97 research outputs found
Particle image velocimetry inside in-axis and off-axis stretched Newtonian liquid bridges
No full textSupplemental material for the publication: "Particle image velocimetry of the flow field inside in-axis and off-axis stretched liquid bridges" by Fritzsche, L., Bauer, K., & Schwarze, R. (2025).
The study introduces a novel experimental technique that enables comprehensive visualization and measurement of the internal flow field of liquid bridges throughout the stretching process. By embedding the liquid bridge in a refractive-index-matched immiscible outer liquid phase, unobstructed optical access to the entire volume is provided and optical distortions are eliminated. The data collection archived here contains the time-resolved PIV data (velocity fields) for all cases discussed in the publication, raw images for two representative cases (plate speeds 5 mm/s), and evaluated minimum diameters over time (including raw images) for liquid-air systems to compare to the liquid-liquid system of the PIV measurements
Propaganda on Trial: the Cases against Julius Streicher and Hans Fritzsche
No full textThrough Article 25(3)(e) ICC Statute, the International Criminal Court has jurisdiction where there is “direct and public incitement to commit genocide”. However, this provision has not been applied by the court yet. In 1946, the International Military Tribunal for Nuremberg convicted Julius Streicher as the first person for the crime of incitement. Hans Fritzsche was also tried for incitement. He was acquitted. The question explored in this dissertation is what relevance these two cases have regarding the interpretation of Article 25(3)(e). The question is answered through analysing the international criminal law on the subject. The main focus will be the cases against Streicher and Fritzsche. However, other important considerations are the ICTR propaganda cases which took place within the last 10 years. Especially, the Prosecutor v Nahimana established a clear link to the IMT cases. The dissertation therefore examines such legal problems which were discussed by the IMT and the ICTR but are still not solved by the ICC Statute. The dissertation examines the normative status of incitement in the ICC Statute, the possibility of holding private propagandists liable under international law and the definition of the elements of the crime of incitement. These last points make it necessary to discuss the legal nature of incitement and its external and mental elements.
Other papers on the subject usually put the ICTR trials in the centre and use the IMT cases as a supporting argument. However, this dissertation answers the questions vice versa. Thus, the legal problems are explained in the context of the IMT cases and then answered through considering the IMT judgments and the development of the law. The dissertation argues that the cases against Streicher and Fritzsche are particularly relevant and laid the foundation for the subsequent development of the crime. The author considers this development as positive and argues in favour of the IMT judgments.
The dissertation illustrates that the IMT answered important questions several centuries before the ICTR and gives therefore the blueprint for the ICC. The ICC is not bound by their findings and it is still not possible to regard these specific legal answers of the IMT and ICTR as customary law. However, the ICC will have to find good arguments if it does not want to apply the jurisprudence, created by the IMT in its propaganda cases against Streicher and Fritzsche
Research in medical education - chances and challenges : international conference, 20th - 22nd May 2009, Heidelberg ; congress abstracts
No full textAgile as a Vehicle for Values: A Value Sensitive Design Toolkit
No full textThe ethics of technology has primarily focused on what values are and how they can be embedded in technologies through design. In this context, some work has been done to show the efficacy of several design approaches. However, existing studies have not clearly pointed out the ways which design team managers can use design-for-values approaches to organise and use technologies in practice properly. This chapter attempts to fill this gap by discussing the value sensitive design (VSD) approach as a valuable means of co-designing technologies as a toolkit for existing workflow management, in this case, Agile. It will be demonstrated that VSD shows promise as a way of democratically designing technologies as well as fostering democratic technology policy innovation.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Ethics & Philosophy of Technolog
AI, Control and Unintended Consequences: The Need for Meta-Values
No full textDue to their self-learning and evolutionary character, AI (Artificial Intelligence) systems are more prone to unintended consequences and more difficult to control than traditional sociotechnical systems. To deal with this, machine ethicists have proposed to build moral (reasoning) capacities into AI systems by designing artificial moral agents. I argue that this may well lead to more, rather than less, unintended consequences and may decrease, rather than increase, human control over such systems. Instead, I suggest, we should bring AI systems under meaningful human control by formulating a number of meta-values for their evolution. Amongst others, this requires responsible experimentation with AI systems, which may neither guarantee full control nor the prevention of all undesirable consequences, but nevertheless ensures that AI systems, and their evolution, do not get out of control.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Ethics & Philosophy of Technolog
Der Sauerstoffverbrauch der Lunge (VO2pulm) bei Patienten mit Acute Lung Injury (ALI) und Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) unter mechanischer Beatmung und PEEP-Variation, gemessen als VO2-Differenz zwischen indirekter Kalorimetrie und Berechnung über das inverse Fick´ sche Prinzip
No full textBei Patienten mit einem akuten Lungenversagen (ALI oder ARDS) ist der Sauerstoffverbrauch der Lunge (VO2pulm) durch pathophysiologische Prozesse insbesondere die Ausbildung von Atelektasen stark beeinträchtigt. Aufgrund der Annahme, dass eine Steigerung der Anzahl ventilierter Lungenareale zu einer Erhöhung des pulmonalen Sauerstoffverbrauchs führt, haben wir den Einfluss eines definierten Rekrutierungsmanövers (PEEP/PEAK + 10 cmH2O) auf den pulmonalen Sauerstoffverbrauch (VO2pulm), pulmonalen kapillären Blutfluss (PCBF), der den nicht geshunteten Anteil am HZV darstellt, und den transpulmonalen Shunt (Qs/Qt) untersucht. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde der VO2pulm als Differenz zwischen dem Sauerstoffverbrauch des gesamten Körpers, gemessen über die indirekte Kalorimetrie (VO2cal), und dem über das inverse Fick`sche Prinzip errechneten Sauerstoffverbrauch (VO2Fick) bestimmt. Im Rahmen einer klinisch-prospektiven Studie konnten nach Annahme des Studienprotokolls durch die zuständige Ethikkommission 13 beatmete Patienten, welche die Consensus-Kriterien eines ALI oder ARDS erfüllten, eingeschlossen werden. Nach Sicherstellung einer adäquaten Volumensituation und Messung der Ausgangsparameter wurde der PEEP um 10 cmH2O erhöht. Um ein stabiles Atemzugvolumen (VT 6-8 ml/kgKG) und damit gleichbleibende Bedingungen für die alveoläre Ventilation bis auf das von uns durchgeführte Rekrutierungsmanöver zu gewährleisten, wurde zeitgleich der Spitzendruck ebenfalls um 10 cmH2O erhöht. Nach 15 und 60 min wurden die Zieldeterminanten pulmonaler Sauerstoffverbrauch (VO2pulm), PCBF und transpulmonaler Shunt erneut bestimmt. Die Messung der indirekten Kalorimetrie (VO2cal) wurde mit dem Deltatrac TM, MBM 200® durchgeführt, VO2Fick über die Thermodilutionsmethode ermittelt, die partielle CO2-Rückatmungsmethode (David®) zur Bestimmung des PCBF genutzt und der transpulmonale Shunt (Qs/Qt) mittels der Formel nach BERGGREN berechnet. Die statistische Auswertung der Daten erfolgte mittels T-Tests für gepaarte Stichproben. Nach dem Manöver konnte eine signifikante Steigerung des PCBF von 4,44 ± 1,15 l/min auf 5,4 ± 1,68 l/min nach 15 min, respektive 5,12 ± 1,67 l/min nach 60 min nachgewiesen werden (p<0,025). Dieser Anstieg wurde von einer signifikanten Reduktion des transpulmonalen Shunts (Qs/Qt) von 0,24 ± 0,08 auf 0,16 ± 0,07 nach 15 min und 0,16 ± 0,07 nach 60 min begleitet (p<0,005). Diese Veränderungen der pulmonalen Hämodynamik gehen mit statistisch relevanten Verbesserungen der Oxygenierung sowie der Atemmechanik einher. Eine signifikante Steigerung des pulmonalen Sauerstoffverbrauchs konnte für die gesamte Studienpopulation nicht festgestellt werden. In dieser Untersuchung steigt der Sauerstoffverbrauch der Lunge deskriptiv von baseline 10,1 +/- 30,59 ml/min über 11,42 +/- 27,42 ml/min nach 15 min, respektive auf 28,69 +/- 56,75 ml/min nach 60 min an. Die signifikante Steigerung des pulmonal-kapillären Blutflusses und die konsekutive Reduktion des transpulmonalen Shunts schon 15 min nach dem Manöver impliziert einen Anstieg der an der alveolären Ventilation teilnehmenden alveolokapillären Einheiten, was einer Rekrutierung von vorher atelektatischen Lungenabschnitten entspricht. Insbesondere bei ARDS-Patienten und Respondern konnten Rekrutierungs-induzierte Veränderungen detektiert werden, wohingegen die Patienten mit ALI oder Nonresponder keinerlei statistische Unterschiede während der Intervention zeigten. Trotz stattgefundener Wiederbelüftung von Atelektasen konnte ein statistisch relevanter Unterschied bezüglich des pulmonalen Sauerstoffverbrauchs durch das Rekrutierungsmanöver für die gesamte Studienpopulation nicht festgestellt werden
Influence of welding parameters on electromagnetic supported degassing of die-casted and wrought aluminum
No full textThis article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and AIP Publishing. This article appeared in A. Fritzsche et al., Journal of Laser Applications 32, 022031 (2020) and may be found at https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0000064.Laser beam welding of aluminum die casting is challenging. A large quantity of gases (in particular, hydrogen) is absorbed by aluminum during the die-cast manufacturing process and is contained in the base material in solved or bound form. After remelting by the laser, the gases are released and are present in the melt as pores. Many of these metallurgic pores remain in the weld seam as a result of the high solidification velocities. The natural (Archimedean) buoyancy is not sufficient to remove the pores from the weld pool, leading to process instabilities and poor mechanical properties of the weld. Therefore, an electromagnetic (EM) system is used to apply an additional buoyancy component to the pores. The physical mechanism is based on the generation of Lorentz forces, whereby an electromagnetic pressure is introduced into the weld pool. The EM system exploits the difference in electrical conductivity between poorly conducting pores (inclusions) and the comparatively better conducting aluminum melt to increase the resulting buoyancy velocity of the pores. Within the present study, the electromagnetic supported degassing is investigated in dependence on the laser beam power, welding velocity, and electromagnetic flux density. By means of a design of experiments, a systematic variation of these parameters is carried out for partial penetration laser beam welding of 6 mm thick sheets of wrought aluminum alloy AlMg3 and die-cast aluminum alloy AlSi12(Fe), where the wrought alloy serves as a reference. The proportion of pores in the weld seams is determined using x-ray images, computed tomography images, and cross-sectional images. The results prove a significant reduction of the porosity up to 70% for both materials as a function of the magnetic flux density
Educational attainment and first births: East Germany before and after unification
No full textThere is a general belief that female educational attainment has a delaying effect on the age at first birth. In this paper we argue that the validity of this hypothesis relies on at least three prerequisites. First, that child rearing and employment is incompatible. Second, that a withdrawal from the labor market harms labor market upward mobility. Third, that child rearing responsibilities are shared according to traditional gender roles. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), we analyze the impact of educational attainment on first birth risks in East and West Germany before and after unification. A major result is that, compared to West Germany, the impact of educational attainment on first birth risks is less strong in East Germany. This also applies to the period after unification. We attribute this to the relative abundance of public day care in the East. (AUTHOR)
The German Real Estate Transfer Tax: Evidence for Single-Family Home Transactions
No full textThis paper uses recent data for single-family home purchases to study the effects of theGerman real estate transfer tax. We aim to separate the tax’s short-term anticipatoryeffects from its long-term effects on real estate transactions. The data indicate that anincrease in the transfer tax is negatively correlated with the number of transactions thattake place in the market for single-family homes. We estimate that a one percentagepoint higher transfer tax produces enormous anticipation effects and yields approximately6% fewer transactions over the long run
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