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Kartele w trzech perspektywach: neoklasycznej, behawioralnej oraz etycznej
No full textThe paper investigates cartels, or agreements between competing firms that seek to influence prices for certain goods and services by controlling production and marketing. The author examines the neoclassical approach to cartels and proposes two additional approaches, behavioral and ethical, to expand existing research on cartels.Most mainstream studies tend to approach cartels from a neoclassical perspective, according to the author. This research approach gave rise to the so-called optimal deterrence theory, which has become the basis for antitrust policy in highly developed countries, Karbowski notes. The optimal deterrence theory is a point of reference for Karbowski in his article. He compares the optimal deterrence theory with the results of behavioral analyses and ethical reasoning focusing on cartels. According to the author, a behavioral approach makes it possible to show how the behavior of firms deviates from the path delineated by the standard optimal deterrence theory, based on assumptions of full rationality, perfect egoism and complete self-control of decision makers. These behavioral deviations can be explained by either internal (trait-based) or external (environmental) factors, Karbowski says. Ethical analysis makes it possible to expand the neoclassical approach to cartels by showing that cartel behavior can be viewed not only in pure economic terms, but also in terms of theft, deception and cheating, the author argues
ADAM SMITH'S OPTIMISTIC TELEOLOGICAL VIEW OF HISTORY
No full textAdam Smith's four-stage theory provides the framework for his writings on history. The fourth stage is the commercial epoch; the culmination of history in this stage is a key component in the conventional interpretation of Adam Smith as a prophet of commercialism. In two historical case studies Smith shows the capacity of commercial society to regenerate itself. This potent capacity suggests that commercial society is inevitable. At a certain point in time it also overcomes the major obstacles to its permanence. Smith's philosophy of history anticipates the end of history views of Kant and Hegel.Political Economy,
Cartels from Three Perspectives: Neoclassical, Behavioral and Ethical
No full textThe paper investigates cartels, or agreements between competing firms that seek to influence prices for certain goods and services by controlling production and marketing. The author examines the neoclassical approach to cartels and proposes two additional approaches, behavioral and ethical, to expand existing research on cartels.Most mainstream studies tend to approach cartels from a neoclassical perspective, according to the author. This research approach gave rise to the so-called optimal deterrence theory, which has become the basis for antitrust policy in highly developed countries, Karbowski notes. The optimal deterrence theory is a point of reference for Karbowski in his article. He compares the optimal deterrence theory with the results of behavioral analyses and ethical reasoning focusing on cartels. According to the author, a behavioral approach makes it possible to show how the behavior of firms deviates from the path delineated by the standard optimal deterrence theory, based on assumptions of full rationality, perfect egoism and complete self-control of decision makers. These behavioral deviations can be explained by either internal (trait-based) or external (environmental) factors, Karbowski says. Ethical analysis makes it possible to expand the neoclassical approach to cartels by showing that cartel behavior can be viewed not only in pure economic terms, but also in terms of theft, deception and cheating, the author argues.Celem artykułu jest krytyka podejścia neoklasycznego w studiach nad kartelami oraz ukazanie, w jaki sposób perspektywy behawioralna i etyczna rozszerzają a także uzupełniają optykę neoklasyczną. Główny nurt badań ekonomicznych nad problematyką karteli przyjmuje perspektywę neoklasyczną. Z tej tradycji badawczej wyrasta teoria optymalnego zniechęcania, która stanowi podstawę dla obecnej polityki wobec karteli w rozwiniętych krajach świata. Teoria optymalnego zniechęcania stanowi tu punkt wyjścia dla rozważań teoretycznych. Skonfrontowana jest ona następnie z doniesieniami ekonomistów behawioralnych oraz sądami etycznymi na temat funkcjonowania karteli. Analiza behawioralna pozwala wskazać odstępstwa od zachowań przedsiębiorstw przewidywanych na podstawie teorii optymalnego zniechęcania (zakładającej pełną racjonalność, doskonały egoizm oraz całkowitą samokontrolę decydentów). Te behawioralne odstępstwa wynikają z przyczyn wewnętrznych (dyspozycji decydentów) lub czynników środowiskowych. Analiza etyczna rozszerza optykę neoklasyczną. Rozważania aksjologiczne pozwalają pokazać, że działania kartelowe mają nie tylko wymiar czysto ekonomiczny, ale łamią one normy społeczne i mogą zostać uznane na moralnie złe jako przykłady kradzieży oraz oszustwa
How Might Adam Smith Pay Professors Today?
No full textAdam Smith’s proposal for paying professors was intended to induce increased faculty knowledge. If students have imperfect information about what they learn, and universities can only imperfectly measure the input of faculty time in student learning, publications may be used to measure faculty knowledge. If professors’ ability to publish is positively related to their ability to produce student learning, which universities can imperfectly measure, publications may be necessary to attract more able professors. Since research signals faculty knowledge, schools that do not value publications per se could require higher publication standards and pay higher wages than schools that value only publications.
ADAM SMITH'S VIEW OF HISTORY: CONSISTENT OR PARADOXICAL?
No full textThe conventional interpretation of Adam Smith is that he is a prophet of commercialism. The liberal capitalist reading of Smith is consistent with the view that history culminates in commercial society. The first part of the article develops this optimistic interpretation of Smith's view of history. Smith implies that commercial society is the end of history because 1) it supplies the ends of nature that he identifies; 2) it is inevitable; and 3) it is permanent. The second part of the article shows that Smith has some dark moments in his writings where he seems to reject completely such teleological notions. In this more civic humanist mood he confesses that commercial society does not supply the ends of nature, nor is it inevitable, nor is it permanent. Both views exist in Smith and the commentator is forced to choose between passages in Smith's work in order to support a particular interpretation of the former's view of history.Political Economy,
Adam Smith and Roman Servitudes
No full textThis essay is a preprint of an article that appeared at: Tijdschrift voor Rechstsgeschiedenis, 72 (2004), 327–57.This essay discusses Adam Smith historical jurisprudence and his use of Roman law materials in his Lectures on Jurisprudence. It argues that Smith found it difficult to maintain his theory of legal development in the face of a highly developed body of Roman law literature
R&D activities of enterprises, product market leadership, and collusion
No full textThe purpose of this study is to compare the consequences of, first, quantity
leadership, and, second, price leadership competition of duopolists for their R&D
investments, within the situation of a cartelized industry. Using game-theoretical
approach and numerical analysis, it turns out that under quantity leadership, the
R&D investments of enterprises decline with the increasing knowledge spillovers
in the industry. The relative R&D expenditures of the Stackelberg follower are
lower and they decline significantly faster than the R&D investments of the
Stackelberg leader. Each enterprise supplies the lowest value of the final product
when a research joint venture is formed, which also results in the highest market
price. Under price leadership, a larger extent of knowledge spillovers in the
industry leads to the reduction of R&D expenditures by both enterprises. The
highest price of the final product is set when a research joint venture is formed. In
a cartelized industry, the lowest values of R&D expenditures occur when there are
no knowledge spillovers between enterprises, or when they form a research joint
venture at the R&D stage. The highest values of R&D investments are observed for
the medium values of knowledge spillovers. Performed analysis allows to conclude
that tightening of cooperation in research and development between competitors
creates incentives for them to fully cartelize the market
THE THEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF ADAM SMITH'S WORK
No full textThe paper will discuss the theological foundation to Smith's writings. Teleology, final causes and divine design were initially seen as central to understanding Smith's writings. Over time, this view fell out of fashion. In the period after World War II, with the rise of positivism, commentators tended to overlook or downplay this interpretation. In the last decade, or so, teleology has started to be restored to its former position as an essential element in understanding Smith. After spelling out Smith's teleology and his view of final causes, divine design and the ends of nature, we try to explain the Panglossian nature of the 'new theistic view' of Smith. While our view differs somewhat, we agree with the essence of the 'new view' claim: a theological view exists in Smith which underpins his moral and economic theories.Political Economy,
Interview. Matthew Joseph with Adam Gussow, musician and author
No full textInterview in which Adam Gussow discusses hill country blues musi
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