530 research outputs found
Electronic states at dislocations and metal silicide precipitates in crystalline silicon and their role in solar cell materials
No full textPredominant dislocation types in solar silicon are dissociated into 30A degrees- and 90A degrees-partials with reconstructed cores. Besides shallow 1D-band localized in their strain field and a quasi-2D band at the stacking fault connecting the two partials, the existence of several intrinsic core defects with deep lying levels has been demonstrated by electron spin resonance. The majority of core defects occur in nonequilibrium situations and, with the exception of a small EPR-signal assigned to a reconstruction defect, vanish after careful annealing above 800A degrees C. There is good evidence now that part of deep levels observed in dislocated silicon is associated with impurities, especially with transition metal impurities. Electron-hole-pair recombination at a dislocation mainly runs via its shallow bands and is strongly increased by impurities bound to its core or in the strain field. The concentration of these impurities can be reduced by gettering processes to such a low level that radiative recombination at dislocations yields a luminescence efficiency of 0.1% at room temperature. A quite coherent picture has emerged for metal impurity precipitation in silicon. Early stages of precipitation in defect-free silicon are characterised by kinetically selected metastable defects forming as a result of large chemical driving forces for precipitation. Such defects are associated with deep level spectra which show the properties of extended multielectron defects. The evolution of the system to energetically more favourable configurations proceeds via ordinary particle coarsening but also via internal ripening, a process reminiscent of the above-mentioned metastable defects. Electronically, the defects evolve into metal-like inclusions which in general seem to act as strong recombination centers for minority carriers. In the presence of dislocations metastable defects quickly transform into equilibrium structures in the course of precipitation or do not form at all. In the presence of several metal impurities silicide precipitates which can be described as solid solutions of the respective metal atoms are observed, which is at least qualitatively in accord with ternary phase diagrams. Like single-metal silicide precipitates, strong minority carrier recombination is also typical for those multi-metal silicide particles
What Does It Mean to Say That Procedure Is Political?
No full textProcedure is not the first field of law to face controversy along these lines. Law’s independence from politics, in both its descriptive and normative aspects, is a century long legal challenge.9 This Article aims to clarify what we mean when we characterize procedure as political, as well as to understand some of the harms generated by failing to confront and acknowledge the political. This is a preliminary step in approaching future formulations of procedural rules if they cannot be depoliticized
Multi-regression analysis between stable isotope composition and hydrochemical parameters in karst springs to provide insights into groundwater origin and subsurface processes: regional application to Lebanon
No full textJoint applications of isotope characterization using δ2H, δ18O and geochemical analyses have allowed for a better conceptualization of hydrological systems and helped in the evaluation and management of water resources. Processes of infiltration, and evapotranspiration (ETP), as well as mixing in the unsaturated zone, incur changes in the meteoric δ2H-δ18O signal that is transferred to groundwater during recharge. Previous studies on the isotopic composition of atmospheric precipitation highlight the importance of rainwater differentiation in terms of chemical composition and isotopic signature as a function of topographical and orographic variations as well as natural and anthropogenic impacts and identified altitude gradients for both δ2H and δ18O. In this work, a comparative correlative analysis of stable oxygen and deuterium isotopes was conducted on selected Lebanese springs. At the first stage, a hydrochemical analysis allowed the characterization of the springs and their clustering according to their predominant ionic content and aquifer units. Additionally, a multi-regression analysis reveals a relationship between hydrogen and oxygen isotopes and other easily measured parameters at the spring such as temperature, electrical conductivity, elevation, and easting and northing. The obtained relationship validated on a second campaign was attributed qualitatively to the extent and elevation of the spring catchment, the depth of flow, mixing, the snow effect, and residence time. Moreover, outliers characterized by a very large catchment area or allochthonous recharge could be outlined in the set of investigated springs. The results show that the stable isotopic signature indicative of recharge areas can be inferred based on easily measured spring parameters and can, therefore, help in the identification of protection zones and direct areas of spring recharge from a regional dataset. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature
Lokalne oblasti kot subjekti zagotavljanja javnega reda in miru
No full textPurpose:
This paper deals with the legal regulation of Estonia’s public order from the aspect of local governments. The purpose of the article is to analyse relevant Estonian legislation to help identify problems and make suggestions for improvement. Proposals are intended for the institutions involved in developing legislation in Estonia. Local governments in the country act according to the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia (1992), but still retain enough legal autonomy to decide on local affairs independently of the state government.
Methods:
The paper is based on an analysis of national legislation. In the legal research, the author pays attention to written sources of law, e.g. the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia (1992), and subsequent legal acts regulating public order.
Findings:
The main task of local government is to provide public services and improve the quality of the living environment. In Estonia, the principal provider of internal security is the Police and Border Guard Board. It is the responsibility of local government to assist the national structures in fulfilling their duties. On the other hand, the municipalities are required to ensure public order within their territories. The legal power given by parliament to local governments to carry out such activities is insufficient to ensure the law is enforced.
Practical Implications:
The findings in this paper highlight areas in which the legal regulation could be improved.
Originality/Value:
Although the legal basis for Estonian municipalities’ operations has been studied carefully, it is necessary to examine issues concerning the links between local governments and public order in detail. The continually changing legislation makes the situation complex to handle. It also provides an opportunity for international comparative analysis with other European Union member states.Namen prispevka:
Prispevek prikazuje estonsko pravno podlago zagotavljanja javnega reda in miru z vidika lokalnih oblasti. Namen prispevka je analizirati veljavno zakonodajo, identificirati težave in pripraviti predloge za izboljšave. Predlogi izboljšav so namenjeni institucijam, zadolženim za pripravo estonske zakonodaje. Lokalne oblasti sicer delujejo v skladu z estonsko ustavo, vendar imajo tudi določeno mero pravne avtonomije.
Metode:
Prispevek temelji na analizi nacionalne zakonodaje, predvsem ustave in zakonskih predpisov, ki urejajo področje javnega reda in miru.
Ugotovitve:
Glavna naloga lokalnih oblasti je zagotavljanje javnih storitev in čim večje kakovosti bivalnega okolja. Notranjo varnost v Estoniji zagotavlja policija (angl. Police and Border Guard Board), lokalne oblasti pa sodelujejo pri izpolnjevanju varnostnih nalog državnih organov ter hkrati zagotavljajo javni red in mir na svojem območju. Pooblastila lokalnih oblasti za izvajanje teh dejavnosti niso zadostna.
Praktična uporabnost:
Ugotovitve prispevka lahko pripomorejo k izboljšanju pravne ureditve.
Izvirnost/pomembnost prispevka:
V prispevku je predstavljena pravna podlaga za delovanje lokalnih oblasti na področju zagotavljanja javnega reda in miru, ki je zaradi nenehnih sprememb zakonodaje na tem področju precej zapletena. Prispevek predstavlja tudi osnovo za nadaljnjo primerjalno analizo z drugimi članicami Evropske unije
MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE FRESHWATER SNAIL CLEOPATRA BULIMOIDES (OLIVIER) (PROSOBRANCHIATA -PALUDOMIDAE). 1- THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
No full textProvedba crkvenog nauka o liturgijskoj inkulturaciji u Indoneziji. Slučaj reda mise na indonezijskom jeziku
No full textThough the term inculturation is a neologism, as a practice, it has been implemented by the Church since its birth. The issue of inculturation is indeed a global Church concern but has become more urgent for young Churches, including the Catholic Church in Indonesia. This article raises the problematics of liturgical inculturation in the Indonesian Catholic Church, hoping it can reflect similar issues on a broader scale. The author focuses on the implementation of the Catholic Church's teachings on liturgical inculturation, discussing the case of the formulation process of the Order of Mass in the Indonesian language. This article is based on library research examining the Church's teachings on liturgical inculturation and their implementation within the Indonesian Catholic Church through a case study of the formulation of the Order of Mass in the Indonesian language. The findings present the dynamics of liturgical inculturation movements in the Indonesian Catholic Church, ranging from strong enthusiasm – sometimes exceeding boundaries – to efforts to faithfully adhere to Church liturgical traditions in line with established norms. To a certain extent, the formulation process of the Order of Mass in the Indonesian language illustrates the practice of liturgical inculturation in Indonesia.Iako je pojam »inkulturacija« novotvorenica, kao praksu Crkva ju provodi od svog rođenja. Pitanje inkulturacije uistinu je crkveno pitanje u cijelom svijetu, ali postalo je hitnije za mlade Crkve, što uključuje i Katoličku Crkvu u Indoneziji. Ovaj članak želi pokrenuti problematiku liturgijske inkulturacije u Katoličkoj crkvi Indonezije u nadi da može poslužiti kao odraz sličnih problema u širim okvirima. Autor se usredotočuje na članak o provedbi nauka Katoličke Crkve o liturgijskoj inkulturaciji raspravljajući o slučaju procesa oblikovanja Reda mise na indonezijskom jeziku. Ovaj je članak bibliotečno istraživanje koje se temelji na nauku Crkve o liturgijskoj inkulturaciji i nastoji oko njegove provedbe u indonezijskoj Katoličkoj crkvi kroz studiju slučaja formulacije Reda mise na indonezijskom jeziku. Rezultat ovog istraživanja predstavit će postojeću dinamiku liturgijskih inkulturacijskih pokreta u indonezijskoj Katoličkoj Crkvi, koja se kreće od snažnog entuzijazma, koji može ići preko granica, do nastojanja da se poslušno slijedi tradicija crkvene liturgije u skladu s postojećim liturgijskim normama. U određenoj mjeri proces oblikovanja Reda mise na indonezijskom jeziku može prikazati praksu liturgijske inkulturacije u Indoneziji
Den kreativa processen : Hur den fungerar när man arbetar utan ramar och regler
No full textDen här studien beskriver en autoetnografisk fältstudie av en musikproducent i syfte att analysera och ta reda på hur den kreativa processen fungerar i arbetet av att framställa ett musikaliskt verk utan förutbestämda ramar och regler för verket. Studieobjektet och forskaren i den här studien är därför samma person och studien bygger på insamlad skriftlig och auditiv dokumentation samt tidigare forskning och studier som gjorts i ämnet. Syftet med studien var att belysa den kreativa processen i sin helhet och ta reda på hur den fungerar och resultatet kan delas in ett vetenskapligt perspektiv och ett konstnärligt perspektiv där det vetenskapliga resultatet är att belysa och lyfta fram den kreativa processens funktion i relation till tillvägagångssättet i ett musikproduktionsarbete och det konstnärliga resultatet är i form av en musikproduktion. Studien diskuterar hur arbetet med dubbla roller kan påverka resultatet samt den känslomässiga aspekten i att forska på sitt egna arbete när det arbetet innebär en känslomässig koppling som konstnären känner för sitt verk. På grund av ett grundligt genomförande av studien är resultatet tydligt och studien kan användas som utgångspunkt i framtida liknande studier
Design-time and Run-time Reconfigurable Clustered ?-VEX VLIW Softcore Processor
No full textThe ?-VEX processor is a parameterized reconfigurable Very Large Instruction Word (VLIW) softcore processor. It can be reconfigured in the issue-width, number and type of functional units (FUs), width of memory buses and number of registers in the multi- ported register file. The current design of the ?-VEX processor supports single cluster processor organization. The design also provides run-time dynamic reconfigurability between different processor architectures. As the issue-width of the processor increases, the number of read and write ports from the FUs to the register file increases which enlarges its area utilization. This increase in the number of read and write ports is not scalable with the interconnect wires available in the current IC technology. From literature, we know that clustering the FUs of the processor and splitting up the register file into a smaller subsets significantly reduces the area overhead and power consumption. In this thesis, we have developed all the necessary hardware and software components to enable the design-time and run-time reconfigurable ?-VEX processors to support clustered organization. Those development are the design and implementation of inter- cluster communication FUs, inter-cluster path and local register file per cluster and the adaptation of the compiler toolchain. As an inter-cluster communication model (ICC), copy operation and dedicated issue slot ICC model are implemented. The cycle count and total operations of different benchmark applications are measured and analyzed on the clustered organization of ?-VEX processors. The cycle count for most of the benchmarks is higher in clustered organization except for applications with high instruction level parallelism such as matrix and adpcm. A speedup of 3.04× is achieved by matrix benchmark. On the other hand, an increase in code size of the benchmark applications is measured for the clustered processor by a maximum of 38%. The area utilization of the 4-issue and 8-issue design-time reconfigurable ?-VEX processors are significantly reduced by up to 74% by clustering them into two clusters. In addition, a speedup of 1.55× is obtained on the clock frequency of the processor. Similarly, the run-time reconfigurable clustered ?-VEX processor occupies 61.3% less area, consumes up to 41.6% less dynamic power than the single clustered processor and has a reduced energy delay product (EDP).Embedded SystemsMicroelectronics & Computer EngineeringElectrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc
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