8 research outputs found
sj-docx-1-heb-10.1177_10901981221138064 – Supplemental material for Systematic Review of the Economics of School-Based Interventions for Dating Violence and Gender-Based Violence
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-heb-10.1177_10901981221138064 for Systematic Review of the Economics of School-Based Interventions for Dating Violence and Gender-Based Violence by Fraizer Kiff, Naomi Shaw, Noreen Orr, Andrew. J. Rizzo, Annah Chollet, Honor Young, Emma Rigby, Ann Hagell, Vashti Berry, Chris Bonell, G. J. Melendez-Torres and Caroline Farmer in Health Education & Behavior</p
Sounds Local, 1996 November 09
No full textInterview with Native American author Susan Power, a member of the Dakota, on growing up in two cultures and becoming a writer, ahead of her reading in Bryan Auditorium of Morton Hall at UNC Wilmington; Interview with director Grenoldo Fraizer on the play, Blessed Assurance, presented by Tapestry Theatre Company and on stage at the Scottish Rite Temple; Romeo and Juliet (film) review by WHQR's film commentator, Steve Taylor; Interview with Wilmington chapter member and ceremony organizer Colonel Roger Raines on the Military Order of World Wars, in conjunction with local organizations, celebrating the Massing of the Colors on Veterans Day at St. Paul's Episcopal Church; Overview of upcoming events on the cultural calendar
Experiences of children and young people from ethnic minorities in accessing mental health care and support: rapid scoping review
No full textThis is the final version. Available on open access from the NIHR Journals Library via the DOI in this recordBackground
Mental health problems are common among children and young people in the UK. They are experienced in different ways for some young people from ethnic minority backgrounds. Furthermore, those from ethnic minority backgrounds often have greater difficulties accessing mental health support, variable levels of engagement with services, and may prefer different support to their White British peers.
Objective
To describe the nature and scope of qualitative research about the experiences of children and young people from ethnic minority backgrounds in seeking or obtaining care or support for mental health problems.
Data sources
We searched seven bibliographic databases (ASSIA, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, HMIC, Social Policy and Practice, and Web of Science) using relevant terms [23 June 2021].
Methods
The scoping review included qualitative research about young people’s experiences of seeking or engaging with services or support for mental health problems. Included studies were: published from 2012 onwards, from the UK, were about those aged 10 to 24 years and were from ethnic minority backgrounds (i.e. not White British). Study selection, data extraction and quality assessment (with ‘Wallace’ criteria) were conducted by two reviewers. We provide a descriptive summary of the aims, scope, sample, methods and quality of the included studies, and selected presentation of authors’ findings (i.e. no formal synthesis).
Findings
From 5335 unique search records, we included 26 papers or reports describing 22 diverse qualitative studies. Most of the studies were well conducted and clearly described.
There were studies of refugees/asylum seekers (5 studies), university students (4), and studies among young people experiencing particular mental health problems (14; some studies appear in multiple categories): schizophrenia or psychosis (3), eating disorders (3), post-traumatic stress disorder (3; in asylum seekers), substance misuse (2) self-harm (2), and obsessive compulsive disorder (1). There were also three studies in ethnic minority young people who were receiving particular treatments (CBT, multi-systemic therapy for families, and a culturally adapted family-based talking therapy).
Most studies had been conducted with young people or their parents from a range of different ethnic backgrounds. However, nine studies were conducted in particular ethnic groups: asylum-seekers from Afghanistan (2), Black and South Asian (2), Black African and Black-Caribbean (2), South Asian (1), Pakistani or Bangladeshi (1), and Orthodox Jewish (1).
The studies suggested a range of factors that influence care-seeking and access to mental health care, in terms of the beliefs and knowledge of young people and their parents, the design and promotion of services, and the characteristics of care professionals. Poor access was attributed to a lack of understanding of mental health problems, lack of information about services, lack of trust in care professionals, social stigma, and cultural expectations about mental resilience.
Limitations
As a rapid scoping review there was only basic synthesis of the research findings.
Future work
Future research about young people from ethnic minorities could cover a wider range of ethnic minorities, sample and analyse separately experiences from particular ethnic minorities, cover those accessing different services for different needs, and adopt multiple perspectives (e.g. service user, carer, clinician, service management).
Review protocol was pre-registered with Open Science Framework at: https://osf.io/wa7bf/National Institute for Health Research (NIHR
Systematic review of the economics of school-based interventions for dating violence and gender-based violence
No full textDating and relationship violence (DRV) and gender-based violence (GBV) among children and young people incur a high cost to individuals and society. School-based interventions present an opportunity to prevent DRV and GBV early in individuals’ lives. However, with school resources under pressure, policymakers require guidance on the economics of implementing interventions. As part of a large systematic review funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), we searched for economic evaluations and costing studies of school-based interventions for DRV and GBV. No formal economic evaluations were identified. Seven studies reporting costs, cost savings, or resource use for eight interventions were identified. The largest costs of implementing interventions were related to staff training and salaries but savings could be made by implementing interventions on a large scale. The potential cost savings of avoided DRV and GBV far outweighed the costs of implementation
Re‐orientating systematic reviews to rigorously examine what works, for whom and how: Example of a realist systematic review of school‐based prevention of dating and gender violence
No full textConventional systematic reviews offer few insights into for whom and how interventions work. ‘Realist reviews’ examine such questions via examining ‘context‐mechanism‐outcome configurations’ (CMOCs) but are insufficiently rigorous in how evidence is identified, assessed and synthesised. We developed ‘realist systematic reviews’, addressing similar questions to realist reviews but using rigorous methods. We applied this to synthesising evidence on school‐based prevention of dating and relationship violence (DRV) and gender‐based violence (GBV). This paper reflects on overall methods and findings, drawing on papers reporting each analysis. Drawing on intervention descriptions, theories of change and process evaluations, we developed initial CMOC hypotheses: interventions triggering ‘school‐transformation’ mechanisms (preventing violence by changing school environments) will achieve larger effects than those triggering ‘basic‐safety’ (stopping violence by emphasising its unacceptability) or ‘positive‐development’ (developing students' broader skills and relationships) mechanisms; however, school transformation would only work in schools with high organisational capacity. We used various innovative analyses, some of which aimed to test these hypotheses and some of which were inductive, drawing on available findings to augment and refine the CMOCs. Overall, interventions were effective in reducing long‐term DRV but not GBV or short‐term DRV. DRV prevention occurred most effectively via the ‘basic‐safety’ mechanism. ‘School‐transformation’ mechanisms were more effective in preventing GBV but only in high‐income countries. Impacts on long‐term DRV victimisation were greater when working with a critical mass of participating girls. Impacts on long‐term DRV perpetration were greater for boys. Interventions were more effective when focusing on skills, attitudes and relationships, or lacking parental involvement or victim stories. Our method provided novel insights and should be useful to policy‐makers seeking the best interventions for their contexts and the most information to inform implementation
School-based interventions TO Prevent Dating and Relationship Violence and Gender-Based Violence: STOP-DRV-GBV systematic review
No full textBackground
Schools have a duty of care to prevent violence between students but a significant amount of dating and relationship violence and gender-based violence occurs in schools. These are important public health issues with important longitudinal consequences for young people.
Objectives
To understand functioning and effectiveness of school-based interventions for the prevention of dating and relationship violence and gender-based violence.
Review methods
We undertook a mixed-methods systematic review to synthesise different types of evidence relating to school-based interventions for the prevention of dating and relationship violence and gender-based violence to understand if, how and in what ways these interventions are effective.
We searched 21 databases and 2 trial registers and undertook forwards and backwards citation chasing, author contact and other supplementary search methods. Searches identified all literature published to June 2021. All screening was undertaken in duplicate and independently, and we quality appraised all included studies.
Results
We included 247 reports (68 outcome evaluations, 137 process evaluations). Synthesis of intervention components produced an intervention typology: single-component, curricular, multicomponent, and multilevel programmes. Synthesis of intervention theories suggested that interventions aiming to increase students’ sense of school belonging and sense of safety in the school building could encourage increased learning of prosocial skills and increased prosocial peer norms, and so potentially reducing dating and relationship violence and gender-based violence. Synthesis of factors affecting delivery highlighted school organisation and leaders who believed in the importance of addressing dating and relationship violence/gender-based violence, along with time and resources to deliver the interventions. The ease with which the intervention could be delivered and modified was also important.
Meta-analysis found stronger evidence for intervention effectiveness in reducing dating and relationship violence than for gender-based violence, with significant long-term impacts on dating and relationship violence victimisation and perpetration, and some evidence that interventions in high-income countries could be effective for reducing victimisation and perpetration of gender-based violence in the long-term. Impacts on knowledge and attitudes were primarily short-term. Network meta-analysis did not suggest superiority of any intervention type. Moderation evidence suggested interventions reduced dating and relationship violence perpetration in boys more than girls, but reduced gender-based violence perpetration more in girls. Metaregression by intervention component did not explain heterogeneity in effectiveness, but qualitative comparative analysis suggested that reducing perpetration was important to reducing victimisation, and that perpetration could be reduced via focus on interpersonal skills, guided practice and (for gender-based violence) implementation of social structural components.
Limitations
Despite an exhaustive search, trials may have been missed and risk of publication bias was high for several analyses.
Conclusions
This is the most comprehensive systematic review of school-based interventions for dating and relationship violence and gender-based violence to date. It is clear that the prevention of dating and relationship violence and gender-based violence in schools will require longer-term investment to show benefit
Conditional strategies to study gene function during gonadal development in mammals.
No full textSexual development in mammals involves a complex cascade of genetic events. These begin with a cell fate decision, whether to make Sertoli or follicle cells, that gives rise to the development of a male or female gonad, which is controlled by the testis-determining gene Sry. Following the expression of Sry, genes involved in the male pathway act to reinforce and maintain testis-specific cell fate decisions, as well as to repress the female pathway. Sox9 becomes rapidly upregulated after the onset of Sry expression, and is expressed in Sertoli cells throughout life. From mutation studies, SOX9 is known to be essential for male development in humans and to initiate Sertoli cell differentiation in mice. However, the function of SOX9 after sex determination and the reason for its maintenance in Sertoli cells remains unknown. In order to understand the function of Sox9 in the fetal and adult mouse testis, new tools have been generated to control gene activity in a conditional manner. This thesis mainly describes strategies to control either deletion of misexpression of Sox9. To make the tools useful at different stages, the tamoxifen-inducible Cre/loxP system was employed. This involves the establishment of two elements: a "Cre-driver" and a ' Sox9-responder". Cre-driver transgenes were made under the control of several gonadal-specific regulatory elements, as well as a strong, ubiquitous promoter. Responder mice allow Cre activated conditional misexpression or deletion of Sox9. Analyses on gonad morphologies and gene expression levels were compared between animals that have altered Sox9 expression and those that have not. The results reveal that Sox9 is necessary and sufficient for the expression of Sfl in the Sertoli cells, and suggest that Sox9 is antagonistic to the ovarian- specific gene Foxl2. The newly established Cre-drivers can also be applied in functional studies involving other genes implicated in sexual development
Brycon costaricensis Angulo & Gracian-Negrete, 2013, new species
No full textBrycon costaricensis, new species Table 1, Figure 2 Brycon guatemalensis (not Regan 1908): Meek, 1914: 108–109 (Costa Rica, Atlantic slope, Limón: Río Costa Rica, Quebrada La Victoria, Río Zent and Río Parismina); Fowler, 1923: 23 (Nicaragua, Atlantic slope: Río Eden and Río Tunky); Hildebrand, 1938: 275 (key), 281–282 (distribution, in part: “ranges on the Atlantic slope from Guatemala to Western Panama ”; Costa Rica and Nicaragua reference); Miller, 1966: 137 (distribution, in part: “Atlantic slope from the Río Grijalva, Tabasco and Chiapas, Mexico southward to eastern Panamá ”; Costa Rica and Nicaragua reference); Bussing, 1976: 158–161 (distribution, in part: Atlantic slope from Guatemala to Western Panama; Costa Rica and Nicaragua reference); Bussing & López, 1977: 16, 20, 24, 27 (Costa Rica, Atlantic slope, Alajuela: Arenal Drainage); Géry, 1977: 339 (distribution, in part: “Central America ”; Costa Rica and Nicaragua reference); Bussing, 1985: 457 (distribution, in part: Atlantic slope from Guatemala to western Panama, with two discontinuities; Costa Rica and Nicaragua reference); Bussing, 1987: 75–76 (distribution, in part: Atlantic slope from Grijalva, Mexico to western Panama, with two discontinuities; Costa Rica and Nicaragua reference); Burcham, 1988: 277–283 (Costa Rica, Atlantic slope, Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, Río Puerto Viejo: alimentation); Ulloa-Rojas et. al, 1989: 128–129 (Costa Rica, Atlantic slope, Alajuela: Arenal Drainage); Bussing, 1993: 779 (Costa Rica, Atlantic slope, Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, Río Puerto Viejo: ecology); Bussing, 1994: 196–198 (Costa Rica, Atlantic slope, Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, Río Puerto Viejo: ecology); Horn, 1997: 259–263 (Costa Rica, Atlantic slope, Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, Río Puerto Viejo: seed dispersion of Ficus glabatra); Bussing, 1998: 92–96 (distribution, in part: Atlantic slope from Grijalva, Mexico to western Panama, with two discontinuities; Costa Rica and Nicaragua reference); Banack et al., 2002: 232, 237, 239 – 241 (Costa Rica, Atlantic slope, Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, Río Puerto Viejo: seed dispersion of Ficus insipida); Drewe et al., 2004: 890–899 (Costa Rica, Atlantic slope, Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, Río Puerto Viejo: gut morphology, alimentation, digestive enzyme activity); Smith & Bermingham, 2005: 1839 (distribution, in part: “San Juan province”; Costa Rica and Nicaragua reference); Molina, 2006: 31–36 (Costa Rica: larval development); Reeves & Bermingham, 2006: 88 (distribution, in part: from “ Costa Rica to Mexico ”; Costa Rica and Nicaragua reference); Herrera- Vásquez et al., 2007: 168 (Costa Rica, Atlantic slope); Espinoza, 2008: 1975 (Costa Rica, Atlantic slope, Alajuela: Caño Crucitas, Quebrada descubrimiento, Río Infiernillo, Quebrada Llano Verde and Quebrada Minas). Holotype. UCR 2936 -01: 128.1 mm SL, Costa Rica, Atlantic slope, Heredia, Sarapiquí drainage, La Virgen de Sarapiquí, Río Sarapiquí, at the Tirimbina Biological Reserve, 149 m, 10 ° 24 ' 56.84 "N, 84 °07' 18.70 "W, C.A. Garita, 25 May 2013. Paratypes. 50 specimens (47.8–325.1 mm SL). Costa Rica: UCR 0214-09: 2, 105.0– 132.9 mm SL, Limón, Matina drainage, Quebrada Chocolate, 4.5 km SW of Moin, on road between Limón and Liverpool, 15 m, 9 º 59 '04.99"N, 83 º05' 29.51 "W, W.A. Bussing and S. Salas, 20 October 1967; UCR 0215-02: 3, 96.7–128.8 mm SL, Limón, Parismina drainage, Río Siquirres 4–5 km W of Siquirres on road between Moravia and Siquirres, 240 m, 10 º05'15.00"N, 83 º 32 ' 44.27 "W, H. Nanne, 15 October 1967; UCR 0263-08: 1, 234.0 mm SL, Alajuela, San Carlos drainage, Quebrada Máquina, 4.2 km from Florencia de San Carlos on road between Ciudad Quesada and Muelle de San Carlos, 90 m, 10 º 23 ' 44.99 "N, 84 º 28 ' 39.33 "W, W.A. Bussing, 1 September 1968; UCR 0444- 10: 4, 144.8 – 170.0 mm SL, Limón, Parismina drainage, Quebrada Salsipuedes, 1.5 km E. of Ventiocho Millas on provisional road to Limón, 20 m, 10 º05' 19.99 "N, 83 º 21 ' 44.27 "W, W.A. Bussing, M. Bussing and R. Nishimoto, 17 October 1970; UCR 0843-02: 5, 47.8–114.7 mm SL, Quebrada Santa Rita, from 1 km above to 1.5 km below bridge, 5 km SW Florencia, San Carlos drainage, Alajuela, Costa Rica, 200 m, 10 º 19 ' 24.99 "N, 84 º 31 ' 0.01 "W, J. Prendas, W. González, W. López and M. Murillo, 22 February 1975; UCR 0929–01: 3, 130.6 – 265.1 mm SL, Alajuela, Lago de Nicaragua drainage, Río Zapote 2.6 km S of Canalete, on Upala road, Lago de 85 m, 10 º 49 ' 59.99 "N, 85 º02'09.83"W, W. Bussing, H. Camacho and W. Gonzáles, 17 December 1975; UCR 0948-03: 4, 64.2–99.8 mm SL, Guanacaste, San Carlos drainage, Quebrada Pérez 2.6 km E of Arenal, 522 m, 10 º 28 ' 19.99 "N, 84 º 49 ' 44.27 "W, W.A. Bussing, E. Bussing and W. González, 5 January 1976; UCR 1351 - 19: 1, 151.8 mm SL, Limón, Matina drainage, Río Cuba, on road to Limón, Costa Rica, 15 m, 10 º01'20.00"N, 83 º 13 ' 14.75 "W, W.A. Bussing, 25 September 1981; UCR 1570 -02: 1, 230.0 mm SL, Alajuela, Lago de Nicaragua drainage, source of small stream, 2 km S of Bijagua, 440 m, 10 º 43 '09.99"N, 85 º03' 59.99 "W, W.A. Bussing, Ich. Course, 17 March 1984; UCR 1671 - 01: 3, 84.0– 153.2 mm SL, Guanacaste, San Juan drainage, Tributary of Río Bijagua, 10 º 44 '25.00"N, 85 º03'09.84"W, W.A. Bussing, Ich. Course, 4 May 1985; UCR 1809 -09: 3, 96.2–148.1 mm SL, Limón, Tortuguero drainage, Parque Nacional Tortuguero, Río Agua Fría, 10 º 27 ' 49.99 "N, 83 º 33 ' 59.99 "W, K. Winemiller, 18 June 1985; UCR 1827 -05: 1 (C&S), 73.0 mm SL, Limón, Parismina drainage, Quebrada Herediana, 6 km NW of Siquirres, on road to Guápiles, 10 m, 10 º08'09.99"N, 83 º 33 ' 29.51 "W, W.A. Bussing, Ich. Course, 21 March 1986; UCR 2147 -02: 1, 140.4 mm SL, Alajuela, Lago de Nicaragua drainage, Río Caño Negro, Parque Nacional Volcán Rincón de la Vieja, in the main stream, 310 m, 10 º 47 '45.00"N, 84 º 57 ' 19.68 "W, S. Navarro, L. Villalba and J. Fraizer, 11 March 1989; UCR 2852 -01: 1 (C&S), 75.9 mm SL, Limón, Parismina drainage, Río Pacuare, J. Picado, 13 July 2004. Nicaragua: UCR 0268-01: 3, 72.5–105.5 mm SL, Zelaya, Escondido drainage, Río La Concha (flowing into Río Mico), 18 km W of Ciudad Rama, 150 m, 12 º 10 ' 00.00"N, 84 º 28 ' 39.33 "W, J.D. Villa, 21 April 1968; UCR 0457-02: 7, 67.0– 185.5 mm SL, Chontales, Prinzapolka drainage, Río Yoaya 13.6 km E of Siuna at road, 300 m, 13 º 40 '00.00"N, 84 º 21 ' 44.27 "W, W.A. Bussing and G. Campos, 14 April 1971; UCR 0461- 10: 6, 55.9- 82.9 mm SL, Chontales, Escondido drainage, Río Muhán 17.4 km SE of Villa Somoza at Managua, Rama road, 100 m, 12 º 11 '00.00", 86 º 15 '05.04"W, W.A. Bussing, G. Campos and A. Zepeda, 17 April 1971; UCR 1086 -01: 1, 325.1 mm SL, San Juan drainage, Quebrada Peor es Nada, R. Beatty, 27 April 1976. Diagnosis. Brycon costaricensis differs from all other Central American Brycon species by possessing 49 to 54 scales in the lateral line (vs. 43 to 48 in B. argenteus, 55 to 61 in B. guatemalensis, and more than 64 in B. behreae, B. chagrensis and B. striatulus) and a anal fin notably longer than head, with 33 to 37 total rays (vs. an anal fin about equal to length of head, with 24 to 28 total rays in B. argenteus, B. obscurus, and B. petrosus, the last two species with 48 to 55 and 53 to 58 scales in the lateral line, respectively). The following combination of characters also can separate the species herein described from B. guatemalensis: 5 or 6 rows of scales between lateral line and pectoral fin base (vs. 7 or 8); 9 to 11 (generally 10) rows of scales between lateral line and dorsal fin base (vs. 10 to 12, generally 11); 5 to 7 (generally 6) rows of scales between lateral line and anal fin base (vs. 7 to 9, generally 8); and a elongated and shallow caudal peduncle, whose length is 1.78 to 2.35 times its depth (vs. a short and deep caudal peduncle, whose length is 1.25 to 1.61 times its depth). Description. Morphometric and meristic data are given in Table 1. Body moderately slender, robust and moderately high in specimens above 300.0 mm of SL; largest body height at dorsal-fin level; sloped dorsal profile; head large, slightly acute anteriorly and moderately deep posteriorly, head depth about 64.30 to 79.22 % (71.73 %) of body deep; eye large and snout relatively short and conical, eye diameter about 0.86 to 1.65 (1.27) times snout length; mouth terminal, heterognathous, premaxillary extending slightly ahead of dentary, leaving 2 rows of teeth exposed in advance of it; maxillary almost reaching the middle of the eye, maxillary length about 28.38 to 37.33 % (32.22 %) of head length; lower jaw shorter than upper, leaving 2 rows of teeth exposed in advance of it; premaxillary teeth large, laterally in 2 series, anteriorly more or less definitely in 3 series (the outer series with 8– 10 (9) teeth, the second series with 7–10 (9) teeth and the inner series with 2 largest teeth); maxillary with 9–15 (11) medium sized teeth; dentary with 7–9 (8) large anterior teeth, 7–12 (9) small posterior teeth and 1 tooth at the symphysis, forming the inner row; first gill arch with 13–15 (14) lower gill rakers, 13–15 (14) upper gill rakers and 1 at angle; scales cycloid; lateral line complete from supracleithrum to caudal-fin base and decurved anteriorly; dorsal-fin origin equidistant from snout and base of caudal-fin or scarcely behind of the middle of SL; pectoral-fin longer than pelvic-fin, its length about 1.22 to 1.51 (1.38) times the pelvic-fin length or 0.75 to 1.12 (0.94) times the distance between the pectoral-fin origin and the pelvic-fin origin; anal-fin base almost equal in length that maximum body depth, its length about 0.85 to 1.09 (1.00) times the body depth; caudal peduncle large and shallow, its length about 1.78 to 2.35 (1.98) times its depth; caudal-fin broadly forked. Color in life. See Figure 2 A. Overall coloration silvery, some of the scales with blackish edges, forming vertical streaks; olive dark back and pearl white belly; pinkish, yellowish, olive or bronze color opercular bones (in adults); posterior edge of gill-opening blackish (in adults); paired fins transparent, light pink or reddish (in juveniles), rosy gray or dark (in adults); dorsal and adipose fins light pink, yellowish, reddish (in juveniles), rosy gray or dark (in adults); a more or less distinct blackish spot on the caudal peduncle; tail pale pink, yellowish, reddish (mostly in juveniles) or dark (mostly in adults); anal and caudal fins usually dark-edged. Color in alcohol. See Figure 2 B. Dorso-lateral body surfaces silvery to coppery, dark olive to dark brown dorsally, becoming gradually clear ventrally; posterior edge of gill-opening blackish (in adults); longitudinal stripes, present in some specimens, extending all along the trunk; moderate to darkly pigmentation on paired fins; dorsal and anal fins pale with some dark pigmentation on interradial membranes and distal margins; adipose-fin usually pigmented at the basis; relatively faint, rounded dark area on caudal peduncle; caudal-fin usually dark-edged. Distribution. Brycon costaricensis is known from Wawa basin in northern Nicaragua to Matina basin in southern Costa Rica, Atlantic slope (Figure 3). In addition, since no other Brycon species has been recorded between Cangrejal, Aguán and Patuca basins in central Honduras and Coco and Ulám basins in northern Nicaragua (Bussing 1998, Matamoros et al. 2009), B. guatemalensis (sensu stricto) should now be considered as restricted from the Grijalva and Usumacinta basins in southern Mexico (Miller et al. 2006) to the Ulúa and Leán basins in northwestern Honduras, in the Atlantic slope, and to the Choluteca basin at the Honduran Pacific slope (Matamoros et al. 2009). Etymology. The specific name, costaricensis, refers to the country of the type locality: Costa Rica, Atlantic slope, Heredia, Sarapiquí drainage, La Virgen de Sarapiquí, Río Sarapiquí. Common names. Machaca, Sábalo, Sabalete, Machaca del Atlántico (Bussing 1998, Angulo in press). Ecological notes. The literature mentioning Brycon guatemalensis should eventually be revised regarding the origin of the material used (see Distribution). Brycon costaricensis inhabits some lakes in Nicaragua and Costa Rica, but it is also abundant in fast-flowing rivers and streams since it is a very strong swimmer (Bussing & López 1977, Bussing 1998). It is found at elevations between 0 and 600 m in lakes, rivers and creeks (Bussing 1998). It tolerates temperatures between 21 and 34 °C (Bussing 1998). Young specimens (less than 80 mm of total length) fed principally on insects while the largest ones (more than 80 mm of total length) consumed a large proportion of allochthonous vegetal matter, principally leaves (Burcham 1988). Horn (1997) and Banack et al. (2002) found that the largest individuals of this species can potentially disperse Ficus spp. (Moraceae) seeds for long distances along watercourses. Drewe et al. (2004) found that largest individuals of B. costaricensis have relatively larger intestines than juveniles specimens, and an ontogenetical change of main gut enzymes, associated with the ontogenetic change in diet (from carnivores to mainly herbivores). In addition, as in the case of B. opalinus (Cuvier 1819), B. costaricensis possesses a large gall bladder, suggesting the importance of the digestion of lipids in these species (Drewe et al. 2004, Gomiero et al. 2008). Burcham (1988) also found that largest individuals of B. costaricensis are present in forest streams and usually absent from deforested areas that indicates that the removal of fruit trees from the banks of small streams leads to their local elimination or to a considerable decrease in their abundance. Regarding the reproductive biology of B. costaricensis, little is known. Bussing (1998) mentions that pairs of this species lay eggs in an excavated nest in the sand substratum of creeks. Additionally, Molina (2006) describes their most relevant larval development characteristics after artificial fertilization of eggs of wild fish. Brycon costaricensis is a delight for sport fisherman because of its fighting nature and the flesh is highly regarded (Bussing 1998). The latter author reported for this species a maximun size of 500 mm and a maximun weight of 4300 g. Remarks. CVA recovered two distinct shape groups along both Canonical Variates (CV) (Figure 4). Brycon guatemalensis and B. costaricensis specimens were evenly distributed among the two groups in CV 1, meanwhile B. costaricensis and B. behreae were likewise distributed among the two groups in CV 2. Both canonical variate axis are significant at the p <.001 level based on the Wilk’s lamda value (the sum of squares within groups divided by the total sum of squares within and between groups). The CV 1 explained 74.82 % of the shape variance. An assignment test performed in CVAgen based on CV 1 determined that all specimens had been correctly assigned to the respective group. Shape differences associated with the CV 1 and CV 2 are shown in Figure 4. Brycon costaricensis, with positive scores on CV 1 (Figure 4 C) and negative scores on CV 2 (Figure 4 D), has slender bodies and caudal peduncles larger and shallower than specimens with negative scores on CV 1 (Figure 4 B) as well as deeper heads, eyes displaced dorsally, anterior fins insertion displaced anteriorly and the posterior end of the supraocipital spine positioned anteriorly and dorsally than specimens with positive scores on CV 2 (Figure 4 E).Published as part of Angulo, Arturo & Gracian-Negrete, Jatziry Marlene, 2013, A new species of Brycon (Characiformes: Characidae) from Nicaragua and Costa Rica, with a key to the lower Mesoamerican species of the genus, pp. 255-266 in Zootaxa 3731 (2) on pages 258-263, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3731.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/22334
