55,936 research outputs found
Re-printing architectural heritage: The Hippolytuskerk and Mauritshuis projects
No full textAdditive Manufacturing (commonly known as 3D printing) technology has become a global phenomenon. In the domain of heritage, 3D printing can be seen as a time and cost-efficient method for restoring vulnerable architectural structures. The technology can also provide an opportunity to reproduce missing or destroyed cultural heritage or to express lost appearances, in the cases of conflicts or environmental threats. Researchers from TU Delft have led two experimental projects published respectively in Innovative Materials (volume 6 2018 and volume 1 2019). The projects show the challenges and possibilities of contemporary 3D printing technology for the 3D printing of heritage. The first one, a 4TU-project called ‘Re-printing architectural heritage’ focused on the Hippolytuskerk in the Dutch village of Middelstum. There, the group of researchers tested available technologies to reproduce a mural on a section of one of the church’s vault with maximum possible fidelity to material, colours and local microstructures. Simultaneously, a second project was conducted at the Mauritshuis at The Hague. This to investigate and to discuss the potential of reprinting historical spaces as a copy.History, Form & AestheticsDesign of Construtio
Corydoras sterbai Knaack, 1962, n. sp.
No full textCorydoras sterbai n. sp. Taf. 12 Fig. 2 a-c. <p>M a t e r i al 3 Exemplare; Holotypus SMF 5476, ♀; Paratypen lebend. Fundort: Brasilien. H. SCHULTZ leg., Dr. E. SCHMIDT-FOCKE ded. XI. 1960.</p> <p>Maße (in mm): Ttl 81, Typus (Paratypen <i>78 -</i> 80), Stdl 57, Kopflänge bis zur Kiemenspalte 16, Körperhöhe an der Basis des Dl-Stachels 23, am Dg-Stachel 14. Pektoralstachel 15, Dorsalstachel 13, Entfernung Schnauze bis Analöffnung 29.</p> <p>D i a gn os e Eine große, hochrückige, schlanke Art der Gattung <i>Corydoms</i>, die sich durch eine dunkelbraune, netzförmige Zeichnung des Kopfes und des Rückens auszeichnet und einen kräftig orangegefärbten Pektoralstachel sowie entsprechend getönte Bauchflossen besitzt.</p> <p>B e s c h r e i b u n g Der Körper ist hochrückig, die Körperhöhe am D 1 - Stachel ist etwa 2 - 5 mal in der Stdl enthalten. Seitenplatten 21/20, vor den Fettflossen 1 - 2 unpaare Schilder. Humeralschilder nicht sehr weit voneinander (35 mm) entfernt. Flossen: D1 1/ 8, C 3 - 14 -4, A 1 <i>/7</i>, V <i>6 -</i> 6, P 1 /10.</p> <p>Die Schnauze ist nicht lang, aber bogenförmig, das Rückenprofil ist steil. Die Schwanzflosse ist nicht symmetrisch, der dorsale Teil ist größer. Die Kopflänge ist etwa 3 ' 5 mal in der Stdl enthalten. Der Pektoralstachel ist etwas länger als die Körperhöhe am Dg-Stachel, er ist stets länger als der Dı-Stachel. Letzterer ist länger als die Basis der Rückenflosse. Die Basis der D1 ist etwas größer als ihr Abstand zur D2. Der Dl-Stachel ist stets kürzer als der 1. folgende Flossenstrahl. Die Fontanelle ist 4 mm lang; sie ist sehr schmal. Der Occipitalfortsatz läuft caudalwärts recht breit aus. Die Barteln sind mehr als doppelt so lang wie der Augendurchmeser. Der postorbitale Teil des Kopfes ist geringfügig größer als die Augen. Das Suborbitale ist mehr als einen halben Augendurchmesser tief. Die Flossenstacheln sind innen gesägt. Der äußere Augenabstand ist so lang wie der Dl-Stachel und der Augendurchmesser ist etwa 3 <i>* 2</i> mal im Augenabstand enthalten.</p> <p>Leb endfä rbu ng: Grundfärbung gelblich. Schnauze, Oberlippe, Bartelansatz, Stirn, Nacken und Rücken dunkelbraun genetzt. Diese Netzung wird caudal großmaschiger und etwas undeutlicher. Bauch weiß, rosa durchschimmernd. Der Dl-Stachel gelb bis schwach orangefarben. Pektoralstachel sehr kräftig orange gefärbt. Strahlen der Brustflossen gepunktet. Die Flossen sind ähnlich gefärbt wie bei <i>C. hamldschultzi</i>, jedoch nicht so kräftig.</p> <p>F ä r b u n g (Alkoholpräparat): Grundfärbung gelblich. Netzförmige Zeichnung und Linierung gut erkennbar.</p> <p>Ableitung des Namens Diese Art ist zu Ehren des Herrn Prof. Dr. G. STERBA benannt.</p> <p>B e z i e h u n g e n In dem Schlüssel von GOSLINE (1940) können beide Arten nicht eingeordnet werden. Sie kommen in mancher Hinsicht der Art julii STEINDACHNER (1906) nahe, doch bestehen sehr große Abweichungen, so daß keine näheren Beziehungen zu dieser Art vorliegen; zwischen <i>C. haraldschnltzi</i> und <i>sterlmi</i> besteht eine sehr nahe Verwandtschaft. Die wichtigsten Unterschiede sind die Größe der Humeralschilder, der Suborbitalia und die Form der Schnauze. Diese ist bei <i>sterbaz'</i> länger und etwas rüsselförmig vorgestreckt. Auffallend ist auch die verschiedene Zeichnung auf dem gesamten Vorderkörper.</p> <p>Die Art Corydoras haraldschultzi ist bei SCHULTZ (1960: 16) und AXELROD (1960: 7) farbig abgebildet. Als Trivialname sollte „ Prachtcorydoraf beibehalten werden; für die Art <i>C. sterbai</i> wird " Orangeflossen-Panzerwels “ vorgeschlagen.</p>Published as part of <i>Knaack, Joachim, 1962, Zwei neue Panzerwelse, Corydaras haraldschultzi und Corydaras sterbai (Pisces, Teleostei, Calichthyidae), pp. 129-135 in Senckenbergiana Biologica 43 (2)</i> on pages 131-132, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/16531">10.5281/zenodo.16531</a>
Special Issue: European Perspectives
No full textThis special issue features a wide range of topics, stemming from research activities of members from the European Façade Network (EFN). The EFN seeks to advance and promote façade design and engineering at a European level and beyond, through inclusive collaboration between European Research centres, Universities, and alumni, resulting in skills and knowledge transfer in education, research, and development. Consequently, this special issue showcases a selection of research experiences presented at two scientific events sponsored by the EFN.Design of ConstrutionBuilding Product Innovatio
Proceedings of the PowerSkin Conference: January 19th 2017, Munich
No full textThe Building Skin has evolved enormously over the past decades. Energy performance and environmental quality of buildings are significantly determined by the building envelope. The façade has experienced a change in its role as an adaptive climate control system that leverages the synergies between form, material, mechanical and energy systems in an integrated design.The PowerSkin Conference aims to address the role of building skins to accomplish a carbon neutral building stock. Topics such as building operation, embodied energy, energy generation and storage in context of façades, structure and environment are considered.Three main themes will be showcased in presentations of recent scientific research and developments as well as projects related to building skins from theperspectives of material, technology and design:Environment – Façades or elements of façades which aim for the provision of highly comfortable surroundings where environmental control strategies as well as energy generation and/or storage are integral part of an active skin.Façade Design – The building envelope as an interface for the interaction between indoor and outdoor environment. This topic is focused on function and energy performance, technical development and material properties.Façade Engineering – New concepts, accomplished projects, and visions for the interaction between building structure, envelope and energy technologies.Design of Construtio
Proceedings PowerSkin Conference 2019
No full textThe building skin has evolved enormously over the past decades. Energy performance and the environmental quality of buildings are significantly determined by the building envelope. The façade has experienced a change in its role as an adaptive climate control system that leverages the synergies between form, material, mechanical and energy systems in an integrated design.Design of Construtio
Proceedings of the 9th PowerSKIN Conference
No full textThe building skin has evolved enormously over the past decades. The energy performance and environmental quality of both the interior and exterior of buildings are primarily determined by the building envelope. The façade has experienced a change in its role as an adaptive climate control system that leverages the synergies between form, material, mechanical and energy systems towards an architectural integration of energy generation. The PowerSKIN Conference aims to address the role of building skins to accomplish a carbonneutral building stock. The focus of the PowerSKIN issue 2021 deals with the question of whether simplicity and robustness stay in contradiction to good performance of buildings skins or whether they even complement each other: simplicity vs performance?As an international scientific event - usually held at the BAU trade fair in Munich - the PowerSKIN Conference builds a bridge between science and practice, between research and construction, and between the latest developments and innovations for the façade of the future. Topics such as building operation, embodied energy, energy generation and storage in the context of the three conference sessions envelope, energy and environment are considered:– Envelope: The building envelope as an interface for the interaction between indoor and outdoor environment. This topic is focused on function, technical development and material properties.– Energy: New concepts, accomplished projects, and visions for the interaction between building structure, envelope and energy technologies.– Environment: Façades or elements of façades, which aim to provide highly comfortable surroundings where environmental control strategies as well as energy generation and/or storage are an integrated part of an active skin.The Technical University of Munich, TU Darmstadt, and TU Delft are signing responsible for the organisation of the conference. It is the third event of a biennial series: April 9th 2021, architects, engineers, and scientists present their latest developments and research projects for public discussion and reflection. For the first time, the conference will be a virtual event. On the one hand, this is a pity, as conferences are also about meeting people and social interaction; on the other hand, it offers the possibility that we can reach more people who connect from all over the world.Design of Construtio
Facade Refurbishment Toolbox. Supporting the Design of Residential Energy Upgrades
No full textThe starting point of the research is the need to refurbish existing residential building stock, in order to reduce its energy demand, which accounts for over one fourth of the energy consumption in the European Union. Refurbishment is a necessary step to reach the ambitious energy and decarbonisation targets for 2020 and 2050 that require an eventual reduction up to 90% in CO2 emissions. In this context, the rate and depth of refurbishment need to grow. The number of building to be renovated every year should increase, while the energy savings in renovated buildings should be over 60% reduction to current energy demand. To achieve that, not only is it necessary to find politics and incentives, but also to enable the building industry to design and construct effective refurbishment strategies. This research focuses on refurbishment of the building envelope, as it is very influential with regard to energy reduction.
The early design phases are particularly important, as decisions taken during this stage can determine the success or failure of the design. Even though the design decisions made earlier can have bigger impact with lower cost and effort, most existing tools focus on post-design evaluation. The integration of all aspects during the early design phases is complex, particularly as far as energy efficient design is concerned. At this stage, architects are in search for a design direction to make an informed decision. If the designer is provided with an indication of how efficient refurbishment options are, it is possible to apply them as part of an integrated strategy rather than trying to add measures at later stages, after the strategy has been developed.
Therefore, taking into account the need to refurbish residential buildings and the importance of integrated design of façade refurbishment strategies, the thesis aims at answering the following question.
How can the energy upgrade potential of residential façade refurbishment strategies be integrated in the early design phase, in order to support decision-making?
The objective of the research is to enable the design of refurbishment strategies that acknowledge the potential of energy savings. Having available an assessment of the energy performance results in informed decisions that improve the efficiency of the strategy and the final refurbished building.
The answer to the research question is given by the Façade Refurbishment Toolbox (FRT) approach. It consists of three different types of information that can support the decision-making of residential façade refurbishment strategies. Firstly, the building envelope components that need to be addressed in an integrated refurbishment strategy are identified and different retrofitting measures for each one are proposed, composing the façade refurbishment toolbox. Secondly, the measures are quantified in terms of energy upgrade potential, expressed by the simulated energy demand reduction after the application of the measure. Finally, a roadmap to the key decision aspects in the refurbishment strategy development indicates when the toolbox information can be used.
The methodology used to develop the FRT approach includes organising and calculating information about component retrofitting measures. The steps of the methodology were developed in the different chapters of the thesis. The first three chapters (Chapters 2-4) comprise the theoretical background that shapes the research question, discussion of the residential building stock, energy performance and refurbishment practice. Chapters 5 and 6 describe the process of the composition of the toolbox. Finally, Chapters 7 and 8 are concerned with its further applicability, regarding the approach validation and usability.
This thesis concludes with an approach to enable informed and energy-efficiency conscious decisions in the early stage of the design of refurbishment strategies. To improve the design process, the Façade Refurbishment Toolbox facilitates the development of strategies in different cases and for different specifications, without limiting or dictating designers’ choices.
Designing is deciding. Knowledge and information can lead to better understanding of a decision consequent and, therefore, result in better design solutions. Different buildings have different energy saving potential. They also have different specifications, performance requirements and design ambitions. All these parameters result in different refurbishment strategies. The aim of the proposed approach is not replacing the design process and generating a solution, but supporting it by providing information to lead into responsible and knowledgeable decisions. In this way, refurbishment strategies that take into account the building improvement, occupants’ comfort and efficient energy use can be designed, contributing to the greater society’s goals of CO2 emissions reduction and sustainable development
Re-Face: Refurbishment Strategies for the Technical Improvement of Office Façades
No full textTwo thirds of all office real estate in Europe is older than 30 years. While the load bearing structure of a building can last for a century, the interior design is renovated at relatively short intervals. Practice has shown, however, that at the age of twenty to thirty years the facades and climate installations of a building do no longer fulfil today’s demands. They are out-of-date on technical, optical and comfort matters. Particularly these building components hold the potential to improve the energy performance of a building significantly. The façade of a building is also responsible for its exterior appearance and thus the public perception of it owner, as well as for the interior climate and the well-being of the occupant. Consequently, more and more office buildings come into consideration for refurbishment. However, currently the building economy is lacking innovative refurbishment strategies for office facades. On the one hand, most of the current renovation projects tend to substantially refurbish a building, which causes major interference with the building’s interior and the load bearing structure, and consequently a major investment. On the other hand, only little is known about the various façade types, which have been built in different eras. This leads to certain reluctance in initiating a refurbishment project. The market is obviously lacking an overview of practical refurbishment strategies and their applicability to different existing façade typologies. The present thesis intends to fill this gap of knowledge. After an introduction (chapter 1) and overview of the ‘state of the art’ of façade refurbishment (chapter 2), this research project is set up in four steps. In the first place, chapter 3 evaluates the existing stock of office facades in Western Europe. It defines the typical office facades and sorts them into 22 categories, which are characterised by structural features and similar refurbishment challenges. With this typology at hand, the distribution of these office facades is evaluated in different locations in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and in Germany. The local market analysis shows that the three countries, although being in the same climate zone, have developed very different office façades. Thus, an overview is created, which estimates the amount of facades of one typology for certain locations and eras. The common refurbishment tasks become evident. The following step (chapter 4) elaborates the demands and restrictions of façade refurbishment planning. In order to compare different concepts for one given building with each other, this chapter also evaluates existing assessment methods and generates appropriate tools for the special task of refurbishment. These tools compare the quantifiable features energy consumption and life-cycle-cost, as well as quality aspects such as the construction process and the interference with the function of an office, and possible improvement of indoor comfort. For these ‘soft skills’ an evaluation tool is developed, which facilitates the comparative rating and graphical visualisation. Chapter 5 takes in the central part of the research and intensively assessing five case studies that can stand representative for the most common façade types. Among these cases there are office buildings in the Netherlands and Germany, as well as the campus of Bielefeld University. In these studies, the typical problems of each façade typology come to light. For each case, different refurbishment concepts are developed and evaluated in order to define the most promising solution. These concepts look at the building in general and at the façade construction in detail. Furthermore, two product developments are part of this research, which propose solutions for the most common façade types. For the typical post-and-beam façade, an adapter profile has been developed, which permits upgrading existing façades of different manufacturers with new standardised products. It brings the façade to an up-to-date insulation level without alteration of connections to dividing walls and interior finishings. The second product development looks at the typical load bearing facades with window units. The concept proposes to replace the windows and renew the building services within the façade. By combining these features in new façade components it is possible to renew the building envelope and installations entirely from the outside with minimal disturbance of the interior. The system is highly modular, which allows future adaptations. In the fourth step (chapter 6) the results of the case studies and further assessed best-practice examples are combined. This thesis thus gives an overview of the common existing façade types and their typical challenges. The possible refurbishment strategies are evaluated in terms of architecture, function, comfort, investment, material consumption, and energy saving potential. It is possible to choose those refurbishment strategies that are most promising for the various refurbishment tasks. This analysis results in a matrix, which presents the features of each refurbishment concept and relates the concepts to the different existing types of façades. Thus, it will be of use for architects and specialist consultants in the early planning stage to clarify the building task and to identify the first refurbishment concepts. This work is also intended to provide decision makers, such as owners and investors with the necessary background knowledge of the topic. The façade industry can gain insight into the market for office refurbishment and can find inspiration for future product developments. With these goals in mind, this thesis aims to structure the complex task of façade refurbishment and visualise its possibilities. Thus, it wants to motivate real estate stake holders to step into the planning and initiate more buildings to be refurbished. The presented refurbishment strategies permit reducing the energy consumption of an existing building, while the life-cycle costs are reduced. At the same time, they give the chance to improve the comfort of the inhabitants and the quality of the urban environment. In this sense, the refurbishment of office façades takes its share in improving the sustainability of the building stock.Building TechnologyArchitectur
Towards the LIVING envelope: Biomimetics for building envelope adaptation
No full textSeveral biomimetic design strategies are available for various applications, though the research on biomimetics as a design tool in architecture is still challenging. This is due to a lack of systematic design tools required for identifying relevant organisms, or natural systems, and abstracting the corresponding generic principles for implementation in design concept generations for building envelopes. A major challenge in current strategies is the filtering of the wide possibilities that nature provides, especially for architects who have limited biophysical background. In order to find design solutions from nature, the requirements of the artificial system have to be defined, and then analogue systems in nature that perform similar functions need to be identified. The design generating tools should support the transitions between the domains, especially the identification of biological analogies and their abstraction. To this end, the current thesis proposes a strategic methodology, referred to as the living envelope methodology, for the generation of design concepts. The proposed methodology provides an exploration and investigation platform for architects. It assists channelling the way from technical challenges, defined by the demands on the living envelope, through functional aspects and various strategies found in nature. Furthermore, the proposed methodology provides several phases of categorizations that funnel at the end into a single imaginary organism/system, referred to as imaginary pinnacle, which has the successful dominant features of the desired living envelope. The various phases and sub-phases of the methodology facilitate the transitions between the various phases of the design process, with a special attention to the representation of biophysical information, identification and abstraction of principles, and their systematic selection. Systematic exploration models are developed for the biophysical information representation, and unique schemes and flow charts that provide user-friendly design tools are developed and presented. For the validation of the methodology and the assessment of its generality, four important environmental aspects that need to be managed by the building envelope are applied to the methodology: (1) air – to manage ventilation, which is required in order to provide high indoor air quality and to prevent air stagnation; (2) heat – to maintain a thermal comfort for the occupants; (3) water – to gain and make use of condensed water in arid areas; and (4) light – to provide a shading system with minimized undesired heat gain and maximized daylight. For each of the four aspects exemplary design concepts are successfully generated. It is worth noting that the aim of investigating these environmental aspects is not to provide detailed design solutions; rather the presented examples of the generated design concepts examine the generality of the implementation of the methodology. In order to further assess the generality of the proposed methodology, a qualitative example that combines all four environmental aspects is introduced. The results of the exemplary design concepts show the advantage of the proposed living envelope methodology. The methodology is capable to generate design concepts with specified initial challenge set by the user (architect). Moreover, the design cases open new perspectives for new possible technical solutions for building envelopes, and the potential to realize a new class of innovation and lay a functional foundation in architecture: a bio-inspired, climatically oriented, and environmentally conscious.Architectural Engineering + TechnologyArchitectur
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