92 research outputs found
Landslide susceptibility assessment using Frequency Ratio, a case study of northern Pakistan
No full textThe northern Pakistan is attributed with rough terrain, active seismicity, monsoon rains, and therefore hosts to variety of geohazards. Among the geohazards, landslides are the most frequent hazard with devastating impacts on economy and society. However, for most of the northern Pakistan, landslide susceptibility maps are not available which can be used for landslide hazard mitigation. This study aims to develop a remote sensing based landslide inventory, analysing their spatial distribution and develop the landslide susceptibility map. The area, selected for this study is comprised of Haramosh valley, Bagrote valley and some parts of Nagar valley, in the Central Karakoram National Park (CKNP) in Gilgit-Baltistan, northern Pakistan. The SPOT-5 satellite image was used to develop a landslide inventory
which was subsequently verified in the field. The landslide causative factors of topographic attributes (slope and aspect), geology, landcover, distances from fault, road and streams were used to evaluate their influence on the spatial distribution of landslides. The study revealed that the distance to road, slope gradient
has the significant influence on the spatial distribution of the landslides, followed by the geology. The derived results were used in the Frequency ratio technique to develop a landslide susceptibility map. The developed landslide susceptibility map can be utilized for landslide mitigation in the study area
Poetics of Momin Khan Mimin: مومن خاں مومؔن کی منفرد شعری بوطیقا
No full textIn this paper, a detailed light has been thrown on the unique style and poetic characteristics of the famous ghazal poet Hakeem Momin Khan Momin of the 19th century. Unlike his contemporaries, Momin set a different path for his poetry. He is a poet of beauty and love and through this specific subject, he added to the field of Urdu ghazal and in the era of poets like Zouq and Ghalib, got a distinguished position.
Reference:
Momin Khan Momin, Kulliyat (Jild Awwal), Lahore: Majlis Taraqqi Adab, 1964, p. 212
Zaheer Ahmad Siddiqi, Professor, Doctor, "Momin Shakhsiyat aur Fan," Delhi: Delhi University, Taba Awwal, 1972, pp. 182-183
Niaz Fatehpuri, Allama, "Intiqadiyat" (Hissa Awwal wa Doim), Karachi: Halqa Niaz-o-Nigar, 1996, p. 140
Kalb Ali Khan Faiq Rampuri, "Momin Halat-e-Zindagi aur unke Kalam par Tanqeedi Nazar," Lahore: Majlis Taraqqi Adab, Bar-e-Awwal, 1961, p. 342
Momin Khan Momin, Kulliyat (Jild Awwal), Aeezan, p. 207
Aeezan, p. 175
Idrees Siddiqi, "Urdu Shairi ka Tanqeedi Jaiza," Karachi: Sir Syed Book Company, Ishaat Awwal, 1971, p. 170
Momin Khan Momin, Kulliyat (Jild Awwal), Aeezan, p. 35
Rasheed Hassan Khan, "Momin ki Paicheeda Bayani" Mashmooa Risala Ghalib Nama, Momin Number, Jild 7, Shumara 2, New Delhi: Ghalib Institute, 1985, p. 47
Momin Khan Momin, Kulliyat (Jild Awwal), Aeezan, p. 40
Farzand Ahmad Safeer Bilgrami, Syed, "Tazkirah Jalwah-e-Khizr," Aligarh, Book Centre, Ishaat-e-Saum, 2016, p. 240
Noor-ul-Hasan Hashmi, Doctor, "Adab ka Maqsad," Lucknow, Hindustan Kitab Ghar, 1956, p. 97
Momin Khan Momin, Kulliyat (Jild Awwal), Aeezan, p. 119
Aeezan, p. 36
Aeezan, p. 60
Imdad Imam Asar, Syed, "Kashif-ul-Haqaiq," New Delhi, Taraqqi Urdu Bureau, 1982, p. 224
Momin Khan Momin, Kulliyat (Jild Awwal), Aeezan, p. 127
Nazir Ahmad, Professor, "Momin Khan Momin: Hayat wa Shairi," New Delhi: Ghalib Institute, December 1991, p. 69
Momin Khan Momin, Kulliyat (Jild Awwal), Aeezan, p. 227
Aeezan, p. 146
Zaheer Ahmad Siddiqi, Doctor, "Momin Shakhsiyat aur Fan," Aeezan, p. 183
Momin Khan Momin, Kulliyat (Jild Awwal), Aeezan, p. 168
Aeezan, p. 149
Aeezan, p. 151
Rasheed Hassan Khan, "Momin ki Paicheeda Bayani," Mashmoola Ghalib Nama, Momin Number, Jild 7, Shumara 2, New Delhi: Ghalib Institute, 1985, p. 36
Momin Khan Momin, Kulliyat (Jild Awwal), Aeezan, p. 23
Aeezan, p. 42
Aeezan, p. 161
Syed Abdullah, Doctor, "Kulliyat-e-Momin," Lahore: Majlis Taraqqi Adab, Taba Awwal, July 1964, p. 40
Momin Khan Momin, Kulliyat (Jild Awwal), Aeezan, p. 227
Aeezan, p. 60
Aeezan, p. 44
Aeezan, p. 232
Aeezan, p. 23
Aeezan, p. 3
Empirical Modeling of Acoustic Signal Attenuation in Municipal Sewer Pipes for Condition Monitoring Applications
No full textAn important challenge for a smart city is to prevent occurrence of sewer system overflows (SSOs) that can degrade the environment and pose a public health hazard. To prevent SSOs, timely detection and cleaning of clogged sewer pipes is essential. Present industry standard to detect sewer blockage is based on passing a close circuit television (CCTV) mounted crawler through the pipes. An operator observes the video and annotates it based on the condition of a pipe. This system is complex, expensive and man-hour intensive. There is a need to develop an acoustic based method that can replace the traditional CCTV based system. Clogged pipes cause severe attenuation on acoustic signals which can be used as a measure of existence and extent of blockage. This study reports an empirical based approach to determine acoustic signal attenuation in sewer pipes. Extensive field measurements were made in Charlotte, North Carolina to collect in-pipe signal propagation data from installed sewers to support this work. The findings were used to justify further research and development by a technology startup company that successfully produced an acoustic based sewer line blockage detection system. © 2018 IEEE
A stochastic based approach to model acoustic propagation in pipes with laterals
No full textNewly developed applications for condition monitoring of piping networks (e.g. sewer pipes) depend on measuring acoustic signal attenuation through tests in the field. In many cases, the exact layout of the installed pipelines is not accessible or actual installation differs from documented layout. This lack of exact knowledge of numbers and lengths of side branches (laterals) introduces a random variable error between measured attenuation and that predicted from theory. As the sources of this random variable error can be considered independent and arbitrarily distributed, it is reasonable to assume that the error also follows an approximately normal probability distribution in accordance with Central Limit Theorem. Using an analytical approach to model signal attenuation due to random variable sources can be complex and may be intractable. A tractable approach is to develop an empirical model of attenuation with a stochastic component to account for random variable sources of attenuation. This approach forms the crux of work reported in this paper. Extensive field and laboratory measurements were made in pipes to measure acoustic attenuation with change in numbers and lengths of side branches. Results show that an empirical model of signal attenuation, that includes a stochastic component, gives a better prediction of received sound pressure level in a pipe with side branches compared to the existing theoretical models. © 2017 IEEE
An acoustic based approach for mitigating sewer system overflows
No full textSewer piping networks are prone to damage due to aging, natural disasters, excessive traffic and chemical reactions with the contaminants and the soil. The released effluents from sewer system overflows (SSOs) can contaminate the water reservoirs, cause property damage and pose public health hazard. The SSOs are caused by blockages, breaks due to structural weaknesses and other pipe defects. To mitigate SSOs by effectively deploying cleaning resources, periodic condition assessment is important. Traditionally, a remotely controlled robot with a closed-circuit television (CCTV) camera is used to assess the condition of sewer pipes. This method, however, is expensive, man-hour intensive and the robot mobility depends on extent of blockage. Acoustics based pipeline monitoring systems are, therefore, augmenting traditional robot based methods. Acoustic pressure signals in pipes suffer attenuation due to blockages. The signal attenuation can be used as a good indicator of the extent of blockage in a pipe. This paper proposes an approach that models the pipe section between two manholes as lossy acoustic waveguide. The analytical results from the proposed model are compared with those from field measurements and laboratory tests. The findings can be used in the development of acoustic based pipeline condition monitoring applications. © 2016 IEEE
An approach for crack detection in sewer pipes using acoustic signals
No full textThis study investigates use of acoustic signals to detect cracks in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sewer pipes. Cracked sewer pipes can result in release of untreated human and industrial waste, toxic materials and debris affecting human health and the environment. The released toxic effluents can pollute water reservoirs and damage public and private property. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) pipes have been extensively used in sewer systems for the past several decades. These pipes fail due to improper installation and engineering, incorrect operation, internal and external contamination, manufacturing defects and abuse by the users. Existing industry standard for crack detection in sewer pipes is based on a Closed-circuit television (CCTV) mounted crawler that passes through the sewer pipes and relays the video to an operator who visually observes and records the presence of cracks. This method requires a special vehicle, an electric generator, a reel-mounted data link cable and a customized software with a dedicated control system. There is a need for developing a system that can be easily deployable, economical and consistent in detecting cracks in pipes. The aim of this project is to analyze and relate attenuation in the acoustic signal to the condition of a pipe sample. Extensive empirical testing has been conducted on 0.1 m diameter PVC pipes with and without cracks. The preliminary results show that acoustic frequencies between 800 Hz-1.2 kHz are severely attenuated due to signal loss from cracks. Further testing in the laboratory and field is in progress to classify the location and extent of cracks in pipes. The findings from the study can be used to develop an acoustic based pipeline crack detection application. © 2017 IEEE
Acoustic Characterization of PVC Sewer Pipes for Crack Detection Using Frequency Domain Analysis
No full textAs an existing industry standard, cracks and other structural defects in sewer pipes are detected by passing a closed-circuit television (CCTV) camera mounted on remote-controlled crawler through the pipes. The video from the camera is carefully observed by a trained operator to classify the condition of the pipe. The operator annotates video from the camera with appropriate notes based on condition of the pipe. In addition to a crawler with a CCTV camera, the inspection system needs a vehicle capable of off-road travel, a dedicated power source, and a proprietary software with a customized control system. These requirements make the CCTV based system crew-hour intensive and expensive. There is a need to develop an easily deployable and cost-effective solution to detect cracks and other structural defects in sewer pipes. For smart cities, this application is important as any leaking toxic effluents from cracked pipes pose a direct public health hazard and degrades the environment. Recent developments in acoustic based pipe inspection technologies have demonstrated effectiveness in sewer blockage detection. These systems, however, are not capable of detecting cracks in sewer pipes. This paper reports on an acoustic based approach to detect cracks in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sewer pipes. Extensive laboratory testing has been conducted on clean and cracked samples of 0.1-m diameter, 3.04 m long pipes. The pipes are excited with acoustic signals and their frequency response is analyzed to characterize difference between a clean and a cracked sample. The results indicate that acoustic signal attenuation from cracked pipe can be a good indicator of an existence of a structural defect. This study is ongoing and trials on live sewer installations will be conducted in near future. © 2018 IEEE
Application of Machine Learning Algorithms for Crack Detection in PVC Pipes
No full textMost of the underground sewer infrastructure in United States uses Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) pipes to transport toxic fluids. Cracks in underground PVC pipes are a major cause of effluent discharge in underground sewer systems. Released effluents not only pose risk to the environment, but are also a threat to public health. As current industry standard, utility operators use a closed circuit Television (CCTV) camera mounted crawler to pass through the pipes, and record video to classify condition of the piping network. CCTV based systems are expensive and crew-hour intensive. Recently developed acoustic based pipeline inspection systems are being adopted by the utility operators. These systems, however, do not detect presence of cracks in pipes. This paper reports results of a study to monitor presence of cracks in PVC pipes using acoustic signals. The collected data from extensive laboratory trials is processed using machine learning algorithms to classify the difference between a clean and cracked pipe samples. We use Decision Tree, K-nearest neighbors (KNN), and Naïve Bayes (NB) algorithms. The DT and KNN algorithm scores show the highest convergence between acoustic samples from a cracked pipe at frequencies greater than 3.0 kHz. The paper also lays out precision scores obtained from using machine learning algorithms on acoustic data from clean and cracked pipe samples. © 2019 IEEE
Women in Engineering: Focus on Self-Efficacy in Modeling and Design through Project-Based Learning
No full textAbility to model and design engineering systems is central attribute of engineering education. With the rapid technological advances in diverse fields, the practice of engineering profession is taking place in a team environment. The diversity of engineering teams is important not only to promote creativity but also to achieve the goals of efficiency, usability, saleability, and innovation. In recent years, there has been focus on inducting more women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) related field to promote diversity in engineering profession. Within the undergraduate engineering curriculum, the students pursue project-based learning (PBL) especially in courses involving modeling and design of engineering systems. The students learn to work in diverse teams, generate concepts, model and design systems, deploy designed prototypes, and communicate project outcomes. To measure the effectiveness of PBL methodology in undergraduate engineering education, it is important to determine the personal perception of self-efficacy of students. The concept of self-efficacy involves the perceptions of students on their self-belief and optimism to accomplish tasks and produce expected results with the skills acquired during the engineering curriculum. It is a major element to determine their chances of success in future as engineering professionals. To measure the effectiveness of PBL methodology in engineering modeling and design courses, an important research question is: Does the use of PBL methodology affect self-efficacy and course scores of male and female students differently? In this paper, we address this question by highlighting the results from a longitudinal study conducted on students in engineering modeling and design (junior-level) courses at Arkansas Tech University. We have statistically analyzed the collected data to compare the effect of PBL strategy on male and female engineering students’ selfefficacy and course scores. The results indicate that PBL approach was equally effective in improving self-efficacy and course scores of male and female engineering students. Significant improvement was observed in self-efficacy and course scores of both male and female students when the project based learning strategy was employed
An investigation of effectiveness of project based learning on students\u27 skills in engineering modeling and design
No full textAbility to model and design engineering systems is an important outcome of engineering education. Within the undergraduate engineering curriculum, the students pursue project-based learning (PBL) especially in courses involving modeling and design of engineering systems. The students undertake various stages of engineering system design including problem definition, background research, requirement specifications, brainstorming to choose a solution, prototyping, design review, and communicating outcomes. Students also get a chance to work in diverse teams and learn to work across gender and other boundaries. To measure effectiveness of the PBL approach, there is a need to identify critical skills that should be focused during the modeling and design education. We have collected data from undergraduate junior-standing engineering modeling and design students at our university through a longitudinal study spanning the last three years. The statistical analysis has helped us identify important factors that can influence success of students in their future engineering careers. These include problem solving, communication, and logical thinking skills, perception of self-efficacy to develop students\u27 self-belief, and their course grades. The purpose of present work is to examine the effect of PBL activities on engineering students\u27 grades and self-efficacy. Furthermore, we investigate whether there is a difference between students\u27 course grades based on their gender after engaging in PBL activities. Finally, we also examine the relationship between students\u27 course grades and their problem solving, communication and logical thinking skills after engaging in PBL activities. The results indicate that PBL approach significantly improves the self-efficacy and course grades of students. The PBL methodology was equally effective in improving student learning outcomes of both male and female engineering students. Significant improvement was observed in self-efficacy and course grades of both male and female students when the PBL strategy was employed. We also observed statistically significant difference between students\u27 problem solving, communication and logical thinking skills before and after engaging in PBL activities
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