106,463 research outputs found
Does the kin orientation of a British woman’s social network influence her entry into motherhood?
No full textBACKGROUND The influence of family and friends on an individual's fertility has long been an important topic within demography. Researchers who focus on social network effects and evolutionary demography have shown a renewed interest in this issue in recent years. However, only a few studies have been conducted in contemporary low-fertility, resource-rich settings. OBJECTIVE This study investigates whether a British woman's entry into motherhood (i.e., her first birth) is influenced by the kin orientation of her close social network. Specifically, we test the prediction derived from evolutionary theory that individuals with a kin-oriented network will have higher fertility than those with fewer relatives in their close social networks. We consider two potential proximate mechanisms by which kin may influence fertility. First, relatives could provide practical resources, such as childcare, which reduce the costs of reproduction, thereby increasing fertility. Second, family members might communicate relatively pro-natal messages that could help to "persuade" childless women to become mothers. METHODS We use data from the British Household Panel Study (1992 to 2003), and base the degree of kin orientation on the number of relatives a woman includes when identifying her three closest non-household associates. We conduct a discrete-time event history analysis to measure the risk of firstbirth, controlling for household composition and socio-economic background.RESULTS We find that when a woman has more kin in her close social network, her risk of havinga first birth increases at all ages. This suggests that relatives may influence fertility behaviour in this contemporary resource-rich population. Both of our proposed proximate mechanismsmay be important in driving this effect. © 2013 Paul Mathews & Rebecca Sear
Joshua Davis: Author of Spare Parts
No full textCitation: K-State First (2016). Joshua Davis: Author of Spare Parts [Flier]. Manhattan, Kansas: K-State First.Flyer advertising Joshua Davis's author talk at Kansas State University
Steven Johnson Author Talk Poster
No full textK-State Book NetworkA poster advertising an author talk by Steven Johnson at Kansas State University on September 3, 2014. Steven Johnson's book "The Ghost Map" was the 2014-2015 common book
Joint evolution of multiple social traits: a kin selection analysis
No full textGeneral models of the evolution of cooperation, altruism and other social behaviours have focused almost entirely on single traits, whereas it is clear that social traits commonly interact. We develop a general kin-selection framework for the evolution of social behaviours in multiple dimensions. We show that whenever there are interactions among social traits new behaviours can emerge that are not predicted by one-dimensional analyses. For example, a prohibitively costly cooperative trait can ultimately be favoured owing to initial evolution in other (cheaper) social traits that in turn change the cost-benefit ratio of the original trait. To understand these behaviours, we use a two-dimensional stability criterion that can be viewed as an extension of Hamilton's rule. Our principal example is the social dilemma posed by, first, the construction and, second, the exploitation of a shared public good. We find that, contrary to the separate one-dimensional analyses, evolutionary feedback between the two traits can cause an increase in the equilibrium level of selfish exploitation with increasing relatedness, while both social (production plus exploitation) and asocial (neither) strategies can be locally stable. Our results demonstrate the importance of emergent stability properties of multidimensional social dilemmas, as one-dimensional stability in all component dimensions can conceal multidimensional instability.</p
MAKING §~KIN
No full textMAKING §~KIN - ABSTRACT
What must be cut and what must be tied if multi-species flourishing on earth, including human and other-than-human beings in kinship, are to have a chance?
Donna Haraway(2016).
Seeking to co-evolve the human relationship with the often-neglected plant world by reconsidering 'nature', its representation and our feelings towards it through exploration of other ways of being; Stephanie Rushton's research and practice, questions myths of human supremacy, interweaving ecological, surrealist, and dystopian narratives with a diffractive approach, recognising the entanglement of matter and meaning (Barad, 2007). Recent discoveries in botany and plant physiology are urging expanded philosophical and ethical engagement with other than human worlds. Connecting what we know about plant biology and experiencing what it might be like to be a plant seems an almost impossible leap. Inspired by the legacy of Surrealist visual art and the study of methodologies of automatism, Stephanie is currently working with plants, offering them an opportunity to communicate, express their 'aliveness' and command a measure of autonomy through the co-creation of an artwork. Deprivileging the human creator acknowledges the plants as living performers in their own right. A recent lens-based project focuses on time-lapse footage featuring growing plants (and fungi) filmed over extended periods in the controlled environment of a photographic studio. Technology allows us, in some small way, to enter the private lives of plants by making the invisible, visible, by condensing the time scale of their growth, to recording the imperceptible sounds of their communication; all the while remaining mindful of the fact that this is still an anthropomorphic perspective. We are a galaxy away from truly understanding what it is to be a plant, our last common ancestor dating back six hundred million years, but ironically, it is only through anthropomorphism that we are able to identify with them.
Haraway, D.J. (2016). Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene. Duke University Press.
Barad, K. (2007). Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Duke University Press
Kin influences on fertility in Thailand: Effects and mechanisms
No full textIt has been suggested that human mothers are cooperative breeders, as they need help from others to successfully raise offspring. Studies working under this framework have found correlations between the presence of kin and both child survival and female fertility rates. This study seeks to understand the proximate mechanisms by which kin influence fertility using data from the 1987 Thailand Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), a nationally representative sample of 6775 women. Kin influence is measured by the length of time couples live with the husband's or wife's parents after marriage. Event history analysis, multilevel modeling and structural equation modeling are used to investigate both fertility outcomes and potential pathways through which postnuptial residence may influence fertility outcomes, including employment status, maternal and child outcomes, contraceptive use, breastfeeding duration, and age at marriage. We show that living virilocally (with husband's kin after marriage) increases total fertility by shortening time from marriage to first birth, and increasing the likelihood of progression to each subsequent birth. These effects are mediated through correlations between virilocal residence and earlier age at marriage as well as delayed initiation of contraceptive use. We find no influence of husband's kin on maternal or child outcomes. Living uxorilocally (with wife's kin after marriage) also reduces age at marriage, shortens time from marriage to first birth and (marginally) improves child survivorship, but has no effect on other child and maternal outcomes or progression to subsequent births and results in a similar number of living children as women living neolocally. © 2013 Elsevier Inc
KIN-E RNAi disrupted the elongation of the new FAZ and the migration of the kinetoplast/basal body towards cell posterior.
No full text(A). Morphology of 2N2K cells from control and KIN-E RNAi cells. 2N2K cells from control and KIN-E RNAi-induced population were immunostained with anti-CC2D and anti-PFR2 (L8C4) antibodies to label the FAZ and the flagellum, respectively. Cells were counterstained with DAPI to stain nuclear (N) and kinetoplast (K) DNA. NF, new flagellum; OF, old flagellum. Scale bar: 5 μm. (B). Morphometric measurement of uninduced control cells and KIN-E RNAi-induced (24 h) cells. 2N2K cells from control and KIN-E RNAi cells (+Tet, 24 h) were immunostained with anti-CC2D and anti-PFR2 antibodies. The length of the cell body, the new FAZ, the old FAZ, the new and old flagella, the unattached new and old flagella, posterior kinetoplast to cell posterior distance, and inter-kinetoplast distance were measured and plotted (n = 103 for control cells and n = 97 for RNAi cells). ***, pC). Position of the flagellar basal body in control and KIN-E RNAi cells. Shown are 2N2K cells that were co-immunostained with YL 1/2 antibody to label the mature basal body (mBB) and with anti-TbSAS-6 antibody to lable the total basal body (BB) that is composed of mBB and pro-basal body (pBB). Cells were then counterstained with DAPI for nuclear and kinetoplast DNA. Scale bar: 5 μm. (D). Positions of the bilobe structure and the flagellar pocket in control and KIN-E RNAi cells. Shown are 2N2K cells that were co-immunostained with 20H5 antibody and anti-CRAM antibody to label the bilobe structure and the flagellar pocket (FP), respectively, and then counterstained with DAPI for nuclear and kinetoplast DNA. Scale bar: 5 μm.</p
The effects of relatedness, social contact, and sex on observational learning in rats (Rattus norvegicus)
No full textKin recognition is the ability to identify a conspecific as a relative and can occur even when animals are complete strangers. By being able to recognise relatives, animals are able to give preferential treatment to those with which they share genes. Recognition may occur by either direct familiarisation (learning a phenotypic cue that reliably correlates to kinship), or by indirect familiarisation (learning kinship relationships through previous encounters). Rats (Rattus norvegicus) can recognise kin, however to what degree kin recognition is mediated by genetics (direct familiarisation) or social relationships (indirect familiarisation) are unknown; the influences of kinship and familiarity on the ability to learn from a conspecific is also unknown. Furthermore, the sex of an animal can also influence its ability to learn but this effect has received little attention in the literature, particularly when considering observational learning tasks. I assessed if relatedness and/or familiarity influenced a rat's ability to learn through observation, and if gender relationships influence the learning process. Eighty rats ( observers ) were given the opportunity to observe a demonstrator rat press a joystick in a given direction to obtain a food reward. Observers watched a demonstrator that had one of the following relationships with them: related and familiar, related and unfamiliar, unrelated and familiar, or unrelated and unfamiliar. When observers were given the opportunity to manipulate the joystick, the number of sniffs of the joystick, the latency to first move the joystick and the total number of presses were recorded. Rats that were both familiar and related to the demonstrator consistently performed better than any other treatment group; furthermore, rats that were familiar with the demonstrator performed the task more efficiently than rats that were not familiar with the demonstrator. When the demonstrators and observers were related, the observers produced more presses and sniffs of the joystick while having a lower latency to the first push In addition, male observers learnt better than females regardless of the demonstrator sex, with males that were familiar to their demonstrator making nearly twice as many pushes than any other treatment group. The results from this study are discussed in relation to both the mechanisms of direct and indirect recognition and the potential adaptive value on kin discrimination in the learning process. The home range hypothesis may explain why gender differences in learning were found: male rats have larger home ranges than females. Male rat will regularly encounter more rats than females and would need to ascertain if unfamiliar individuals are relatives. Females remain closer to natal sites and as such are more likely to encounter kin and therefore may not need as well as developed kin recognition ability
Claimed Co-ethnics and Kin-State Citizenship in Southeastern Europe
No full textThe paper introduces the often neglected concept of ‘claimed co-ethnics’ in the analysis of citizenship policies. It argues that this is an interstitial category that further complicates the triadic nexus between national minorities, nationalising states and kin-states. The ‘claimed co-ethnics’ are defined as people who are recognised by the citizenship (or ethnizenship) conferring state as belonging to its main ethnic group, although they themselves do not embrace that definition. In addition to bringing the issue of claimed co-ethnics into focus, the paper elucidates how citizenship policies can affect groups that challenge the exact fit between ethnicity and nation, showing how national governments through particular citizenship policies and categorisation practices engage in the construction of these groups. The paper shows that the triadic nexus framework, which has had a strong influence on citizenship and minorities scholarship, needs to be revised to include unidirectional relations between the elements of the triadic nexus. The paper is based on the comparison between the cases of ethnic Vlachs (in the context of Albania and Greece) and Bunjevci (in the context of Serbia and Croatia)
416. Kin yushutsu kaikin → Kin kaikin
No full textIwao Seiichi, Iyanaga Teizō, Ishii Susumu, Yoshida Shōichirō, Fujimura Jun'ichirō, Fujimura Michio, Yoshikawa Itsuji, Akiyama Terukazu, Iyanaga Shōkichi, Matsubara Hideichi. 416. Kin yushutsu kaikin → Kin kaikin. In: Dictionnaire historique du Japon, volume 12, 1986. Lettre K (2) p. 96
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