊急救護的研究 8五節 應用地理資訊系統於緊急救護跨區送醫的研究 8六節 台灣緊急救護跨縣市送醫 9三章 研究方法 13一節 嚴重創傷救護跨縣市送醫的數量與比率 13二節 嚴重創傷救護求救地點的空間分布 17三節 時間與人為因素對嚴重創傷救護跨縣市送醫的影響 22四章 研究結果 26一節 嚴重創傷救護跨縣市送醫的數量與比率 26二節 應用GIS分析嚴重創傷救護求救地點的空間分布 27三節 時間與人為因素對嚴重創傷救護跨縣市送醫的影響 33五章 討論 40一節 總述研究主要結果 40二節 討論 40三節 研究限制 45考文獻 46錄 5
Liver function, lipid and insulin-regulated glucose metabolism are normal in chow-fed AnxA6-KO mice.
No full text(A) Spider diagram presentation of total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as total cholesterol, triglycerides (TAG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and free fatty acids (free FA) in the plasma of 8–12 weeks old wildtype (WT) and AnxA6-KO animals (AnxA6-/-) on a chow diet (n = 4). The data are presented relative to WT (100%). For absolute values, see text and [28] for further details. (B) H&E staining of liver sections from WT and AnxA6-KO mice on a chow diet. (C) Liver homogenates from 8–12 weeks old WT and AnxA6-KO mice were analyzed for triglyceride, cholesterol and phospholipid content as described in Material and Methods (mean ± SEM, n = 8). SM, sphingomyelin; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PS, phosphatidylserine. (D) WT and AnxA6-KO mice on a chow diet were starved for 4 h prior to receive glucose via oral gavage (1 g/kg body weight). Blood glucose levels were determined 0–120 min after glucose administration (mean ± SEM, n = 6). (E) WT and AnxA6-KO mice received insulin (1.5 U/kg bodyweight) or saline via intraperitoneal injection. Blood glucose was measured at t = 0–120 min post-injection (mean ± SEM, n = 6). (D-E) Data points for t = 0 and 30 min have been described previously [28].</p
Characteristics of the clamped WT and SIRT2 KO mice on a chow or HF diet.
No full textCharacteristics of the clamped WT and SIRT2 KO mice on a chow or HF diet.</p
Energy balance in chow-fed WT and <i>Mecp2</i> KO mice.
No full text<p>Values shown are mean±s.e.m.</p><p>EE, energy expenditure; RER, respiratory exchange ratio</p><p>*p<0.01.</p><p>Energy balance in chow-fed WT and <i>Mecp2</i> KO mice.</p
Body and spleen weights, and serum lipids in chow- <i>vs.</i> Western diet-fed B6 and ApoE KO mice.
No full text<p>Values are mean ± SE. *<i>P</i><0.02 <i>vs</i>. B6 chow. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i><0.02 <i>vs</i>. ApoE KO chow.</p><p>Splenic T cell populations for these mice are shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109416#pone-0109416-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3D–G</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109416#pone-0109416-g007" target="_blank">7</a>.</p><p>Body and spleen weights, and serum lipids in chow- <i>vs.</i> Western diet-fed B6 and ApoE KO mice.</p
Western diet (WD) feeding did not affect blood glucose clearance in regular chow- and WD-fed PIF1 KO mice.
No full textA) Glucose tolerance tests were performed on six-month-old WT and PIF1 KO mice after 20 weeks of regular chow feeding, and on B) the same mice at nine months of age after 32 weeks of regular chow feeding. C) Glucose tolerance tests conducted on 3.5-month-old WT and PIF1 KO mice after 6 weeks of WD feeding, and D) 5-month-old WT and PIF1 KO mice after 12 weeks of WD feeding. All data are mean ± SEM; n = 8–12 mice per group; mg/dl = milligrams per deciliter; AUC = area under the curve. No data are significant by Student’s T-test.</p
Priyadarshini et al. FFA3 KO and WT mice do not exhibit phenotypic differences on normal chow
No full textGlucose tolerance in
normal chow fed FFA3 KO and WT mice. Glucose and insulin values, A. in
oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT, n=
6); B. in intraperitoneal
glucose tolerance test (IPGTT, WT, n=10; FFA3 KO n=8)
and glucose values, C. in insulin tolerance test (ITT, n=8). Insets depict the
area under the curve (AUC). WT presented in grey; FFA3 KO presented in black.
Data are presented as mean±SEM. Glucose and insulin time courses compared by
two-way ANOVA, with Bonferroni’s
posttests. Area under curve compared by Student’s t
test. * p<0.05. </p
Comparative lipidomic profiling of plasma and aorta from ldlr-KO, pcsk9-KO and C57bl/6 mice
No full textBackground. Lipidomics is a powerful tool to highlight the involvement of lipid species in pathological conditions, including atherosclerosis.
Aim. Lipidomic changes induced by genotype and/or diet were evaluated in plasma and aorta of hyperlipidemic/athero-prone Ldlr-KO, hypolipidemic/athero-resistant Pcsk9-KO and C57Bl/6 (WT) mice.
Methods. Plasma and aorta from mice fed chow or Western diet (WD) for 16 weeks were extracted for lipids and analyzed by mass spectrometry: 200 lipid species belonging to 21 lipid classes were quantified.
Results. On chow diet, plasma lipidome was lower in Pcsk9-KO (2039 μM) vs WT mice (3770 μM) and was much higher in Ldlr-KO (9392 μM) vs WT and Pcsk9-KO mice. WD increased with different degree all lipid classes in each group and the lipidome increased by 2-3 fold in Pcsk9-KO and WT mice and by 5 fold in Ldlr-KO mice. The lipids quantitatively more relevant in each group and dietary condition were cholesteryl esters (CE), phosphatidylcholines, free cholesterol and triglycerides. Among minor lipid species, interestingly, Ceramides(d18:0) levels on chow diet were comparable in Pcsk9-KO and WT mice and were moderately increased by WD, whereas they were 10 fold higher in Ldlr-KO mice on chow diet vs the other groups and increased by another 10 fold on WD. Aorta lipidome of Pcsk9-KO mice was unaffected by diet (chow: 20.7 pmol/μg; WD: 20.2 pmol/μg) whereas it was increased by WD in WT (chow: 18.2 pmol/μg; WD: 38.7 pmol/μg) and Ldlr-KO mice (chow: 19.7 pmol/μg; WD: 49.9 pmol/μg). Among major lipids, WD drastically affected CE concentration in Ldlr-KO mice (chow: 0.1 pmol/μg, WD: 5.3 pmol/μg), whereas it only doubled CE levels in Pcsk9-KO and WT mice. Triglycerides were unaffected by diet in Pcsk9-KO mice, but increased by 2.5 fold with WD in both WT and Ldlr-KO mice. WD did not substantially modify minor lipids in Pcsk9-KO and WT mice, whereas it drastically changed phosphatidylglycerol, glucosyl/galactosylceramides and Lactosylceramides levels in Ldlr-KO aorta.
Conclusions. This lipidomic profiling indicates that diet and/or a genetic background can drastically affect not only major lipid classes, but also minor lipid species, suggesting a possible implication of these molecules in hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis development
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