362 research outputs found
Macrosiphum ginajo Jensen 2022, n. sp.
No full textMacrosiphum ginajo n. sp. Fundatrix. Appearance in life: medium green. When macerated, as in apterae. Slide mounted, 4 specimens measured: Measurements of body, appendages, setae, etc. see Table 2. Antennae with segment I more or less smooth except a small cluster of small spinules ventrally near base, fewer than in most apterae. Tarsi with 3–4 setae on segment I (of 4 measured specimens, fore,mid,hind tarsi patterns were: 3,3,3: 2 specimens; 3,4,4: 1 specimen; 4,3,3: 1 specimens). Spiracles on ABD 1 and 2 about 2–3 spiracle widths apart. Siphunculi with ~8 rows of apical reticulation. Cauda on the broad end of the spectrum of variation in apterae. Abdomen usually without spinal tubercles on tergites 7 and 8. Subgenital plate with row of postero–marginal setae, 1 pair of anterior setae, and 0–1 setae on its disk. Otherwise as in apterae. ...Continued on the next page Apterous vivipara. Appearance in life: medium green or reddish brown. When macerated, ANT I pale to dusky, ANT II rarely dusky, ANT III sometimes darker around rhinaria, all of ANT IV and V sometimes dusky to brown, antennal joints III–IV and IV–V brown, ANT VI brown. Head capsule mostly pale, sometimes dusky around bases of antennae; ocular tubercles brown. R III and R IV+V brown. Femora dusky to light brown except basal ~¼ pale, sometimes darker brown dorso–apically. Tips of tibiae brown, remainder dusky to light brown. Tarsi brown. Siphunculi more or less pale to light brown on apical ~½. Other body parts pale. Slide mounted, 20 specimens measured: Measurements of body, appendages, setae, etc. see Table 1. Antennae with segment I (Figs. 1, 7–8) more or less smooth except a cluster of small spinules ventrally near base and sometimes a few spinules medially near apex; ANT II (Figs. 7–8) with strong broad spinules/small imbrications on apical ½ ventrally, sometimes reduced in middle, spinules usually also present dorsally near apex; ANT III (Figs. 7–8) with small spinules near base, remainder more or less evenly covered in faint imbrications, rhinaria scattered over about ¼–⅓ of segment; ANT IV–VI with imbrications becoming more prominent; antennal setae capitate (capitate tips collapsed by caustic clearing treatments). Head with ANT tubercles as in Fig. 1; small spinal tubercles present or absent; dorsal setae long, blunt, tips less prominent than on antennae; ventral and dorsal setae more or less the same shape; a few to a few dozen spinules sometimes present ventrally between mouthparts and ANT tubercles; a small patch of spinules sometimes present posterio–ventrally on each side of mouthparts. Rostrum reaching posterior of mesocoxae; segment II with stylet groove spinulated, segments III and R IV+V without ornamentation; setae on rostrum pointed; R IV+V long, gradually tapering (Table 1, Fig. 3). Prothorax usually with faint to prominent lateral tubercles. Thorax with dorsum slightly wrinkled, setae appearing blunt, slightly capitate before clearing; setae on coxae and trochanters more or less pointed; femora with setae thick and blunt to slightly capitate, 3–4 ventral ones longer and thicker than others, ornamentation of spinules and small imbrications over apical ~½ anteriorly, this ornamentation more extensive on hind femur, extending around to posterior. Tibiae with setae thick and capitate near bases, more pointed near apices. Tarsi (Fig. 6) with 3–5 setae on segment I (of 20 measured specimens, fore,mid,hind tarsi patterns were: 3,3,3: 2 specimens; 3,3,4: 4 specimens; 3,4,3: 1 specimen; 3,4,4: 1 specimen; 3,5,4: 1 specimen; 3,5,5: 1 specimen; 4,3,3: 2 specimens; 4,3,4: 1 specimen; 4,3,5: 3 specimens; 4,4,5: 2 specimens; 5,3,4: 1 specimen; 5,5,5: 1 specimen); protarsal II with 2 (rarely 3) pairs of dorsal setae, imbrications smooth, rarely with faint spinules. Abdomen with tergum membranous, smooth; dorsal setae thick and blunt to slightly capitate, ventral setae pointed; segments 3–6 usually with small distinct lateral tubercles. Spiracles on ABD 1 and 2 about 2 spiracle widths apart. Siphunculi (Fig. 4) with ~8–12 rows of apical reticulation, faintly ribbed or spinulate imbrications more basally, becoming smaller and more ribbed or spinulate on basal ~¼. Cauda shape varying from broad basally and more or less triangular (e.g. Fig. 11), to parallel–sided and finger–like (e.g. Fig. 12); dorsal ornamentation of ribbed imbrications about 8 to 10 across width at middle; ventral ornamentation of spinules mostly single but some in groups of 2–3. Abdomen usually with faint spinal tubercles on tergites 7 and 8. Subgenital plate with row of postero–marginal setae, 1 pair of anterior setae, and 1 to several setae on its disk. Middle pair gonapophyses fused. Alate vivipara. Appearance in life: medium green or reddish brown. When macerated, ANT I brown, ANT II dusky to light brown, ANT III brown except extreme base, sometimes obviously darker around rhinaria, all of ANT IV–VI brown. Head capsule mostly dusky, brown around ocelli and bases of antennae, ocular tubercles brown. R III and R IV+V brown. Thoracic plates light brown to brown. Femora pale at base, darkening toward apex, apical ~¼ brown, darker dorsally and ventrally. Tibiae brown, paler in middle. Tarsi brown. Siphunculi dusky to brown on apical ~½. Other body parts pale. Slide mounted, 16 specimens measured: Measurements of body, appendages, setae, etc. see Table 1. Antennae with segment I more or less smooth except a cluster of small spinules ventrally near base and sometimes a few near medial margin near apex, overall fewer spinules than in apterae; ANT III (Fig. 5) with rhinaria scattered over about ⅔–⅘ of segment. Head with ANT tubercles as in Fig. 2; a few spinules sometimes present ventrally between mouthparts and ANT tubercles; ocelli present, normal. Rostrum reaching mesocoxae. Thoracic flight–related structures normal, wings normal with media twice–branched. Tarsi with 3–5 setae on segment I (of 16 measured specimens, fore,mid,hind tarsi patterns were: 3,3,3: 2 specimens; 3,3,4: 4 specimens; 3,4,3: 2 specimens; 3,4,4: 1 specimen; 4,3,3: 3 specimens; 4,3,4: 2 specimens; 5,3,4: 1 specimen; 5,4,5: 1 specimen). Cauda more or less as in apterae but narrower than most. Abdomen usually with 1–2 faint spinal tubercles on tergites 7 and 8. Otherwise as in apterae. Ovipara. Appearance in life: orange, brownish orange, pale beige. When macerated, ANT I pale to dusky, ANT II rarely dusky, ANT III sometimes darker around rhinaria, all of ANT IV and V often dusky to brown, antennal joints III–IV and IV–V brown, ANT VI brown. R III and R IV+V brown. Femora dusky to light brown except basal ~¼ pale, sometimes darker brown dorso–apically. Tips of tibiae brown, remainder dusky to light brown except metatiba brown throughout area with scent plaques. Tarsi brown. Head capsule mostly pale, ocular tubercles light brown. Siphunculi more or less pale to light brown on apical ~⅓. Other body parts pale. Slide mounted, 10 specimens measured: Measurements of body, appendages, setae, etc. see Table 2. Antennae with segment I more or less smooth except a cluster of small spinules ventrally near base and sometimes a few spinules medially near apex, fewer spinules than in most apterae; ANT II with strong broad spinules/small imbrications on apical ½ ventrally, often reduced in middle, a few spinules usually also present dorsally near apex; antennal setae nearly pointed, with very narrow collapsed glandular tips. Head with ANT tubercles slightly less prominent than in apterae; dorsal setae long, nearly pointed, tips less prominent than on antennae. Rostrum reaching metacoxae. Thorax with dorsum smooth to slightly wrinkled, setae appearing blunt, faintly capitate before clearing; femora with ornamentation of spinules and small imbrications over apical ~½ anteriorly, this ornamentation more extensive on hind femur, extending around to posterior, ornamentation less than in apterae. Tibiae with numerous scent plaques scattered over about basal ½, this area slightly swollen compared to apical ½. Tarsi with 3–5 setae on segment I (of 10 measured specimens, fore,mid,hind tarsi patterns were: 3,3,3: 4 specimens; 3,3,5: 1 specimen; 3,4,5: 1 specimen; 4,3,3: 2 specimens; 4,4,4: 1 specimen; 4,3,4: 1 specimen). Spiracles on ABD 1 and 2 about 2–3 spiracle widths apart. Siphunculi with ~8–10 rows of apical reticulation. Cauda shape varying in a similar way as in apterae. Abdomen usually with 1–2 faint spinal tubercles on tergites 7 and 8. Subgenital plate with row of postero–marginal setae, 1 pair of anterior setae, and ~10–20 setae on its disk. Otherwise as in apterae. Alate male. Appearance in life: mottled orange and green. When macerated, ANT I brown, ANT II light brown, ANT III brown except extreme base, which is pale to dusky, all of ANT IV–VI brown. R III and R IV+V brown. Thoracic plates light brown to dark brown. Femora pale at base, darkening toward apex, apical ~¼ brown, darker dorsally and ventrally. Tibiae brown, lighter brown in middle. Tarsi brown. Head capsule mostly brown, darkest around ocelli and bases of antennae, ocular tubercles brown. Siphunculi dusky to brown, darker on apical ½. Abdomen with the following dusky to brown: patches of variable size spinally, pleural muscle–attachment plates, lateral sclerites including ante– and post–siphuncular sclerites, small separate spiracular plates, and variable dusky to brown ventral patches pleurally on most segments. Cauda dusky to brown. Genitalia dusky to light brown. Other body parts pale. Slide mounted, 5 specimens measured: Measurements of body, appendages, setae, etc. see Table 2. Antennae with ANT III with rhinaria scattered over entire length of segment, ANT IV with rhinaria, when present, grouped near apex, ANT V with rhinaria also grouped apically. Tarsi with 3–5 setae on segment I (of 5 measured specimens, fore,mid,hind tarsi patterns were: 3,3,3: 1 specimen; 3,3,5: 1 specimen; 5,4,4: 1 specimen; 4,3,3: 1 specimen; 4,4,3: 1 specimen). Cauda narrower and shorter than in apterae and alatae. Abdomen usually with 1–2 faint spinal tubercles on tergites 7 and 8. Genitalia normal. Otherwise as in alatae. Type material and material examined (all collected by the author in the U.S.A.). Holotype slide, AJ8752, OREGON, Lake County, Gearhart Mountain, ex Silene, 16 July 2016 (2 ap, 1 al), deposited in the USNM. Paratypes (depositories other than the author’s collection so noted): CALIFORNIA: AJ 11361, AJ11362, AJ11363, Lassen County, Modoc National Forest, South Warners, Lost Lake, ex Silene, 11 August 2019 (7 ap); AJ11313, AJ11314, Plumas County, Plumas National Forest, Grizzly Ridge, ex Silene, 4 August 2019 (4 al); IDAHO: AJ5234, AJ5235, AJ5236, Shoshone County, Crater Peak, Forest road 301, ex Silene, 8 September 2010 (10 ap, 1 al); AJ4720, Benewah County, St. Joe Baldy, ex Silene, 8 August 2010 (1 al); OREGON: AJ11455, AJ11456, AJ11476, AJ11477, AJ11478 Lake County, Fremont N.F., Gearhart Mt. Trail, ex Silene, 7 September 2019, A.S. Jensen (6 ap, 2 al, 8 o, 3 am); AJ8750 (BMNH), AJ8751, Lake County, Gearhart Mountain, ex Silene, 16 July 2016 (4 ap, 1 al); AJ12315, Lake County, Fremont National Forest, near Rd. 094 on Cottonwood Meadow Lake, ex Silene, 6 September 2020 (2 ap); AJ9486, AJ9487, Lake County, Fremont National Forest, Gearhart Mt. Trail, ex Silene, 16 July 2017 (4 al); AJ12330, Lake County, Fremont National Forest, Rd. 3724 at Rd. 154 near Cottonwood Meadow Lake, ex Silene, 13 September 2020 (2 ap, 2 o); AJ9662, AJ9663, AJ9665 Lake County, Fremont National Forest, Gearhart Mt. trail, ex Silene, 17 September 2017 (1 ap, 6 o, 1 am); AJ12039, AJ12040, Wheeler County, Ochoco National Forest, Spanish Peak, ex Silene, 11 July 2020 (4 f); AJ12046, AJ12047, AJ12048, AJ12049, Wheeler County, Ochoco National Forest, Rim Trail near Spanish Peak, ex Silene, 12 July 2020 (7 ap, 4 al); WASHINGTON: AJ3391, AJ3392, Kittitas County, Alpine Lakes, ex Silene, 31 August 2008 (4 ap, 2 al). Other material examined: additional slides from the collections recorded above but that do not contain specimens measured for this description. Etymology. The species name is in honor of Gina Rone, who has supported hikes and camping outings aimed at finding this species for the past twelve years, waiting patiently in the forest as I search for Silene and its aphids. A geologist and forest soil scientist, Gina has helped me understand the ecology of this and many other aphids. For the purposes of the rules of nomenclature, the name should be considered an arbitrary combination of letters and treated as indeclinable. Biology and Distribution. This aphid lives without host alternation on glandular–sticky members of Silene, especially Silene oregana S. Watson. The full host range of M. ginajo is not known because the author has not been able to make accurate species identifications of all sampled plants. One sample from Shoshone County, Idaho was recorded as feeding on a Silene with pink flowers. This may have been Silene scouleri Hook., which is sticky like S. oregana, occurs across the known range of M. ginajo, and has pink flowers. Many stands of non–sticky Silene (probably Silene douglasii Hook.) have been searched for M. ginajo over the years, but without success. In the forests of Lake County, Oregon, where this aphid has been most thoroughly studied in the field, its S. oregana host plant occurs most commonly in association with white pine (Pinus monticola Douglas ex D. Don) or sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Douglas) and often on soils associated with rhyolitic parent material. So far, this aphid is known from Washington, Oregon, California, and Idaho. The range of S. oregana also includes parts of Montana, Wyoming, and Nevada (Hitchcock & Cronquist 1973), indicating that M. ginajo may occur in those states as well. Comments. Macrosiphum ginajo is unusual among Macrosiphum worldwide in the occurrence of more than 3 setae on first tarsal segments. When measuring and counting setae on just one side of each specimen, as done here for Tables 1 & 2, there are examples of specimens with 3 setae on each tarsal segment I (i.e., possessing the formula 3,3,3), but this is uncommon. When evaluating all six tarsi on all measured apterae, none have 3 setae on all tarsi. Looking at other morphs, three fundatrices, one alata, and three oviparae were found with three setae on all first tarsal segments. On the other hand, no slides of M. ginajo (i.e., groups of 2– 4 specimens from the same locality and date), have all specimens with three setae on first tarsal segments. Therefore, this author considers first tarsal chaetotaxy to be useful in species recognition. Of North American Macrosiphum, M. ginajo is most similar to Macrosiphum aetheocornum. Detailed comparison of the two species can be seen in Figures 7–10 and 4 & 13 and Tables 1–4. Similarities and differences between these species are discussed below in the comments on M. aetheocornum. Because aphids are mostly host–specific, it is important to present information for identifying aphids known from genera of host plants. I therefore present the following key to Macrosiphum recorded from Silene, modified from Blackman & Eastop (2006 & 2021) using their terminology and abbreviations (couplets 20–24 of the Sileneinhabiting aphid species key). A correction is also added to couplet 21 of Blackman and Eastop (2021) (couplet 22 below), clarifying that, based on data provided by Barjadze et al. (2017), the second feature should have been the ratio of R IV+V length and HT II length. 20. SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation........................................................21 – SIPH without polygonal reticulation..................................................................... 26 21. R IV + V 1.20 – 1.45 × HT II. At least one tarsal segment I with 4 or 5 setae (to confirm, check more than one specimen) …...................................................................................... Macrosiphum ginajo – R IV+V less than 1.20 × HT II. Tarsal segments I with 3 setae.................................................22 22. ANT III with 10–33 rhinaria extending over most of length. R IV+V 0.60–0.84 × HT II............................ 23 – ANT III with 1–12 rhinaria concentrated near base or on basal half. R IV+V 0.83–1.02 × HT II...................... 24 23. SIPH 1.55–1.94 × cauda. (Al. with 36–43 secondary rhinaria on ANT III)........................ Macrosiphum eastopi – SIPH 1.22–1.58 × cauda. (Al. with 18–35 secondary rhinaria on ANT III)........................ Macrosiphum hartigi 24. ANT PT/BASE 3.1–4.8. SIPH 1.4–1.8 × cauda which bears 12–22 hairs...................... Macrosiphum penfroense – ANT PT/BASE 4.2–6.4. SIPH 1.7–2.3 × cauda which bears 8–16 hairs..........................................25 25. Femora usually with a dark spot or patch near apices. ABD TERG 2–3 with longest hair 26–56 μm, usually as long as or longer than ANT BD III. Subgenital plate with 2–13 hairs in addition to those on posterior margin........ Macrosiphum stellariae – Femora pale or only slightly dusky at apices. ABD TERG 2–3 with longest hair 21–37 μm, usually shorter than ANT BD III. Subgenital plate with 2(–4) hairs on anterior part......................................... Macrosiphum euphorbiaePublished as part of Jensen, Andrew S., 2022, A new species of Macrosiphum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) living on Silene (Caryophyllaceae), pp. 75-89 in Zootaxa 5183 (1) on pages 78-85, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5183.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/707052
Macrosiphum mentzeliae , Wilson 1915
No full textMacrosiphum mentzeliae Wilson (Figs. 13–24) Macrosiphum mentzeliae, Wilson 1915: 99, Gillette and Palmer 1934: 188, Palmer 1952: 316, Eastop and Hille Ris Lambers 1976: 260, Smith and Parron 1978: 184, Remaudière, and Remaudière 1997: 115, Blackman and Eastop 2006: 1212. Biology and distribution.—This aphid was described by Wilson (1915) based on a single sample of apterae and alatae sent to him from Monclova, Mexico, collected on “ Mentzelia ” in November of 1909. Subsequently, Palmer (1952) recorded collecting it on “ Mentzelia sp.,” including oviparae and alate males, indicating a monoecious life cycle. Her specimens were from Colo- rado and Utah and she reported that it was “rather common.” The first au- thor has also found it to be common across western U.S.A. Blackman and Eastop (2019) report the host plant as “ Mentzelia aspera (= M. albicaulis), and possibly other Mentzelia spp.” (The ref- erence to Mentzelia albicaulis (Douglas) Douglas ex Torr. & A. Gray being a synonym of Mentzelia aspera L. is apparently based on information provided by The Plant List (2019) but seems to conflict with accepted nomenclature. The second author consulted various online resources and a published checklist (Villaseñor 2016) and could not find confirmation of this synonymy and we therefore use the name M. albicaulis hereafter.) Available specimens, all in the ASJ collection, have been collected from M. albicaulis, Mentzelia laevicaulis (Douglas) Torrey & A. Gray, and “ Mentzelia.” At least one of these samples was collected on a plant other than M. albicaulis and M. laevicaulis – a sample from near Socorro, New Mexico on a tall Mentzelia with large white flowers. It seems, therefore, that M. mentzeliae has a wide host range within Mentzelia. This aphid is unusual in that it lives in a wide range of habitat types and exists across a huge geographical area. The first author has collected it in desert habitats such as central New Mexico and central Washington, but also on lower slopes of forested mountains in central Oregon, especially in areas disturbed by road-building and wild fire, and on Douglas Pass in western Colorado at 2,500 m elevation. The host plants of M. mentzeliae in Washington and Oregon (M. albicaulis and M. laevicaulis) are drought tolerant and actively grow through the hottest and driest parts of the year. Unlike many aphids, which reproduce little or not at all during hot summer conditions and are mostly found on host plants in moderate microclimates, M. mentzeliae can often be found on M. laevicaulis mid-summer growing in southfacing road-cuts in the hottest of localities such as Franklin County, Washington (see Material examined, below). Our funda- trices of M. mentzeliae were all collected in late March on warm sandy slopes, indicating egg hatch must have occurred in late February or early March, earlier than most aphids in these localities. The known distribution of M. mentzeliae includes Mexico at least as far south and east as Monclova (Coahuila state), north to central Washington. Its host plants M. albicaulis and M. laevicaulis both have been recorded from Canada (eFloras 2019), indicating that M. mentzeliae may exist in western Canada as well. Remarks.—We offer new illustrations (Figs. 13–24) and measurements (Table 2) for M. mentzeliae to add to the contributions of Wilson (1915) and Palmer (1952), easing comparison of this and similar species. We also add the first measurements of the fundatrix. Macrosiphum mentzeliae can be separated from M. glawatz and M. gaurae as explained above. Like M. glawatz, M. mentzeliae shares important features with M. garyreed. The two species are easily distinguished by the presence of robust spinules ventro-laterally on a.s. I of M. mentzeliae (absent in M. garyreed), and the usual presence of prominent lateral tubercles in M. garyreed (very small or absent in M. mentzeliae). The u.r.s./ metatarsal II ratios overlap for these two species, but the u.r.s. length in M. garyreed is more than 190 µm versus 142– 186 µm in M. mentzeliae. Above we mentioned that a feature shared by M. mentzeliae, M. gaurae, and M. glawatz is “moderate length antennae.” By this we mean a general impression made by the species in life and on slides. We can illustrate this by comparison with one other species in North America with a long u.r.s. and membranous tergum in apterae: Macrosiphum aetheocornum Smith and Knowlton, which feeds on wild Geranium spp. in western North America. The u.r.s./metatarsal II ratio in this species is similar to M. mentzeliae and the others mentioned above, but M. aetheocornum has longer antennae, segment by segment (as given for apterae by Palmer 1952): a.s. III 850–1020 µm, a.s. IV 650–750 µm, a.s. V 580–690 µm, versus a.s. III 534–822 µm, a.s. IV 348–636 µm, a.s. V 324–570 µm in M. mentzeliae (and almost identical ranges in M. glawatz and M. garyreed). Material examined.—Collecting details of the specimens measured for the taxonomic comparison to M. glawatz and for Table 2 are as follows. Fundatrices: Slide number AJ5418, U.S.A., Oregon, Malheur County, Leslie Gulch, ex Mentzelia, 24 March 2012, A.S. Jensen (2 ASJ); Slide number AJ5432, U.S.A., Idaho, Ada County, Swan Falls, ex Mentzelia, 31 March 2012, A.S. Jensen (1 ASJ). Apterae: Slide number AJ9310, U.S.A., Oregon, Grant County, Hwy 395 ~m.p. 12C south of John Day, ex Mentzelia albicaulis, 23 June 2017, A.S. Jensen (3 ASJ); Slide number AJ3067, U.S.A., Washington, Franklin County, Mesa, ex Mentzelia laevicaulis, 25 June 2008, A.S. Jensen (2 ASJ); Slide number AJ5035, U.S.A., Washington, Lincoln County, Coffee Pot Lake, ex Mentzelia, 26 June 2011, A.S. Jensen (4 ASJ); Slide number AJ3858, U.S.A., Washington, Lincoln County, Coffee Pot Lake, ex Mentzelia laevicaulis, 4 July 2009, A.S. Jensen (2 ASJ); Slide numbers AJ7760, AJ7761, U.S.A., Oregon, Harney County, Steens loop south side, ex Mentzelia, 6 September 2014 (6 ASJ); Slide numbers AJ4662, AJ4663, U.S.A., New Mexico, Socorro County, E. of Socorro, ex Mentzelia, 19 September 2010, A.S. Jensen (5 ASJ); Slide numbers AJ3289, AJ3290, U.S.A., Washington, Franklin County, Mesa, ex Mentzelia laevicaulis, 24 September 2008, A.S. Jensen (6 ASJ); Slide number AJ7780, U.S.A., New Mexico, Sandoval County, Cabezon Trail, ex Mentzelia, 23 September 2014, A.S. Jensen (3 ASJ); Slide number AJ6888, U.S.A., Arizona, Coconino County, S-P Crater, ex Mentzelia, 26 September 2013, A.S. Jensen (3 ASJ); Slide number AJ6124, U.S.A., New Mexico, Sierra County, nr. Kingston, ex Mentzelia, 5 October 2012, A.S. Jensen (2 ASJ). Alatae: Slide number AJ7977, U.S.A., Oregon, Crook County, Ochoco N.F. nr. Summit of Hwy 26, ex Mentzelia, 4 June 2015, A.S. Jensen (1 ASJ); Slide numbers AJ3063, AJ3064, AJ3065, AJ3066, U.S.A., Washington, Franklin County, Mesa, ex Mentzelia laevicaulis, 25 June 2008, A.S. Jensen (4 ASJ); Slide number AJ8620, U.S.A., Oregon, Lake County, Hwy 31 near Summer Lake, ex Mentzelia laevicaulis, 10 July 2016, A.S. Jensen (2 ASJ); Slide numbers AJ5887, AJ5888, U.S.A., Colorado, Garfield County, Douglas Pass, ex Mentzelia, 20 August 2012, A.S. Jensen (3 ASJ).Published as part of Jensen, Andrew S. & Rorabaugh, Jesse, 2020, New Macrosiphum Passerini (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Information From Western North America, Including One New Species And One New Synonymy, pp. 81-103 in Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1) on pages 92-102, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.81, http://zenodo.org/record/372814
L.D.S. Church Historian\u27s Office p.3
No full textAndrew Jensen, an LDS Church historian, is on the back row, right side. Jenson (1850-1941) was a historian, author, assistant LDS Church historian, and president of the Utah State Historical Society
Institutional reform in emerging securities markets
No full textIn the long run, sound, efficient securities markets can contribute to economic growth; in the short run, they play an important role in financial liberalization. The author provides a guide to issues involved in institutional and regulatory reform of securities markets - and a discussion of the practical implications of different policy options and sequencing decisions. He argues that establishing sound securities markets requires institutional development that is a substantial task for many developing countries. Prerequisities for the development of securities markets include: (a) a macroeconomic and fiscal environment conducive to the supply of quality securities; (b) a legal, regulatory, and institutional infrastructure that can support efficient operation of the securities market. Essentially such an infrastructure must provide four things: (a) certainty about property rights and contracts; (b) transparent trading and other procedures and public disclosure by companies of all information relevant to the value of their securities; (c) protection against unfair practices by insiders and intermediaries; and (d) protection against the financial failure of intermediaries and market institutions such as clearinghouses. The author also provides examples of the policy conflicts and uncertainties that are routine in securities market reform and development, and suggests approaches to managing them.Financial Intermediation,Environmental Economics&Policies,Insurance&Risk Mitigation,Banks&Banking Reform,Economic Theory&Research
Essays on Culture, Art, and Authority
No full textLaw is distinguished by its use of authority. A legal argument has credibility not just because of its logic or consequence, but because of who said it previously. To this extent law is content-independent. Cultural assumptions about whom or what is citable inform the boundaries of what are valid forms of legal argumentation. But in this thesis I surface some of the novel fissures at these boundary points. When does a traditional practice merit special protection? Which judges may cite to novel sources of authority? How can judges discern what counts as art when we can no longer defer to cultural gatekeepers like music publishers? I explore these questions in the sequence of essays on culture, art and authority
in this thesis
Bad Attempts
No full textWe assume that legal concepts are generic and indifferent to facts. But bad attempts at crime (something always unlawful) and bad attempts at art (something almost always lawful) are potentially treated very differently in many U.S. jurisdictions. Surprisingly, the bad attempt at art might be more likely to result in punishment. I draw on notions of capacity and responsibility to suggest why the amateur rapper should be excused for genuine aesthetic attempts that are perceived as threatening. In doing so, I comment on form and formalism in public law, and how principles of criminal law can help to maintain the integrity of our constitutional law doctrine
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Rap Exegesis: Interpreting the Rapper in an Internet Society
No full textThe law and literature movement has had limited influence on the work of lawyers and judges. But a rap lyric’s dual quality as aesthetic and “truth” document makes it uniquely amenable to literary interpretation. The competing problems: lyrics are meant to be heard and not read, and the ambition of the contemporary rapper is no longer to be didactic or suggest authenticity. The #rapgame has changed. This Article argues that the Internet rapper is the paradigm of creative identity. The guiding questions for this Article are how the law should respond to the individual who lives life as art, and if the social knowledge project will lead to the crowdsourcing of how we interpret both rappers and legal texts
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