2,441 research outputs found
Introduction:Data retention in the EU and beyond: an evolving landscape
No full textThe issue of regulation of data retention in the European Union has been part of the European policy agenda for more than 25 years. Following the CJEU decision in Digital Rights Ireland, which invalidated the EU Data Retention Directive, several actions were taken at EU Member State level, albeit not direct invalidations of the national data retention laws, transposing the annulled Data Retention Directive. Those actions eventually led to CJEU preliminary rulings and the resulting rich CJEU case-law on data retention, which lies at the core of this book. Chapter 1 provides the Introduction to the edited volume by offering the background to data retention in the EU an overview of the rationale, structure and the key findings of the chapters of the edited volume, as well as a comment on the recent developments in Ireland and Belgium, after the La Quadrature du Net ‘II’ judgment
Letter from Yosh and Irene [Kuromiya] to Michi Weglyn
No full textA letter from Yosh and Irene [Kuromiya] asking Michi Weglyn for materials to create "a pictorial history of the life of Michi Nishiura Weglyn photos and documents" for the tribute to Michi Weglyn on February 21, 1998.These materials are from box 73 and 74 of the Frank Chin Papers. The Frank Chin Papers contain personal and professional correspondence between Frank Chin and Michi Weglyn relating to particular projects on which either author was working as well as files related to the Day of Remembrance Tribute to Michi Weglyn
The Mindful Christian with Irene Kraegel
No full textOur guest for this episode is Irene Kraegel, the author of The Mindful Christian. We examine how Christian life is enhanced by mindfulness
Loewenfeld Table 9-3: Work on the Relations Between Iris Structure and Pupillary Movements
No full textTable 9-3, \u27Work on the relation between iris structure and pupillary movements,\u27 in "The Pupil" by Irene E. Loewenfeld. Includes Year, Author, and Species used in experimentation.Loewenfeld, Irene (1993) \u27Table 9-3: Work on the relations between iris structure and pupillary movements.\u27 The Pupil: Anatomy, Physiology, and Clinical Applications. Vol I. pp 418. Wayne State University Press. Detroit: Mich
Understanding the Balancing Act Behind the Legitimate Interest of the Controller Ground: A Pragmatic Approach
No full textDe Hert and Kamara analyse the provision of the legitimate interest ground in the new EU data protection framework, the General Data Protection Regulation. The authors explain that the rationale of the legitimate interest ground is that under certain conditions, controllers’ or third parties’ interests might be justified to prevail over the interests, rights, and freedoms of the data subject. When and how the prevailing may take place under the GDPR provisions is not a one-dimensional assessment. De Hert and Kamara suggest a formalisation of the legitimate interest ground steps towards the decision of the controller on whether to base his or her processing on the legitimate interest ground. They argue that the legitimate interest ground should not be seen in isolation, but through the lens of the data protection principles of Article 5 GDPR and Article 8 Charter Fundamental Rights EU. The authors further analyse the relevant case law of the Court of Justice EU, as well as the cases of Network and Information Security and Big Data and Profiling. Kamara and De Hert conclude that the legitimate interest of the controller is not a loophole in the data protection legislation, as it has often been criticised, but an equivalent basis for lawful processing, that can distinct controllers in bad faith from controllers processing data in good fait
Irene School District No. 3405
No full textPhotograph - A view of Irene School building, Alberta. ATS 7-65-12-W
Irene Smalls
No full textIrene Smalls leading a music program for her book at the Main Library.
Irene Smalls (1950- ) is an award-winning children's author. Her book "Irene Jennie and the Christmas Masquerade" describes an old holiday custom celebrated along the Cape Fear. Slaves in Wilmington, NC and plantations would dress up in costumes around Christmas and New Year's to parade from house to house. Scholars believe this tradition came with the slaves from their West African roots. The "Jonkonnu" celebration continues in Bermuda, but died out in Wilmington after the Civil War. The tradition was picked up by white youngsters who dressed up for "Koonering" in Wilmington until around World War I
Data protection standardisation: The role and limits of technical standards in the EU data protection law
No full textData Protection Standardisation. The role and limits of technical standards in the European Union data protection law Irene KAMARA In response to challenges to effective protection of the individual and loss of control over one’s personal data, the dissertation assesses whether standards offer a solution to the problems data protection legislation is facing, and the extent to which standards provide answers to those problems. The dissertation in other words explores and analyses to what extent standards may have a role in protecting the individual’s fundamental right to personal data protection by supplementing the Union data protection legislation. Standards perform a pre-law function of informing the legislative reform of the Privacy in Electronic Communications (ePrivacy) Directive 2002/58/EC (amended by 2009/136/EC), and several post-law functions in the General Data Protection Regulation EU/679/2016, the ePrivacy Directive, and the 2017 ePrivacy Regulation Commission Proposal. The post-law functions of standards in support of the EU data protection law are grouped into standards that provide rules for the implementation of the regulation (‘meta-rules function’), standards that concern the data controllers, processors (‘regulatees function’) and standards for data subjects (‘beneficiaries function’). In terms of standards for regulatees, standardisation can play the role of calibrating and specifying technical and organisational measures so that those measures are appropriate to the risks likely to occur from data processing operations, and the characteristics and conditions of processing. This aspect of standardisation in data protection law is closely linked to the risk based approach, introduced in the GDPR alongside the introduction of the accountability principle. In relation to beneficiaries, standards may provide the (technical) means to data subjects to have their wishes and preferences heard such expressing their preference on tracking. One limitation of this function concerns the voluntary nature of standards. Unless standards are vested with technical or legal enforceability, the function of data protection standards as an empowerment instrument cannot materialise, since data subjects are dependent on the choices of controllers and processors to voluntarily adhere to standards and respect their choices. The role of standards would be then limited to communication of the preferences of data subjects, without any guarantee that those will be respected. Next, standards as meta-rules in data protection law may play a role in decreasing fragmentation and enhancing coordination among different regimes or rules. The use of standards for implementing data protection certification mechanisms in the GDPR provided one such example. In general, seals and marks that are not easily recognisable for data subjects defeat their transparency purpose. Thus, a degree of uniformity is important for the effectiveness of the data protection certification mechanisms. Those standards are intended to prescribe to both private regulators (i.e. certification bodies) and public regulators (supervisory authorities and Member States) common requirements and implementation rules. The identified functions are of facilitating or enabling nature, depending on the necessity of standardisation for the materialisation of the goal of the relevant legal provision. Standards, as facilitators, are a useful, but not necessary, tool to achieve a goal laid down in data protection law. The enabling nature concerns usually aspects of duties or compliance measures with a strong technical component, such as pseudonymisation and encryption of personal data. Several limitations of the role of standards concern the material scope of standards and the data protection legislation. The difference in the scope and regulatory target of standards and data protection, as those are framed by the definitions of their constitutive elements (product, system, etc.) essentially means that, from a data protection point of view, standards may regulate peripheral components of a processing operation. Further limitations stem from procedural legitimacy issues, the risk of conferral of public powers to standardisation bodies, especially due to the possibility of standards becoming de facto mandatory, and the overall decisional power of standardisation bodies as regards the content of international and European (harmonised) standards. The decisional power varies depending on the development mode of standards (committee-based, co-development, etc.), the integration mechanism in the EU legal order and the type of the data protection act
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