1,177 research outputs found
Writing the Time of Troubles, False Dmitry in Russian Literature (Book Review)
No full textThis book discusses the Time of Troubles (Smutnoe vremya) period and the pretenders who appeared after the killing of Ivan the Terrible’s legal heir, Ivan, leaving the Empire without leadership. The power struggle began immediately after the death of Tsar Ivan which brought the Rurikid dynasty to an end; rival boyars created a weak government and autocracy. The book discusses these issues and the representations of Dmitry, the son of Ivan the Terrible within the context of Russian literature. The absence of legitimate royal authority after the demise of the Rurikid dynasty in 1598 caused a dynastic crisis. This period known as the Time of Troubles was characterized by a dynastic struggle that nearly resulted in the shattering of the Muscovite state. It finally came to an end in 1613 with the appearance of the new dynasty, the Romanovs. The book consists of six chapter. In the Introduction the author states that she will examine the “protagonist”, Dmitry, within the context of Russian literature. She examines Dmitry both as a literary figure and a real historical one, and describes Dmitry as a “tabula rasa” because he died under mysterious circumstances with no credible witnesses to confirm how he died. In her book, the author conducts her research both chronologically and diachronically. Chapter I is an introductory chapter that provides information on the eighteenth and nineteenth-century Russian texts Tulupov’s Life of St. Dmitry, The Story of Grishka Otrepev and Tale of Recovery that illustrate the prehistory of Dmitry. The author compares seventeenth century text types and arrives at the conclusion that all three works express a political message and that all of them contain a hagiographical structure and explication. Chapter II examines Russia’s historical experience in the eighteenth century and its literary tradition. In this chapter, the author examines Sumarokov’s tragedy Dmitry the Pretender and Narezhny’s Dmitry the Pretender. The author compares the main causes of his usurpation and its interpretation in literary works of the seventeenth century and the eighteenth century, and concludes that the writers of the seventeenth century crafted quasi-literary, polemical, monological interpretations of the period and determined who was the sole man qualified to rule. Prose treatments of the Dmitry material were the most appropriate way to shape their literature. Eighteenth century writers, on the other hand, recognized a large number of candidates to the throne and their interpretation of the period was multifaceted; tragedy was the most popular literary genres. In Chapter III, the author examines the body of works discussing Dmitry and the Time of Troubles in the 1820s and 1830s: Alexander Pushkin’s Comedy about Tsar Boris and Grishka Otrepev, Faddey Bulgarin’s Dmitry the Pretender, Alexey Khomyakov’s Dmitry the Pretender, Mikhail Pogodin’s Historical Portrait of Dmitry the Pretender. She states that the writers of Russia’s early nineteenth century were fascinated with the Dmitry materials, and each writer depicted him as a man who lived among others and saw him as an alternative to the reigning autocracy. However, they later arrived at the conclusion that there was no viable alternative to the reigning autocracy. Chapter IV deals with two plays written in response to the Era of Great Reforms in 1866: Alexander Ostrovsky’s Dmitry the Pretender and Vasily Shuisky and Nikolay Chaev’s Dmitry the Pretender. She criticizes both authors’ works on a number of fronts, regarding all of them as being overly ambitious in that they attempt to treat too many unrelated issues, and that the miscellaneous political issues raised in these dramatic works have no clear connection to one another. In the Chapter V, the author states that Dmitry disappears from Russian novels and plays for a century and reappears after the demise of the Soviet Union. She examines Daniil Mordovtsev’s False Dmitry: A Historical Novel of the Time of Troubles, Vasily Avenarius’s In Service to the Tsarevich, Nikolay Alekseev’s The False Tsarevich and Alexey Suvorin’s Tsar Dmitry the Pretender and Tsarevna Xenya. The author concludes that each writer has presented his own interpretation of Dmitry and his era, that these works are clearly independent and any similarities among them are merely coincidental with no pattern to them. Since each writer has selected his own particular assortment of “facts”, the novels each follow their own unique line of development. On a more general note, the author argues that the collection of late nineteenth century works on the Time of Troubles should be interpreted in the context of both their local frame of reference and national pride in the country’s cultural heritage. However, in the Soviet period Dmitry’s disappearance was the result of the Soviets’ emphasis on shaping the nation’s future rather than linking present realities to the national past. In the Conclusion, the author points out that all of the works discussed simultaneously deal with two distinct periods in time – the time in which the works are set and the time in which they were composed. For seventeenth century writers, marking the passing of the old dynasty was important, but the establishment of a new dynasty was just as significant. In the two eighteenth century works that were examined, contemporary political issues were treated in the context of Dmitry’s era. Nineteenth century works more closely resemble seventeenth century works in that the contemporary relevance of the historical events these works deal with is their main focus. According to the author, as long as writers continue to deal with political issues in literature or the theater, the figure of Dmitry will remain a relevant character. This book is very well written source examining the Time of Troubles period, a period when there was no legal heir to run the state, when dynastic struggle began the process of bringing an end to the Rurik Dynasty and leading to a period pretenders. The author provides different interpretations for the “protagonist”, Dmitry, within the context of Russian literature. The author particularly examines different writers’ works in chronological order and discusses the legitimacy of Dmitry by comparing the treatments of the pretenders. This book should be of interest to anyone interested in the period of the Time of Troubles and usurpation and their interpretation in Russian literature
Nitryl Radical‐Triggered Semipinacol‐Type Rearrangement, Lactonization, and Cycloetherification of Olefins
Full text linkOvercoming Challenges in O-Nitration: Selective Alcohol Nitration Deploying N,6-Dinitrosaccharin and Lewis Acid Catalysis.
No full textNitrate esters hold pivotal roles in pharmaceuticals, energetic materials, and atmospheric processes, motivating the development of efficient synthesis routes. Here, we present a novel catalytic method for the synthesis of nitrates via the direct O-nitration of alcohols, addressing limitations of current traditional methods. Leveraging bench-stable and recoverable N,6-dinitrosaccharin reagent, our catalytic strategy employs magnesium triflate to achieve mild and selective O-nitration of alcohols, offering broad substrate scope and unprecedented large functional group tolerance (e.g. alkenes, alkynes, carbonyls). DFT mechanistic studies reveal a dual role of the magnesium catalyst in the activation of both the nitrating reagent and the alcohol substrate. They also unveil a barrierless proton transfer upon formation of a widely-accepted - yet elusive in solution - nitrooxonium ion intermediate. Overall, our work contributes to the development of mild, selective, and sustainable approaches to nitrates synthesis, with potential applications in drug discovery, materials science, and environmental chemistry
A multi-lepton search for new physics in 35pb⁻¹ proton-proton collisions at the LHC for a center of mass energy of √s = 7 TeV using the CMS detector
No full textThis thesis describes a model independent search for new physics with a decay signature of three or more leptons and missing transverse energy in 35pb⁻¹ of proton-proton collisions at the LHC at a center mass energy √s = 7 TeV using the CMS detector. Standard Model backgrounds are predicted using both simulations and collision data. The observed events are consistent with the Standard Model predictions. The results are interpreted using various supersymmetric models: gravity mediated symmetry breaking, gauge mediated symmetry breaking with slepton co-NLSP, and leptonic R-parity violating.Ph. D.Includes bibliographical referencesby Dmitry Hit
Divergent functionalization of alkenes enabled by photoredox activation of CDFA and α-halo carboxylic acids.
No full textHerein we present our studies on the solvent-controlled difunctionalization of alkenes utilizing chlorodifluoroacetic acid (CDFA) and α-halo carboxylic acids for the synthesis of γ-lactones, γ-lactams and α,α-difluoroesters. Mechanistic insights revealed that photocatalytic reductive mesolytic cleavage of the C-X bond delivers elusive α-carboxyl alkyl radicals. In the presence of an olefin molecule, this species acts as a unique bifunctional intermediate allowing for stipulated formation of C-O, C-N and C-H bonds on Giese-type adducts via single electron transfer (SET) or hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) events. These protocols exhibit great efficiency across a broad spectrum of readily available α-halo carboxylic acids and are amenable to scalability in both batch and flow. To demonstrate the versatility of this concept, the synthesis of (±)-boivinianin A, its fluorinated analog and eupomatilone-6 natural products was successfully accomplished
Outstanding Surgeon and Scientist Dmitry Alekseevich Arapov
No full textIn 2022, we are approaching 125 years since the birth of Dmitry Alekseevich Arapov, a prominent domestic surgeon, scientist, experimenter, organizer of the military medical services. Dmitry A. Arapov, one of the most prominent representatives of the S.S. Yudin scientific school, worked at the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine from 1929 till 1984. He quickly proved himself not only as an excellent doctor and a skilled surgeon, but also as a researcher, and soon became one of the closest students and associates of S.S. Yudin. Dmitry A. Arapov drafted as a field surgeon during the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-1940, from the first to the last day he went through the Great Patriotic War, being the Head of the surgical service of the Northern Fleet in Polyarny. In this position, he significantly improved the system for providing emergency surgical care on ships and in naval hospitals, based on the experience gained over the years of work at the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine. From July 1950 Dmitry A. Arapov was Chief Surgeon of the USSR Navy, from May 1953 he was Deputy Chief surgeon of the Main Military Sanitary Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Defense, and from May 1955 again Chief Surgeon of the USSR Navy, until his retirement in October, 1968. At the same time, Dmitry A. Arapov did not leave his work at the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine until the last days of his life. Dmitry A. Arapov is the author of more than 200 research papers, including 14 monographs. Scientific interests of Dmitry A. Arapov went far beyond emergency surgery, to which he naturally paid most attention. His works are devoted to various issues of military and emergency surgery of the abdominal and thoracic organs, topical issues of burn injuries, surgical site infections, reconstructive surgery, neurosurgery, treatment of endocrine disorders, and anesthesiology and resuscitation. Also Dmitry A. Arapov successfully dealt with the problems of autotransfusion, blood reinfusion from the chest and abdomen, transfusion of fibrinolytic blood. The main directions of scientific research, laid down by Dmitry A. Arapov, are currently being continued at the Scientific Department of Emergency Surgery, Endoscopy and Intensive Care of the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine. Memory of Dmitry A. Arapov has been preserved to this day. To the 100th anniversary of the birth of D.A. Arapov, a scientific conference was held at our Institute. The naval hospital in the town of Polyarny, Murmansk region, was named after Dmitry A. Arapov, and in honor of D.A. Arapov, a memorial plaque was installed on its building. In the 70s of the twentieth century, People’s Artist of the USSR L.E. Kerbel created a sculpture of Dmitry A. Arapov, which was stored in the local history museum of the town of Polyarny. His bust portrait (by artist T.S. Smagina) is exhibited at the Scientific Department of Emergency Surgery, Endoscopy and Intensive Care of the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine. In addition, the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine owns an earlier portrait of Dmitry A. Arapov by artist F.S. Bulgak. We introduce these portraits into scientific circulation for the first time. We are confident that they will be able to tell contemporaries a lot about this scientist, surgeon and man who made a great contribution to surgery and military medicine, and rightfully entered the history of Russian medicine
Nitrative Difunctionalization of Alkenes via Cobalt-Mediated Radical Ligand Transfer and Radical-Polar Crossover Photoredox Catalysis
No full textStudent Years of Dmitry Mushketov at St. Petersburg Mining Institute
No full textСтатья посвящена годам обучения в Горном институте в Петербурге выдающегося ученого-геолога СССР Дмитрия Ивановича Мушкетова, будущего ректора этого института (1918-1926). Раскрыіваются программа обучения, успехи в ее освоении, круг преподавателей, летние геологические практики, первые научные работы, написанные по их материалам.The article focuses on student years of the outstanding Soviet scientist and geologist Dmitry Mushketov (1918-1926), who later became the rector of St.Petersburg Mining Institute. The author gives an overview of the Institute’s curriculum and Dmitry Mushketov’s educational trajectory and describes the impact that his mentors had on his development as a scientist
Simplifying Nitration Chemistry with Bench-stable Organic Nitrating Reagents
Full text linkNitro compounds play a crucial role in academia and industries, serving as building blocks for the synthesis of drugs, agrochemicals, and materials. Nitration, a fundamental process in organic synthesis, has undergone significant evolution since the 19th century. While electrophilic nitration dominates historically, recent decades have seen a focus on new reagents and their reactivity modes for achieving mild and robust synthesis of nitro compounds. Our group has a longstanding interest in developing cost-effective, readily available, recyclable nitrating reagents derived from organic scaffolds. These reagents serve as a controllable source of nitryl radical and nitronium ion species, enabling mild and practical nitration of hydrocarbons with exceptional functional group tolerance. This account details the development of nitrating reagents and their diverse applications in catalytic nitration across various classes of organic molecules
Mechanochemistry Drives Alkene Difunctionalization via Radical Ligand Transfer and Electron Catalysis.
Full text linkA general and modular protocol is reported for olefin difunctionalization through mechanochemistry, facilitated by cooperative radical ligand transfer (RLT) and electron catalysis. Utilizing mechanochemical force and catalytic amounts of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl (TEMPO), ferric nitrate can leverage nitryl radicals, transfer nitrooxy-functional group via RLT, and mediate an electron catalysis cycle under room temperature. A diverse range of activated and unactivated alkenes exhibited chemo- and regioselective 1,2-nitronitrooxylation under solvent-free or solvent-less conditions, showcasing excellent functional group tolerance. Mechanistic studies indicated a significant impact of mechanochemistry and highlighted the radical nature of this nitrative difunctionalization process
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